IGF-1 LR3 1mg

▎ IGF-1 LR3 ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖo

▎ IGF-1 LR3 Numekuku

Nukae nye numekuku si wowɔ le IGF-1 LR3 ŋu?

Numekuku siwo wowɔ tso IGF-1 LR3 ŋu dzɔ tso alesi wòhiã be woaɖu dzɔdzɔme insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) ƒe seɖoƒewo dzi. Abe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsitsi, vovototodedeameme, kple woƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi kpɔla vevi ene la, dzɔdzɔme IGF-1 ɖea ŋutete fiana le lãmenugbagbeviwo ɖɔɖɔɖo, tsitsi kple tsitsi ŋuti numekukuwo, kple dɔléle ƒe nudede eme me. Gake kuxi vevi aɖewo le eŋu: Gaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo koe eƒe agbenɔƒe afã xɔna, si wɔnɛ be woɖenɛ ɖa kabakaba le agbe me. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, ebla ɖe protein siwo blaa IGF ŋu sesĩe, si wɔnɛ be lãmenugbagbevi siwo le ablɔɖe me, siwo le dɔ wɔm siwo ʋlina vevie be yewoawɔ ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi siwo nɔa anyi didi la ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ sue aɖe dona. Seɖoƒe siawo xe mɔ ɖe eƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie nu vevie le dodokpɔ me numekukuwo kple nusiwo woate ŋu azã me, si na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ku nu me le nɔnɔmetata siwo wotsɔ trɔ asi le woƒe wɔwɔme ŋu siwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyo ɖe edzi ŋu.

Esi wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi le molecule biology kple protein engineering mɔ̃ɖaŋununya me ta la, numekulawo ƒe susu nɔ asitɔtrɔ le IGF-1 ŋu pɛpɛpɛ be wòana eƒe nɔnɔmewo nanyo ɖe edzi. To numekuku deto siwo wowɔ tso IGF-1 ƒe wɔwɔme kple dɔwɔwɔ dome ƒomedodo ŋu me la, numekulawo kpɔe be tɔtrɔ siwo wowɔna le amino acid ƒe teƒe tɔxɛwo ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe eƒe kadodo kple protein siwo blaa nu kple esiwo xɔa nu dzi: Ne wotsɔ arginine ɖɔli glutamic acid le teƒe 3 lia eye wotsɔ amino acid 13 kpe ɖe N-nuwuƒea ŋu la, eɖea eƒe lɔlɔ̃ na protein si blaa IGF dzi kpɔtɔna, si ɖea kadodo ƒe nɔnɔme siwo mewɔa dɔ o dzi kpɔtɔna esime wòle kadodoa dom ɖe ŋgɔ yi IGF-1 ƒe xɔla gbɔ. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe nyonyome keke molecule la ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe tsatsam ɖe enu le agbe me, eye mlɔeba la, wokpɔ IGF-1 LR3 si me amino acid 83 le. Esia na be eƒe agbenɔƒe afã didi va ɖo gaƒoƒo 20-30 eye ŋusẽ dzi ɖe edzi abe zi gbɔ zi etɔ̃ ene.

Nukae nye IGF-1 LR3 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu?

Lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe Adziɖedzi Kple Vovototodedeameme

Myoblast ƒe Dzidziɖedzi ƒe Ʋuʋu: Le fugboe ƒe tsitsi me la, IGF-1 LR3 doa ƒunukpeƒeŋusẽ ƒe lãmekawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi ɖe ŋgɔ ŋutɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, numekuku siwo wowɔ le alẽvi ƒe fugboe siwo tsi megbe ŋu ɖee fia be le IGF-1 LR3 dodo kwasiɖa ɖeka megbe la, ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme dzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ (P < 0.05). Esia fia be IGF-1 LR3 wɔa dɔ ɖe myoblasts dzi tẽ tsɔ doa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsatsam ɖe ŋgɔ, si wɔnɛ be myoblast geɖe wu gena ɖe dzidziɖedzi ƒe nɔnɔme me eye wòtoa esia me naa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒe bubuwo hena lãmekawo ƒe tsitsi kple tsitsi ^[1]..

Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe azigolo ƒe tsitsi dzi: Le azigolo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti nunya me la, IGF-1 LR3 kpɔa gome le azigolo ƒe tsitsi kple tsitsi dzi kpɔkpɔ me. Le rat superovulation model me la, IGF-1 LR3 zazã ɖekae kple gonadotropins gadzi ovulation ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ɖe edzi eye wòna azigolo ƒe kpekpeme dzi ɖe edzi le rat ƒomevi aɖewo me. Esia fia be IGF-1 LR3 ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe lãkusi ƒe tsitsi kple azigolo ƒe dodo dzi to granulosa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi kple woƒe vovototodedeameme dzi kpɔkpɔ me, si ana wòakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe vidzidzi ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ^[2]..

Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Dɔwɔnawo Ŋuti Ðoɖowɔwɔ

Nunyiamewo Xɔxɔ Kple Wo Zazã: Le IGF-1 LR3 dodo ɖe alẽvi siwo ƒe fufɔfɔ megbe megbe la, wokpɔ vidzidɔ me amino acid ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ kpe ɖe fugboe ƒe amino acid ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si bɔbɔ wu ŋu, togbɔ be fugboe me protein ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme sɔ hã. Esia fia be IGF-1 LR3 ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe fugboe ƒe nunyiamewo xɔxɔ kple wo zazã ƒe ɖoɖowo dzi, si ana nunyiame siwo seɖoƒe li na zazã nyuie wu be woado alɔ ŋutinu tɔxɛwo ƒe tsitsi tsɔ wu be woadzi fugboe ƒe nunyiame ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ɖe edzi to vidzidɔ me ʋu ƒe sisi alo nunyiame ƒe asitɔtrɔ ƒe ʋuʋu me ^[2]..

Nɔnɔmetata 1 IGF-1 xea mɔ na dɔdzẽ eye wònaa ʋukawo ƒe dzɔdzɔ kabakaba to Ras/PI3K/IKK/NF-κB dzesimɔwo dzi be wòado abi ƒe dɔyɔyɔ ɖe ŋgɔ ^[3]..

Insulin ƒe dodo ƒe mɔxexe: IGF-1 LR3 alo saline dodo ɖe fugboe alẽvi siwo tsi megbe me ɖee fia be insulin ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ le ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩ me dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ le alẽvi siwo wodo IGF-1 LR3 na me. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, insulin ƒe dodo le suklidɔ ƒe klatsa dodokpɔwo me dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ ne wotsɔe sɔ kple amesiwo ŋu wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo. Esia fia be IGF-1 LR3 ate ŋu awɔ dɔ ɖe dɔgboa ƒe β-lãmenugbagbeviwo dzi tẽ atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe insulin ƒe dodo nu. Numekuku bubu siwo wowɔ le fugboe ƒe ƒukpo siwo woɖe ɖe aga ŋu ɖee fia be ƒukpo siwo tso alẽvi siwo wodo IGF-1 LR3 na me ɖe insulin ƒe dodo si medea ame dzi atraɖii fiana le sukli ƒe dzodzo le vitro ƒe ŋuɖoɖo me, si fia be IGF-1 LR3 ate ŋu ahe gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔwo vɛ le dɔgboa ƒe β-lãmenugbagbeviwo me, si agblẽ nu le insulin ƒe dodo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si sɔ ŋu ^{[4,5] .}.

Angiogenesis ƒe Ðoɖowɔɖi

Akpa si wòwɔna le azigolo ƒe ʋukawo ƒe dzɔdzɔ me: Le nyiwo ƒe luteinized follicle angiogenesis culture dodokpɔwo me la, woku nu me le ŋusẽ si IGF-1 LR3 kpɔna ɖe luteinized follicle endothelial cell (EC) networks kple progesterone wɔwɔ dzi ŋu. Emetsonuwo ɖee fia be ŋusẽ boo aɖeke mele EC ƒe tsitsi ƒe nɔnɔmewo ŋu o gake lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi vie (3–5%). Le go bubu me la, IGF-1 LR3 kpɔ ŋusẽ vovovowo ɖe progesterone wɔwɔ dzi, gake IGF-1 receptor antagonist picropodophyllin (PPP) ya ɖe EC ƒe tsitsi ƒe nɔnɔmewo kple progesterone ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ siaa dzi kpɔtɔ ŋutɔ. Esia fia be IGF-1 LR3 ate ŋu atrɔ asi le ʋukawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple progesterone wɔwɔ ŋu le luteinized follicles me to IGF-1 receptor signaling pathway dzi, si ana azigolo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple vidzidzi nalé ɖe te ^[6]..

Nukae nye IGF-1 LR3 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ?

Lãwo ƒe Tsitsi Kple Tsitsi Ŋuti Numekuku Kple Wo Zazã

Fugboe ƒe Ŋutilãwo ƒe Tsitsi Dodo Ðe Ŋgɔ: Le dodokpɔ siwo wowɔ le alẽvi ƒe fugboe siwo tsi megbe ŋu me la, IGF-1 LR3 dodo na fugboe ƒe ŋutinuwo ƒe tsitsi dzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ, si do ŋutinuwo abe dzi, ayiku, dɔgbo, kple adrenal glands ene ƒe tsitsi ɖe ŋgɔ. Esia ɖee fia be IGF-1 LR3 wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le fugboe ƒe ŋutinuwo ƒe tsitsi ƒe ɖoɖowo dzi kpɔkpɔ me, si wɔnɛ be wosea fugboe ƒe tsitsi kple tsitsi ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe mɔnuwo gɔme nyuie wu. Enaa nukpɔsusu ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu kple mɔfiame ŋutɔŋutɔ siwo woatsɔ ana lãwo ƒe vidzidzi ƒe ŋutete nanyo ɖe edzi eye woana vidzidzi ƒe agbetsitsi ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme nanyo ɖe edzi ^{[1] .}.

Ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Dzidziɖedzi: Numekukuwo ɖee fia be IGF-1 LR3 doa ŋusẽ ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi. Le fugboe ƒe alẽ dodokpɔwo me la, IGF-1 LR3 dodo na myoblast ƒe dzidziɖedzi ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ ^[1]..

Metabolism Kple Dɔléle Siwo Do Ƒome Kplii Ŋuti Numekuku

Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe insulin ƒe dodo dzi me dzodzro: Dodokpɔ siwo me wodo IGF-1 LR3 ɖe alẽvi siwo wodzi le fugboe me ɖee fia be insulin ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si le fugboe me dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ. Le hyperglycemic clamp dodokpɔwo me la, insulin ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ le fugboe alẽvi siwo wotsɔ IGF-1 LR3 da dɔe me ɖiɖi 66% wu esiwo wokpɔ le amesiwo ŋu wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo me. Nudzɔdzɔ sia ɖee fia be kadodo ate ŋu anɔ IGF-1 LR3 kple insulin ƒe dodo dome, si na kpeɖodzi veviwo hena lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔléle dzɔdzɔ ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃ kple atikewɔwɔmɔnu yeyewo toto vɛ ^[5]..

Kadodo kple Kamedefefewɔlawo ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ: Numekuku siwo wowɔ le Israel duƒula kple tsiƒula bibiwo ŋu ɖee fia be IGF1 domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nɔnɔme vovovowo do ƒome kple IGF1 ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si le tsatsam, eye be IGF domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dzesi (IGF-GS) si duƒulawo kpɔna la do ƒome kple kamedefefewɔlawo ƒe ŋutete. Duƒula bibiwo ɖe IGF-GS ƒe dzesi siwo kɔ ŋutɔ fia le mama dedie nu wu duƒula siwo le dukɔa me kple tsiƒula siwo le didiƒe kpuiwo ƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔwo. Esia fia be IGF-1 ƒe ɖoɖoa ate ŋu awɔ akpa vevi aɖe le anyigba dzi duƒuƒu ƒe kamedefefewo me. Togbɔ be kakaɖedzi mele eŋu nenye be woate ŋu azã IGF-GS atsɔ atia duƒula bibiwo kaba o hã la, ena mɔnu yeyewo na kamedefefewɔlawo tiatia kple hehexɔxɔ ƒe nudede eme. Numekuku siwo woawɔ le etsɔme ate ŋu ana woawɔ hehenana ƒe ɖoɖo siwo ŋu woɖo taɖodzinu ɖo wu be woana kamedefefewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi to ŋkuléle ɖe dzesi siwo do ƒome kple IGF-1 le kamedefefewɔlawo ŋu kple wo me dzodzro me ^[7]..

Numekuku le Lãmenugbagbeviwo Ŋuti Nunya Kple Atikewɔwɔ Gbãtɔ Ŋu

Lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe Adziɖedzi Ŋuti Ðoɖowɔwɔ Ŋuti Numekuku: Ŋutete le IGF-1 LR3 si be wòaʋã lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi. Dodokpɔ siwo wowɔ le vitro ɖee fia be eʋãa NIH 3T3 lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi nyuie. Esia na IGF-1 LR3 nye dɔwɔnu vevi aɖe si woatsɔ aku nu me le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi dzi kpɔkpɔ ƒe mɔnuwo ŋu. To ŋkuléle ɖe IGF-1 LR3 ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe dzidziɖedzi dzi le lãmenugbagbevi vovovowo me la, numekulawo ate ŋu ase nugɔmesese le nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ veviwo abe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe tsatsam ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ kple dzesiwo ƒe mɔwo ene ŋu, si ana nukpɔsusu ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi na numekuku le kansaŋutinunya, gbugbɔgawɔ ƒe atikewɔwɔ, kple nusiwo do ƒome kplii me ^[8]..

Apoptosis Kple Protein Metabolism Numekuku: Le numekuku siwo wowɔ le C2C12 lãmenugbagbevi siwo ŋu wotsɔ hydrogen peroxide da dɔe ŋu me la, IGF-1 (si me eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ IGF-1 LR3 hã le) trɔa asi le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe protein ƒe wɔwɔme kple eƒe gbegblẽ ƒe dadasɔ ŋu to Pax7, myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), mTOR, kple P70S6K dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ me, si ɖea MuRF1 kple MAFbx dzi kpɔtɔna, eye wòxea mɔ ɖe enu apoptosis, si wɔnɛ be protein ƒe wɔwɔme kple eƒe gbegblẽ dome dadasɔ nɔa anyi. Esia kpena ɖe ame ŋu wòsea lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe agbetsitsi kple ku ƒe mɔnuwo gɔme nyuie wu le nuteɖeamedzi ƒe nɔnɔmewo me, kpakple protein ƒe asitɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔhawo, si naa taɖodzinu yeyewo kple gɔmesese yeyewo hena dɔléle siwo do ƒome kplii dada ^[9]..

Nyanuwuwuw

IGF-1 LR3, abe tsitsinu 1 si le abe insulin ene ƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ si wowɔ ɣeyiɣi didi ene, doa ŋutinu tɔxɛwo ƒe tsitsi ɖe ŋgɔ le fugboe ƒe dzi kple adrenal glandwo me to dzesimɔwo abe PI3K/Akt kple MAPK ene ƒe dɔwɔwɔ me. Edoa ŋusẽ ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi kple protein ƒe wɔwɔme, ewɔa ɖoɖo ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋu, ena ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo nanɔ lãmesẽ me, eye wòkpena ɖe ame ŋu wòhayana tso abi siwo kamedede hena vɛ me.

Le Agbalẽŋlɔla La Ŋu

Nusiwo míeyɔ ɖe etame la katã nye esiwo ŋu Cocer Peptides wɔ numekuku le, trɔ asi le wo ŋu eye woƒo wo nu ƒu.

Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe Agbalẽŋlɔla

Feng L nye numekula si ƒe susu le kamedede ƒe ŋutilãŋutinunya kple dzitodzito ƒe lãmesẽnyawo ŋu. Woƒe sukudɔwo ku ɖe kamedede ƒomevi vovovowo ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi me dzodzro ŋu koŋ, vevietɔ kadodo si le kamedede kple ŋutilã ƒe molecule ƒe dɔwɔwɔ siwo ku ɖe lãmekawo ƒe lãmesẽ kple dzitodzito me dɔlélewo ƒe hayahaya ŋu dome. Zi geɖe la, Ðɔkta Feng zãa numekuku ƒe kpɔɖeŋu siwo wowɔ do ŋgɔ na dɔdamɔnu kple molecule biology ƒe mɔnuwo tsɔ wɔa numekuku deto. Woŋlɔ Feng L ɖe nyayɔyɔ ƒe numekugbalẽ me [9].

▎ Nyayɔyɔ Siwo Sɔ

[1] Stremming J, White A, Donthi A, kple ame bubuwo. Alẽwo ƒe IGF-1 si wogbugbɔ ƒo ƒu doa ŋutinu tɔxɛwo ƒe tsitsi ɖe ŋgɔ le alẽ siwo me fugboe le me. Liƒowo le Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya me 2022; 13: 954948.DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.954948.

[2] Khamsi F, Roberge S, Wong J. Nu yeye ɖeɖefia le ŋutilã/atikeŋutinunya ƒe akpa si insulin-like tsitsinu-1 wɔna le ovulation me le sisiblisiwo me kple dɔwɔwɔ ɖe cumulus oophorus dzi. Endocrine ƒe 2001; 14(2): 175-180.DOI: 10.1385/ENDO: 14:2:175.

[3] Zhang X, Hu F, Li J, kple ame bubuwo. IGF-1 xea mɔ na dɔdzẽ eye wònaa ʋukawo ƒe dzɔdzɔ kabakaba to Ras/PI3K/IKK/NF-κB dzesimɔwo dzi be wòado abi ƒe dɔyɔyɔ ɖe ŋgɔ. Europa ƒe Atikeŋutinunya Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ 2024; 200: 106847.DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106847.

[4] White A, Stremming J, Boehmer B. H., kple ame bubuwo. Insulin ƒe dodo si sukli doa ŋusẽe dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ le kwasiɖa 1 ƒe IGF-1 dodo na fugboe alẽ siwo le fufɔfɔ ƒe nuwuwu megbe la tso ƒukpo ƒe gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ gbɔ. Amerikatɔwo ƒe Lãmesẽŋutinunya-Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya Kple Lãmetsiŋusẽ Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ 2021; 320(6): E1138-E1147 ƒe agbalẽ. DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00623.2020 ƒe ɣleti gbãtɔ me.

[5] White A, Stremming J, Brown L. D., Rozance P. J., kple ame bubuwo. Insulin si sukli si doa ŋusẽe si gbɔdzɔ le IGF-1 LR3 dodo kpata me ɖe alẽ siwo me fugboe le me menɔa anyi le ƒukpo siwo sa ɖe aga dzi o. Lãmesẽ kple Dɔléle ƒe Tsitsi ƒe Dzɔtsoƒe ƒe Agbalẽ 2023; 14(3): 353-361.DOI: 10.1017/S2040 17442300009 0. Eƒe lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ.

[6] Nwachukwu C. U., Robinson R. S., Woad K. J., kple ame bubuwo. Ŋusẽ si tsitsi ƒe ɖoɖo si le abe insulin ene kpɔna ɖe luteinising angiogenesis dzi. Vidzidzi Kple Vidzidzi 2023; 4(2).DOI: 10.1530/RAF-22-0057 ƒe agbalẽ.

[7] Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Eliakim A. Insulin-si le abe Tsitsi Nu Axis Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Dzeside kple Kamedefefe ƒe Nunya. Ŋusẽ kple Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Numekuku ƒe Agbalẽ 2021; 35(9): 2421-2426.DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004102.

[8] Mao W. Kɔsɔkɔsɔ didi Arg ~ 3-IGF-1 ƒe ɖeɖefia le ɖoƒe kɔkɔ le Pichia pastoris me kple eƒe kɔklɔ kple eƒe nɔnɔme. Asrafowo ƒe Atikewɔwɔ Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Nyatakaka 2008. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88212024.

[9] Feng L, Li B, Xi Y, Cai M, Tian Z. Aerobic kamedede kple tsitretsitsi ƒe kamedede ɖea ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ dzi kpɔtɔna to IGF-1/IGF-1R-PI3K/Akt mɔ dzi le mice siwo ŋu dzitodzito me dɔléle le me. Amerikatɔwo ƒe Lãmesẽŋutinunya ƒe Agbalẽ-Lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya 2022; 322(2): C164-C176.DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00344.2021.

NYATAKAKAWO KPLE NUSIWO WOTSƆ ƑE NYATAKAKA SIWO KAtã WOÐO LE NYATAKAKADZRAÐOƑE SIA ME LA KPLE NYATAKAKAWO kaka KPLEE NUFIAFIA ƑE TAÐOÐOWO KO.  

Wotrɔ asi le atike siwo wona le nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia ŋu na numekuku le vitro ɖeɖeko. Wowɔa numekuku le vitro (Latingbe me: *le ahuhɔ̃e me*, si gɔmee nye le ahuhɔ̃e me) le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã godo. Atike siawo menye atikewo o, United States ƒe Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (FDA) meda asi ɖe wo dzi o, eye mele be woazã wo atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe atikewɔwɔ, dɔléle, alo dɔléle aɖeke nu, adae, alo adae o. Se de se vevie be woatsɔ atike siawo ade amegbetɔ alo lãwo ƒe ŋutilã me le mɔ ɖesiaɖe nu.