▎ Pinealon ƒe Numekuku
Nukae nye numekuku si wowɔ le Pinealon?
Pinealon dzɔ tso pineal gland ƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo me dzodzro tsitotsito me. Ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia si dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo tsɔ ɖe le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋutinu ɣaɣla sia si nye pineal gland me vevie. Togbɔ be eƒe lolome le sue hã la, ewɔa akpa vevi aɖe le ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe tsɔtsɔme kple akpa bubuwo dzi kpɔkpɔ me. Numekuku gbãtɔwo ɖee fia be pineal gland ate ŋu aɖe nu vovovo siwo wɔa dɔ le nugbagbewo me, si ʋã numekulawo ƒe dzonɔameme be yewoaku akpa siwo ŋu ŋusẽ tɔxɛ le tso eme la me. Esi polypeptide ŋuti numekuku mɔ̃ɖaŋununya va le ŋgɔ yim ta la, amewo te ŋu wɔ numekuku tsitotsito wu le nusiwo do ƒome kple pineal gland ŋu. Abe tripeptide si wowɔ ene la, woɖe Pinealon ɖe vovo eye wode dzesii le nya sia me. Numekukua ƒe megbenyawo hã lɔ dzitsitsi ɖe lãmekawo ƒe dɔléle vovovowo, nya siwo do ƒome kple tsitsi, kple bubuawo ŋu ɖe eme.Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo le mɔ kpɔm be yewoadi mɔnu nyui siwo dzi woato ana ahɔhɔ̃a nawɔ dɔ nyuie wu eye woahe tsitsi ƒe ɖoɖoa ɖe megbe, eye Pinealon ƒe dodo na mɔkpɔkpɔ yeye va li be woakpɔ kuxi siawo gbɔ, si wɔe be wodze numekuku gɔme tso eŋu.
Nukae nye Pinealon ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu?
Mɔxexe ɖe oxygen ƒomevi siwo wɔa dɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo nu
Pinealon ɖea seɖoƒe si nɔa te ɖe agbɔsɔsɔme dzi le oxygen ƒomevi siwo wɔa dɔ (ROS) ƒe nuƒoƒoƒu ƒe ɖoɖo le ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe granule lãmenugbagbeviwo, neutrophils, kple pheochromocytoma (PC12) lãmenugbagbeviwo me si wotsɔ oxidative stress stimuli siwo nɔa te ɖe receptor dzi alo esiwo le wo ɖokui si hena vɛ (Khavinson V, 2011). Esia ɖee fia be ewɔa akpa vevi aɖe le anti-oxidation me eye ate ŋu aɖe nusiwo oxidative stress hena vɛ na lãmenugbagbeviwo dzi akpɔtɔ. To mɔxexe ɖe ROS ƒe ƒoƒo ƒu nu me la, Pinealon kpena ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie ŋu eye wòɖea nusiwo oxidative gblẽna le lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋu dzi kpɔtɔna.
Lãmenugbagbevi siwo ku ƒe ku dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ
Pinealon ate ŋu aɖe lãmenugbagbevi kuku siwo wodzidze to propidium iodide dodokpɔ me dzi akpɔtɔ [1] . Esia fia be Pinealon ate ŋu akpɔ lãmenugbagbeviwo ta tso ku ƒe ŋɔdzidoname me eye wòana lãmenugbagbeviwo nanɔ agbe. Eƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu tɔxɛ ate ŋu abia be woawɔ lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ku ƒe dzesimɔa dzi kpɔkpɔ be woaxe mɔ na lãmenugbagbeviwo be woagage ɖe necrosis ƒe ɖoɖoa me o.
ERK 1/2 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsatsam dzi kpɔkpɔ
Pinealon ƒe ametakpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi kpena ɖe ERK 1/2 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsatsam ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi si tsi megbe ŋu [1] . ERK 1/2 nye lãmenugbagbeviwo me dzesiwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe molecule vevi aɖe, eye eƒe dɔwɔwɔ ate ŋu ado lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi, vovototodedeameme, kple agbetsitsi ɖe ŋgɔ. ERK 1/2 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ to Pinealon dzi ate ŋu anye mɔ vevi siwo dzi wòato awɔ eƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo takpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋusẽ la dometɔ ɖeka. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, Pinealon ate ŋu aɖɔ lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsatsam hã ɖo, si ate ŋu akpe ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋu woadzra wo ɖokui ɖo eye woalé tsitsi kple tsitsi nyuie me ɖe asi ne wole nuteɖeamedzi me.
Kadodo si ate ŋu adzɔ kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu
Esi wònye be seɖoƒe si le ROS ƒe ƒuƒoƒo kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ku ŋu yɔ fũ le agbɔsɔsɔ si bɔbɔ me, esime lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsatsam ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ yi edzi le Pinealon ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si lolo wu me ta la, woate ŋu aƒo nya ta be tsɔ kpe ɖe eƒe antioxidant dɔwɔwɔ si wonya ŋu la, Pinealon ate ŋu awɔ nu kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu hã tẽ [1] . Kadodo sia kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ate ŋu alɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ɖeɖefia dzi kpɔkpɔ ɖe eme, si ana wòakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple woƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi.
Nukae nye Pinealon ƒe dɔwɔwɔ?
1. Ŋkuɖoɖonudzi ƒe nyonyo
Ŋkuɖodzinyawo nye ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe dɔ veviwo dometɔ ɖeka, eye Pinealon ate ŋu awɔ akpa nyui aɖe le ŋkuɖoɖonudzi ƒe wɔwɔme kple eƒe ŋusẽdodo me. Ate ŋu ana ŋkuɖoɖonudzi ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi to mɔnuwo abe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dadasɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ, lãmekawo ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ dodo ɖe ŋgɔ, kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie dodo ɖe ŋgɔ dzi.
Pinealon ate ŋu ado lãmekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsitsi kple wo dzadzraɖo ɖe ŋgɔ, eye woate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ sia to mɔnu vovovowo dzi. Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsitsi kple wo dzadzraɖo le vevie ŋutɔ be ahɔhɔ̃a nawɔ dɔ nyuie. Le go ɖeka me la, ate ŋu aʋã ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi kple vovototodedeameme, si ana ahɔhɔ̃meka yeyewo nadzi ɖe edzi [2] . Ŋutete le ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋu be woawɔ wo ɖokui yeyee ahato vovo azu ahɔhɔ̃meka ƒomevi vovovowo, eye woƒe dzidziɖedzi kple vovototodedeameme ate ŋu agbugbɔ lãmeka siwo gblẽ alo tsitsi la aɖo wo ɖokui me eye wòana ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe wɔwɔme kple dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi. Le go bubu me la, Pinealon ate ŋu ado lãmekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsitsi kple wo dzadzraɖo ɖe ŋgɔ to ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ me. Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nye protein ƒe hatsotso aɖe si wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ, tsitsi, kple woƒe vovototodedeameme me. Woate ŋu ado axonal tsitsi, synapse wɔwɔ, kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe agbetsitsi ɖe ŋgɔ na lãmekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo [3] ..
Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, alesi Pinealon na ʋu ƒe sisi le ahɔhɔ̃a me nyo ɖe edzi hã kpena ɖe ame ŋu wòdoa ŋusẽ susuŋutete. Ʋu ƒe sisi nyuie ate ŋu ana ahɔhɔ̃a nakpɔ ɔksidzin kple nunyiame si sɔ eye wòana lãmekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple dɔwɔwɔ nyuie nanɔ anyi. Ate ŋu ana ʋu ƒe sisi le ahɔhɔ̃a me nanyo ɖe edzi to ahɔhɔ̃mekawo keke ɖe enu kple ahɔhɔ̃ me ʋu ƒe sisi ɖe edzi me. Le dzesiwo abe Alzheimer dɔléle kple ŋkuɖoɖonudzi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie gome la, Pinealon ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ate ŋu anɔ ŋutete si le esi be wòana ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi eye wòana ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie nagbɔdzɔ la me. Zi geɖe la, dɔléle siwo gblẽa nu le ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ŋu abe Alzheimer ƒe dɔléle ene kpena ɖe dɔléle ƒe tɔtrɔwo abe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ku, ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe bu, kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔdzẽ ene ŋu. Pinealon ateŋu aɖe dzesi siawo dzi akpɔtɔ to mɔnuwo abe lãmekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsitsi kple wo dzadzraɖo dodo ɖe ŋgɔ kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔdzẽ dzi kpɔkpɔ dzi [4] ..
2. Susu kple seselelãme ƒe nusiwo gbɔ eme
Susu kple seselelãme ƒe nusiwo gbɔ eme abe nuteɖeamedzi si nɔa anyi didi, dzimaɖitsitsi, kple blanuiléle ate ŋu agblẽ nu le lãmekawo ŋu, si ahe kuxiwo abe susu ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie ene vɛ. Pinealon ate ŋu ana susu kple seselelãme ƒe nusiwo gbɔ eme ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe lãmekawo dzi nanyo ɖe edzi to mɔnuwo abe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dadasɔ dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ, dɔdzẽ ƒe ŋuɖoɖo dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ, kple lãmekawo ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ dodo ɖe ŋgɔ ene dzi [5] . Numekuku aɖewo ɖee fia be Pinealon ate ŋu ana seselelãmekuxiwo abe dzimaɖitsitsi kple blanuiléle ene nanyo ɖe edzi eye wòana dɔnɔwo ƒe susu ƒe lãmesẽ nanyo ɖe edzi.
3. Alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ
Pinealon ate ŋu aɖɔ amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã ƒe nugbagbewo ƒe gaƒoɖokui ɖo eye wòado alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe lãmetsiwo ƒe dodo ɖe ŋgɔ, si le vevie ŋutɔ na alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe nyonyome kple alɔ̃madɔmadɔ ƒe dzesiwo dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ.
Melatonin, si nye lãmetsi si pineal gland ɖena dona eye wòwɔa akpa vevi aɖe le alɔ̃dɔdɔ kple nyɔnyrɔ̃ ƒe tsatsam dzi kpɔkpɔ me koŋue alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe lãmetsiwo fia. Pinealon ate ŋu ado melatonin ƒe dodo ɖe ŋgɔ to pineal gland ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ me [6] . Pineal gland nye lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋutinu si le ahɔhɔ̃a me. Esea veve ɖe kekeli kple viviti ƒe tsatsam nu ŋutɔ. Aɖe melatonin ɖe go le viviti me be wòado alɔ̃dɔdɔ ɖe ŋgɔ, evɔ axe mɔ ɖe melatonin ƒe dodo le teƒe si me kɔ be wòanɔ ŋudzɔ.
Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, ŋusẽ si Pinealon kpɔna ɖe alɔ̃dɔdɔ dzi ate ŋu ado ƒome kple ŋusẽ bubu siwo wòkpɔna ɖe lãmekawo dzi le ɖoɖo nu hã. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, ate ŋu aɖɔ ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖo le ahɔhɔ̃a me, abe serotonin kple dopamine ene, siwo hã wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ me [7] . Serotonin nye ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si do ƒome kplikplikpli kple ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo abe seselelãme, alɔ̃dɔdɔ, kple nuɖuɖudzroame ene. Ate ŋu ado alɔ̃dɔdɔ ɖe ŋgɔ eye wòaɖe seselelãmekuxiwo abe dzimaɖitsitsi kple blanuiléle ene dzi akpɔtɔ. Dopamine nye ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si do ƒome kplikplikpli kple ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo abe teƒeɖoɖo, ʋãme, kple susu tsɔtsɔ ɖe nu ŋu ene. Ate ŋu aɖɔ alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe goglome kple eƒe nyonyome ɖo.
4. Dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ŋusẽdodo
Pinealon ate ŋu ana dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo nawɔ dɔ eye wòana ŋutilã ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi. Dɔlélenutsiŋutete nye ŋutilã ƒe ametakpɔnu, si me lãmenugbagbevi kple molecule vovovowo le, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye ʋumenugbagbevi ɣiwo, dɔlékuiwutikewo, cytokines, kple bubuawo.Lãmenugbagbevi kple molecule siawo wɔa dɔ ɖekae tsɔ dea dzesi dɔlékui siwo gena ɖe ŋutilãa me heɖea wo ɖa eye wokpɔa ŋutilã ta tso dɔlékuiwo kple dɔlélewo me.
Pinealon ate ŋu ana dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo nawɔ dɔ to mɔnu vovovowo dzi. Ate ŋu awɔ dɔ ɖe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo abe ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩwo kple lãmenugbagbevi gãwo ene dzi tẽ, eye wòado woƒe dzidziɖedzi, vovototodedeameme, kple dɔwɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ [8] . Lãmenugbagbeviwo nye lãmenugbagbevi veviwo le dɔlélenutsiŋutete me eye woate ŋu ama wo ɖe ƒomevi vovovowo abe T lãmenugbagbeviwo, B lãmenugbagbeviwo, kple dzɔdzɔme lãmenugbagbeviwo ene, siwo kpɔa gome le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete kple humoral dɔlélenutsiŋutete me. Macrophages nye phagocyte ƒomevi aɖe si ate ŋu aɖu dɔlékui siwo va dzea ŋutilãa dzi ahaɖu wo eye wòɖea cytokines hã ɖa be wòaɖɔ dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖo.
Le nyataƒoƒo me la, Pinealon kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖedzesi aɖe le ahɔhɔ̃a ƒe susu ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie wu dzi. Ate ŋu ana ŋkuɖoɖonudzi kple susu nanɔ nu ŋu nyuie wu, si ana amewo nawɔ dɔ nyuie wu le nusɔsrɔ̃ kple dɔwɔwɔ me, vevietɔ le vevie ŋutɔ na ame tsitsiwo kple dɔnɔ siwo ŋu ahɔhɔ̃medɔlélewo le. Le alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ gome la, ate ŋu ana gaƒoɖokui si me nugbagbeviwo le la nawɔ dɔ nyuie, aɖe alɔ̃madɔmadɔ ƒe kuxiwo dzi akpɔtɔ, eye wòana alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe nyonyome nanyo ɖe edzi, si ana kakaɖedzi ŋutilãa ƒe hayahaya kple dɔwɔwɔ nyuie. Eƒe nɔnɔme si doa ŋusẽ dɔlélenutsiŋutete kpena ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã ŋu be wòatsi tre ɖe dɔléle vovovowo ƒe amedzidzedze ŋu eye wòɖea dɔléle ƒe afɔkua dzi kpɔtɔna.
Le Agbalẽŋlɔla La Ŋu
Nusiwo míeyɔ ɖe etame la katã nye esiwo ŋu Cocer Peptides wɔ numekuku le, trɔ asi le wo ŋu eye woƒo wo nu ƒu.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe Agbalẽŋlɔla
Altschule M nye ememedɔdala kple atikewɔnyawo ŋuti numekula xɔŋkɔ aɖe. Exɔ eƒe atikewɔwɔ ŋuti ɖaseɖigbalẽ le Harvard Atikewɔwɔ Suku le ƒe 1932. Altschule nye Atikewɔwɔ Ŋuti Nufialagã le Harvard Atikewɔwɔ Suku eye wònye Ememe Atikewɔwɔ kple Numekuku le Dɔnɔdzikpɔƒe ƒe Susuŋutinunya ƒe Dɔdzikpɔla le McLean Kɔdzi le Belmont, Massachusetts, tso ƒe 1947 va ɖo ƒe 1968. Eƒe numekuku ƒe didiwo ku ɖe nyati vovovowo ŋu, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye dzitodzito, dzitodzito, dzitodzito, kple gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti nunya, kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ.
Altschule ŋlɔ agbalẽ kple agbalẽ gbogbo aɖewo. Eƒe dɔ ɖedzesiwo dometɔ ɖekae nye 'The Pineal,' si wota le ƒe 1969 me le JAMA me. Nyati sia si wo kple Julian I. Kitay ŋlɔ la ƒo nu tso pineal gland ƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple ŋusẽ si wòate ŋu akpɔ ɖe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ vovovowo dzi ŋu tsitotsito. Altschule ƒe akpa si wòwɔ le atikewɔwɔ ŋuti numekuku kple hehenana me gblẽ ŋusẽ si nɔa anyi ɖaa ɖe ememe atikewɔwɔ kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti nunya ƒe akpawo dzi.
Woŋlɔ Altschule M ŋkɔ ɖe nyayɔyɔ ƒe numekugbalẽ me [2].
