1 pahu (10 Vials)
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▎ Hōʻikeʻike Semax
ʻO Semax, kahi peptide nootropic a me ka analog synthetic o ka hormone adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), loaʻa iā ia ka cognitive-enhancing a me nā waiwai neuroprotective. ʻO kāna mau hopena mua e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka nānā, ka hoʻomanaʻo, a me ke aʻo ʻana, hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoponopono neural, hoʻonui i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kino i nā hopena pōʻino e like me ka hypoxia a me ka cerebral ischemia, a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā hōʻailona depressive a me ka hopohopo. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻo Semax i ka pono nui i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi cerebrovascular, maʻi Alzheimer, infarction cerebral, a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe. Aia kona mau mea maikaʻi i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hopena ʻino, non-addictiveness, a me nā hopena neuroprotective a me ka cognitive-enhancing i nā poʻe olakino a me nā maʻi, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana nā hana biological e like me ka antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, a me nā hopena immunomodulatory.
▎ Hoʻolālā Semax
Puna: PubChem |
Kaʻina: MEHFPGP Huihui Molekala: C 37H 51N 9O 10S Kaumaha Molekala: g/mol Helu CAS: 80714-61-0 PubChem CID: 9811102 Nā huaʻōlelo like: ACTH (4-7) |
▎ Semax Research
He aha ka Semax?
ʻO Semax kahi pūhui peptide synthetic a pili i kahi ʻano nootropic. ʻO kāna mea nui he analog o thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), i hui pū ʻia me nā waikawa amino ʻē aʻe (e like me valine a me leucine). Hiki i ka Semax ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hana cognitive ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā neurotransmitters (e like me dopamine a me norepinephrine) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana o ke kikowaena, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nānā, a me ka hiki ke aʻo.
He aha ke kumu noiʻi o Semax?
Hoʻomohala ma muli o nā ʻāpana ACTH:
Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Semax i ka ʻāpana ACTH (4 - 7) a me ka tripeptide Pro - Gly - Pro (PGP). ʻO ACTH, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hormone adrenocorticotropic, he hormone i hūnā ʻia e ka pituitary gland anterior a he hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana o ka adrenal cortex. Nānā nā mea noiʻi i ke ʻano o ACTH, lawe i kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī (4 - 7) mai ia mea, a hui pū me ka tripeptide PGP e synthesize Semax. ʻO kēia ʻano synthesis e hiki ai iā Semax ke mālama i kahi ʻāpana o ka hana o ACTH a loaʻa pū kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūlohelohe [1].
Ka ʻimi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka epilepsy:
ʻO ka epilepsy kahi maʻi o ka hana o ka lolo i hōʻike ʻia e ka depolarization abnormal o nā neurons. ʻO ka hopu ʻana he hōʻailona nui o ka epilepsy, ma muli o ka ʻeha lolo. ʻOiai he mau hopena ko nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kēia manawa no ka mālama ʻana i ka epilepsy, he mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole ko lākou olakino. Ma kēia kūlana, hoʻomaka ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻimi i nā ʻano lapaʻau hou. Ma ke ʻano he neuropeptide, hana pololei ʻo Semax peptide i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kikowaena a ʻaʻohe hana hormonal, no laila ʻaʻole ia e hopena i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole. Hāʻawi kēia i nā mea hou no ka mālama ʻana i ka epilepsy [2].
Ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ischemic:
He maʻi koʻikoʻi ka Ischemic stroke, a ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kino kīnā, ua lilo ia i mea nui o ka noiʻi olakino. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Semax peptide, ma muli o kāna neuroprotective a me ka immunomodulatory hopena, i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ischemic stroke. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e hiki iā Semax ke kāohi i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes inflammatory a hoʻōla i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes neurotransmitter, no laila e hana ana i nā hopena neuroprotective i nā pae transcriptional a me nā protein [3, 4].
He kuhikuhi hou no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha:
Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā mea hoʻopaneʻe serotonin reuptake (SSRI) no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha i ka wā hāpai, akā hiki i nā SSRI ke hele i ka placenta a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka oʻo ʻana o ka lolo fetal. Ma ke ʻano he analog synthetic o ACTH (4-10), loaʻa iā Semax nā hana nootropic a me nā neuroprotective. Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi hiki iā Semax ke hōʻemi i nā loli a me nā neurochemical i nā ʻiole i hoʻomaka ʻia e ka ʻike mua ʻana i ka fluvoxamine, e hāʻawi ana i kahi manaʻo hou no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha [5].
Nā pōmaikaʻi o nā mea peptide:
ʻO Semax kahi mea peptide synthetic me kahi hana kū hoʻokahi o ka hana. Hiki iā ia ke hana pololei i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena, synthesize i kekahi mau protein i loko o ka lolo, a hana i nā hopena antioxidant. No ka laʻana, i loko o kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻiole o ka epilepsy, hiki i ka Semax peptide ke hōʻemi i ka pae MDA a synthesize i ʻekolu mau protein ʻaʻole i synthesized i nā ʻiole epileptic [2].
Ma ke ʻano he peptide hoʻoponopono, hiki ke huli ʻia ka mōʻaukala noiʻi o Semax i kahi manawa lōʻihi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ua loaʻa iā Semax nā noi noi i nā maʻi hoʻomanaʻo, ka emi ʻana o ka hana noʻonoʻo, a me ka maʻi post-COVID, i hoʻohui ʻia i nā maʻi somatoform a me nā maʻi psychosomatic [6].

Ka nānā ʻana i nā loli i ka pae o ka pJNK a me ka pCREB protein i ka wā ischemia a me ka mālama ʻana o Semax i nā hale subcortical a me ka cortex frontoparietal o nā ʻiole ma 24 mau hola ma hope o tMCAO.
Puna:PubMed [4]
Pehea ke ʻano o ka hana a Semax i ka mālama ʻana i ka epilepsy e pili pono i ka hana lolo?
Ka hopena antioxidant
Loaʻa iā Semax nā waiwai antioxidant. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi maʻamau e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha oxidative i ka lolo, a hiki iā Semax ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka lolo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaumaha oxidative. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi oxidative e hoʻopuka i nā ʻano oxygen reactive nui, e like me malondialdehyde (MDA). Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e hiki iā Semax ke hoʻemi i ka pae MDA i ka lolo o nā ʻiole epileptic a hiki i 40.46% [2] . Ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pae MDA, hiki iā Semax ke hōʻoluʻolu i ka pōʻino o ke koʻikoʻi oxidative i nā neurons, pēlā e pale ai i ka hana o ka lolo.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā protein o ka lolo
Hiki iā Semax ke hoʻohui i kekahi mau protein i loko o ka lolo. I ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻiole epileptic, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me Semax, ʻekolu mau protein ʻaʻole i synthesized i nā ʻiole epileptic i synthesized. ʻO nā kaumaha molekala o kēia mau polokina he 93.54kDa, 66.76kDa, a me 59.66kDa [2] . Hiki iā lākou ke hana koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka hana maʻamau o ka lolo a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā neurons i hōʻino ʻia.
Ka hopena ma ka pūnaewele neuron lolo
Ma o ka resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (resting-state FMRI) haʻawina, ua ʻike ʻia he hopena ko Semax i ka ʻoihana neuron lolo. I ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea manawaleʻa olakino, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka rostral (intermediate anterior cortex) sub-component o ka network mode default i ka hui Semax [7] . Hōʻike kēia e hoʻomaikaʻi paha ʻo Semax i ka hana o ka lolo ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilina a me nā hana o ka ʻoihana neuron lolo.
I ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ʻo Semax i kēlā me kēia lā i nā ʻiole audiogenic seizure-prone mai ka lā 7 a hiki i ka lā 11 o ke ola, ua ʻike ʻia ua loli ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana o nā ʻiole i ka wā he 1 mahina, a hiki i nā lāʻau ʻelua ke hoʻonui i ka neurogenesis i ka hippocampal dentate gyrus. Pili paha ka neurogenesis i ke aʻo ʻana, hoʻomanaʻo, a me nā hana hoʻoponopono o ka lolo, a hiki i Semax ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana lolo ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka neurogenesis.
I ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ʻo Semax i loko o ʻelima mau ʻiole inbred o nā keiki hānau hou (mai ka 2nd a hiki i ka lā 7th o ke ola), ua hoʻemi nui ia i ka hiki ʻana i ka convulsions wale nō ma 1 mau mahina DBA / 2J mice [8] . Hōʻike pū kēia e pili ana ʻo Semax i ka hana o ka lolo ma o kekahi ʻano hana a hōʻemi i ka maʻi epilepsy.
Ka nele o ka hana hormonal
ʻO Semax kahi neuropeptide e hana pololei ana i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kikowaena a ʻaʻohe hana hormonal, no laila ʻaʻole ia e hopena i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole (Puspita R, 2018). Hāʻawi kēia iā Semax i kekahi mau pono i ka mālama ʻana i ka epilepsy, e pale ana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao o nā lāʻau antiepileptic kuʻuna.
He aha ke ʻano kikoʻī e hoʻoponopono ai ʻo Semax i ka hana immune?
Hoʻonui i nā ala hōʻailona e pili ana i ka pane immune:
Hiki iā Semax ke hoʻonui i ke ala hōʻailona hōʻike antigen. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā antigen kahi hana koʻikoʻi no ka ʻōnaehana pale e ʻike a hana i nā antigens haole. Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i kēia ala hōʻailona, hiki iā Semax ke hoʻolaha i ka ʻike a me ka pane ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale i nā mea ʻē e like me nā pathogens [1] . Eia kekahi, hiki iā Semax ke hoʻoikaika i ka hopena o ka ischemia ma ke ala hōʻailona interferon. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Interferon i ka pane ʻana o ka immune, me ka antiviral, antitumor, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana o nā cell immune. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke ala hōʻailona interferon e Semax e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana pale [1].
Hoʻololi i ke kaʻina hana synthesis immunoglobulin:
Hoʻonui nui ʻo Semax i ka hōʻike o nā genes e hoʻopili ana i nā kaulahao kaumaha o nā immunoglobulins. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā Immunoglobulins i ka palekana humoral a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pono i nā antigens, pēlā e hoʻopau ai i nā mea ʻē e like me nā pathogens. Hoʻolaha ʻo Semax i ka synthesis o immunoglobulins, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana kūlohelohe humoral o ke kino [1].
Hoʻoponopono i ka hana o nā cell immune:
He hopena koʻikoʻi ʻo Semax i nā genes e hoʻopili ana i nā cytokines, nā pane kaumaha, a me nā protein ribosomal. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā Cytokines i ka immunomodulation a hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻonui, ʻokoʻa, a me ka hana o nā cell immune. Hoʻoponopono ʻo Semax i ka hana o nā cell immune ma o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hōʻike o kēia mau genes, a laila hoʻoponopono i ka hana immune [1].
He aha nā mea hoʻohana o Seamx?
Lapaʻau ʻana i ka epilepsy
Ka hopena ma nā neurons:
ʻO ka epilepsy kahi maʻi o ka hana o ka lolo i hōʻike ʻia e ka depolarization abnormal o nā neurons. ʻO Semax peptide kahi neuropeptide e hana pololei ana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hana hormonal, no laila ʻaʻole ia he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino. Hiki iā Semax ke hōʻemi i ka pae MDA i ka lolo o nā ʻiole epileptic. ʻO MDA kahi hōʻailona o ka lipid peroxidation, a ua pili nā pae kiʻekiʻe o MDA me ke koʻikoʻi oxidative a me ka pōʻino cell. Hiki iā Semax ke hōʻemi i ka pae MDA i ka lolo o nā ʻiole epileptic a hiki i 40.46% [9].
ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā protein:
Hiki iā Semax ke hoʻohui i kekahi mau protein i loko o ka lolo o nā ʻiole epileptic. Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki iā Semax ke hoʻohui i ʻekolu mau protein ʻaʻole i hana mua ʻia i loko o ka lolo o nā ʻiole epileptic, a ʻo ke kaupaona ʻana o kēia mau protein he 93.54 kDa, 66.76 kDa, a me 59.66 kDa i kēlā me kēia [9].
Lapaʻau ʻana i ka maʻi ischemic
Hoʻonui i ka palapala neurotrophin:
ʻO Semax (MET-GLU - amino acid - phenylalanine - proline - glycine - proline) peptide he melanocortin derivative synthetic i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ischemic stroke. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki iā Semax ke hoʻonui i ka transcription o nā neurotrophins a me kā lākou mau mea hoʻokipa a hoʻololi i ka hōʻike o nā genes i komo i ka pane immune. Hōʻike ka loiloi holoʻokoʻa RNA holoʻokoʻa i ka transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model i nā ʻiole, Semax kaohi i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes inflammatory a hoʻāla i ka ʻōlelo o nā genes neurotransmitter [4].
Hoʻoponopono i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā protein koʻikoʻi:
24 mau hola ma hope o ka tMCAO, ua ʻike ʻia kahi upregulation o ka CREB hana i loko o nā hale subcortical, me ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻeha ischemic; MMP - 9 a me c - fos ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i loko o ka cortex frontoparietal pili; ma lalo o ka hana a Semax, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻo JNK ikaika i loko o kēia mau kikoʻī ʻelua. ʻO ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā kaʻina hana o ka mumū a me ka make cell hiki ke kōkua i ka hopena neuroprotective o Semax ma nā pae transcriptional a me nā protein [4].
Hoʻopau i ke kaumaha nui
E hoemi ana i ka eha:
Ma kahi hoʻohālike koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, loaʻa iā Semax kekahi hopena i ka ʻano a me ka ʻeha o nā ʻiole. I loko o ke koʻikoʻi haʻalulu wāwae a me nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi ʻauʻau wai anuanu, ʻo Semax a me ka opioid receptor antagonist naloxone hiki ke attenuate i ka analgesia i hoʻoulu ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi (SIA) i loko o ke kumu hoʻohālike koʻikoʻi hiki ʻole i ka wāwae haʻalulu, akā ʻaʻole pili i ka paepae ʻeha i ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka wai anuanu [10].
ʻAʻohe hopena i nā hoʻololi ʻano:
ʻAʻole pili ʻo Semax a me naloxone i ka ʻano o nā ʻiole i nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i luna [10].
Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka nānā ʻana:
Hiki iā Semax ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻomanaʻo hana a me ka nānā ʻana o nā holoholona hoʻokolohua a me nā kānaka, hoʻonui i ke kū'ē i ka hypoxia, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kahe koko cerebral. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻo Semax i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka nānā ʻana o ka poʻe olakino ma lalo o nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Semax i kēia manawa e mālama i nā maʻi me nā maʻi like ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana nūnū waena. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hōʻike kēia peptide i nā hopena maikaʻi me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻokele [11].
I ka hopena, ma ke ʻano he pūhui peptide synthetic, hōʻike ʻo Semax i nā hopena curative koʻikoʻi i ke kahua o ka epilepsy, ischemic stroke, acute stress, a me ka cognitive impairment ma o nā hana he nui e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā neurotrophins (e like me BDNF) a me kā lākou mau mea loaʻa (TrkB), kaohi ʻana i ka pane inflammatory, ka pale ʻana i ke kaumaha oxidative, a me ka immunomodulation. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka hana aʻalolo, hoʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka lolo, a hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me ka nānā.
No ka mea kakau
ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.
Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema
He mea noiʻi ʻo Sudarkina OY me ka National Research Center - Kurchatov Institute a me ka Russian Academy of Science. ʻO kāna mau noiʻi noiʻi e pili ana i nā aʻo ʻepekema he nui, me ka Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Genetics & Heredity, a me Chemistry. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā haʻawina nui i nā kahua o Biotechnology, Molecular Breeding, a me Molecular Plant Pathology. ʻO kāna hana e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mīkini genetic, ka pilina molekala, a me nā kaʻina biochemical e kākoʻo ana i nā ʻano kūlohelohe like ʻole. Ma o kāna noiʻi ʻana, manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i kēia mau ʻōnaehana paʻakikī a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻonā hou no nā noi kūpono i ka mahiʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Sudarkina OY ma ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi [4].
▎ Nā ʻōlelo pili
[1] Medvedeva EV, Dmitrieva VG, Limborska SA, et al. ʻO Semax, kahi analog o ACTH (4-7), hoʻoponopono i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ʻano pane kūlohelohe i ka wā ʻeha o ka lolo ischemic i nā ʻiole [J]. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2017,292(3):635-653.DOI:10.1007/s00438-017-1297-1.
[2] Puspita R, Pratamastuti D, Safitri A, et al. ʻO ka mana o Semax Peptide Therapy e pili ana i ka MDA Level a me ka Protein Profile ma Epilepsy Rats (Rattus norvegicus), 2018 [C]. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90160574
[3] Dergunova LV, Dmitrieva VG, Filippenkov IB, et al. ʻO ka Peptide Drug ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Kāohi i ka mRNA Transcripts Encoding Proinflammatory Mediators Induced by Reversible Ischemia of the Rat Brain[J]. Molecular Biology, 2021,55(3):346-353.DOI:10.1134/S0026893321010040.
[4] Sudarkina OY, Filippenkov IB, Stavchansky VV, et al. Hōʻike ʻo Brain Protein Expression Profile i ka hopena palekana o ka ACTH (4-7) PGP Peptide (Semax) i kahi Model Rat o Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion [J]. Ka Nupepa International of Molecular Sciences, 2021,22(12).DOI:10.3390/ijms22126179.
[5] Glazova NY, Manchenko DM, Volodina MA, et al. ʻO Semax, synthetic ACTH (4-10) analogue, hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻano a me ka neurochemical ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka fluvoxamine i ke ola mua i nā ʻiole keʻokeʻo [J]. Neuropeptides, 2021,86.DOI:10.1016/j.npep.2020.102114.
[6] Hadarceva K, Belyaeva E. Semax-noi manaʻo (pōkole nānā memo).[J]. Lapaʻau Lapaʻau a me ka Lapaʻau Lapaʻau, 2021.DOI:https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245468513.
[7] Lebedeva IS, Panikratova YR, Sokolov OY, et al. ʻO nā hopena o Semax ma ka ʻaoʻao Default Mode Network of the Brain[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2018,165(5):653-656.DOI:10.1007/s10517-018-4234-3.
[8] Boyarshinova OS, Perepelkina OV, Markina NV, et al. Audiogenic Epilepsy i nā ʻiole ʻōpio o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ma hope o ka Neonatal Semax Treatment [J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008,146(1):86-88.DOI:10.1007/s10517-008-0212-5.
[9] Puspita R. Semax no ka Lapaau Epilepsy [M]. 2020.DOI:10.31219/osf.io/hcn3g.
[10] Glazova NY, Manchenko DM, Vilensky DA, et al. Nā hopena o Semax i nā ʻano hoʻohālike o ka iole o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi [J]. Nūpepa o Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 2023,59(1):200-212.DOI:10.1134/S0022093023010179.
[11] Ashmarin IP, Nezavibatko VN, Myasoedov NF, et al. Nootropic analogue o adrenocorticotropin 4-10-semax (ka ʻike o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana ma luna o 15 mau makahiki) [J]. Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni IP Pavlova, 1997,47 (2): 420-430. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9173745/
ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a maʻi paha. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.