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▎What is TB4?
TB4 is a synthetic peptide composed of 43 amino acids. Its sequence exhibits high homology with the active fragment of thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a multifunctional peptide naturally present in the human body that extensively participates in physiological processes such as cellular repair and inflammation regulation. The core mechanism of TB4 involves binding to actin on the cell surface to regulate cytoskeletal reorganization, thereby significantly promoting cell migration and tissue regeneration. In muscle, tendon, or ligament injury models, TB4 accelerates the aggregation of fibroblasts at the injury site, promotes the orderly arrangement of collagen fibers, shortens the healing cycle, and reduces the likelihood of scar tissue formation. TB4 induces angiogenesis by stimulating cytokine expression (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), improving blood perfusion in injured areas to deliver ample oxygen and nutrients for tissue repair. It inhibits pro-inflammatory factor release (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and modulates macrophage polarization, thereby reducing post-injury inflammatory responses at the immunoregulatory level and preventing tissue damage from excessive inflammation.
▎What is BPC-157?
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide composed of 15 amino acids. Its sequence originates from the Body Protection Compound (BPC) fragment within human gastric mucosal proteins, serving as an artificial analog of endogenous gastrointestinal protective peptides. The core biological characteristic of this peptide lies in its potent tissue repair regulatory capacity. It promotes proliferation and migration of repair-related cells like fibroblasts and endothelial cells by activating tyrosine kinase receptors (e.g., c-Met), while accelerating synthesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen, fibronectin). This effect has been validated in models of gastrointestinal ulcers, tendon ruptures, and bone defects. In gastric mucosal injury models, BPC 157 significantly shortens ulcer healing time and improves mucosal regeneration quality.
BPC 157 exerts a key role by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. It suppresses neutrophil infiltration and the overexpression of pro-inflammatory factors (such as IL-1β and NF-κB), while simultaneously upregulating the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors (such as IL-10). This mitigates the acute inflammatory response following injury and prevents secondary tissue damage caused by uncontrolled inflammation. Its vasoprotective effects are particularly pronounced. By stimulating the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin, it promotes the formation of a new vascular network in damaged areas, improves local blood perfusion, and provides adequate nutrient and oxygen supply for tissue repair.
▎What is KPV?
KPV, a tripeptide composed of lysine-proline-valine, originates from the C-terminal region of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and is a naturally occurring fragment with significant biological activity.
In inflammation regulation, KPV exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. It effectively suppresses the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, reducing the transcription and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, etc.), thereby curbing inflammatory cascades at their source. In animal models of colitis, oral administration of KPV significantly reduces intestinal inflammation levels and alleviates mucosal damage. This effect stems from its precise regulation of inflammatory signaling in intestinal immune cells and epithelial cells. KPV further mitigates local inflammatory responses by stabilizing mast cells and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, thereby maintaining tissue homeostasis.
At the immunoregulatory level, KPV demonstrates bidirectional modulation capabilities. It enhances T-cell differentiation and function, promotes the secretion of immunoregulatory factors like IL-2 and IFN-γ, and boosts cellular immune responses. In autoimmune disease models, KPV regulates Th1/Th2 cell balance, reduces excessive autoimmune reactions, and prevents immune damage.
KPV also holds potential value in cellular proliferation and tissue repair. By activating relevant intracellular signaling pathways, it promotes fibroblast proliferation and migration, accelerates the synthesis of extracellular matrix components like collagen, and facilitates wound healing in tissues such as skin and muscle. In skin repair experiments, KPV-treated wounds exhibited significantly accelerated healing rates and reduced scar formation, demonstrating its positive impact on tissue repair quality. KPV may also stimulate the expression of angiogenesis-related factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting neovascularization and improving blood supply to injured sites, thereby providing essential conditions for tissue regeneration.
▎What is GHK-Cu?
GHK-Cu is a complex formed by glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine tripeptide and copper ions. Leveraging the synergistic action of copper ions and the tripeptide, it performs multiple critical functions in physiological activities. In skin repair and regeneration, it acts as a signaling peptide to induce fibroblasts to synthesize collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, enhancing skin firmness and elasticity while improving skin issues caused by aging or photoaging. During wound healing, it stimulates stratum corneum cell growth to accelerate closure while regulating inflammation by suppressing excessive IL-6 and TNF-α expression. It also promotes macrophage aggregation to release growth factors, aiding tissue repair and remodeling. Its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties regulate intracellular copper levels, enhance antioxidant capacity, and delay cellular aging. In pulmonary inflammation models, it mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and improves tissue inflammatory states. GHK-Cu benefits hair health by stimulating hair follicle cell activity, promoting melanin production, regulating energy metabolism, and aiding in hair loss improvement.
Conclusion
As a blend of TB 500, BPC-157, KPV, and GHK-Cu, Klow's synergistic effects manifest through the overlapping and complementary regulation of multidimensional physiological functions. TB 500 promotes cell migration and angiogenesis, BPC-157 enhances tissue repair and inflammatory regulation, KPV focuses on immune balance and local anti-inflammation, while GHK-Cu functions in antioxidant defense, skin regeneration, and microenvironment optimization. Together, they form a closed-loop system of “repair-anti-inflammation-immune modulation-microenvironment enhancement.”
Under this synergy, TB 500 and BPC-157 accelerate cell proliferation and matrix synthesis, while KPV mitigates excessive inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, creating a stable environment for repair. GHK-Cu's antioxidant properties reduce free radical damage to newly formed tissues, and its vasoprotective effects synergize with TB 500's angiogenesis function to enhance local blood supply. KPV's bidirectional immune modulation balances the immune activation triggered by BPC-157 and GHK-Cu, preventing immune dysregulation. This synergy not only shortens tissue repair cycles but also improves repair quality and reduces scar formation risk, offering comprehensive regulatory advantages in scenarios such as wound healing, chronic inflammation, and skin aging.
About The Author
The above-mentioned materials are all researched, edited and compiled by Cocer Peptides.
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The products provided on this website are intended exclusively for in vitro research. In vitro research (Latin: *in glass*, meaning in glassware) is conducted outside the human body. These products are not pharmaceuticals, have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and must not be used to prevent, treat, or cure any medical condition, disease, or ailment. It is strictly prohibited by law to introduce these products into the human or animal body in any form.