Peptide ƒe kadodoa le agbemenuwɔna ɖesiaɖe kple egbegbe atikewɔwɔ si wowɔ kple asi ƒe taɖodzinu. Gɔmeɖoanyi covalent kadodo sia ƒoa amino acidwo nu ƒu tsɔ wɔa nugbagbeŋusẽ ƒe molecule siwo gɔme sese sesẽ. Ne míeʋu nusrɔ̃gbalẽwo ƒe gɔmesese siwo va yi la, atikewo ƒe kadodo sia bibi bia be woakpɔ dzidzedze le asitsatsa me le nugbagbeŋutinunya me tẽ. Dzɔdzɔme protein ƒe wɔwɔme wɔa dɔ vodadamanɔŋui le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ribosome me, eye wòwɔa dɔ nyuie ɖedzesi aɖe. Le go bubu me la, kadodo siawo gbugbɔgawɔ le mɔ si wowɔ nu le agbɔsɔsɔ me hea mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe mɔxenu gãwo vɛ. Nukutsetse ƒe ɖiɖi, dzadzɛnyenye ƒe gbegblẽ, kple liƒo ƒe kpododonu ɖea fu na nudokpɔƒe ƒe ɖoɖowo kple asitsaƒewo siaa edziedzi. Ele be nàse atikewo ƒe nyateƒenyenye siwo le kadodowo wɔwɔ kple wo mama me gɔme be nàte ŋu ada nuwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnuwo kpɔ nyuie. Míadzro alesi xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe sesẽ kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe numekuku ƒe kpeɖodzinana kple ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe mɔnuwo dzii me. Mlɔeba la, gɔmesese nyui siawo afia mɔ wò le adzɔnuwo wɔwɔ ƒe hadɔwɔla siwo si ŋutete geɖe le tiatia me na wò ŋutɔ wò didiwo peptidewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo.
Emenyawo ƒe Tabla
Structural Rigidity: Peptide ƒe kadodowo ɖea kadodo eve ƒe nɔnɔme ƒe akpa aɖe fiana, si fiaa alesi atikewɔnuwo kple nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa dɔe ƒe liƒo kple 3D ƒe nɔnɔme.
Nuwɔwɔ ƒe Mɔxenuwo: Condensation reactions le nudokpɔƒe ƒe nɔnɔmewo (abe SPPS ene) bia be woawɔ nu wòanyo wu vevie be woaxe mɔ ɖe truncated sequences kple aggregation nu.
Kukuɖenuŋu ƒe Nudidiwo: Kadodo ƒe blibonyenye ƒe kpeɖodzi bia be woawɔ chromatographic kple spectrometric dodokpɔ sesẽ (HPLC, MS) be woakpɔ egbɔ be wowɔ numekuku alo le dzadzɛnyenye ƒe dzeside si le dɔdaƒe.
Dɔwɔhatiwo Tiatia: Ʋuʋu tso susu me yi asitsatsa me bia be woawɔ dɔwɔhati si wɔa nu ɖekae si woda asɔ le scalability, QA/QC ƒe gaglãgbe, kple afɔku dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ ƒe mɔnuwo ŋu.
Nu gbagbewo ƒe ɖoɖowo tua protein siwo gɔme sese sesẽ to tsikuɖiɖi ƒe wɔwɔme ƒe nuwɔna si sɔ pɛpɛpɛ me. Amino acid ɖeka ƒe carboxyl ƒuƒoƒoa wɔa dɔ tẽ le nuwɔna sia me. Ebla ɖe amino acid si te ɖe eŋu ƒe amino ƒuƒoƒoa ŋu. Atikewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ sia koŋ ɖea tsi ƒe molecule ɖeka ɖe go abe nusi dona tso eme ene. Covalent kadodo si dona tso emee nyea wo katã ƒe megbeƒu vevitɔ peptidewo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo . Ewɔa dɔ abe xɔtuɖaŋu vevitɔ si léa agbe ɖe te ene. Míeyɔa kadodo sia koŋ be amide ƒe kadodo. Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununyalawo srɔ̃ nu tso eƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛwo ŋu ƒe bla nanewoe nye sia be yewoase atikewo ƒe wɔwɔme gɔme.
Menye kadodo ɖeka bɔbɔe aɖe koe carbon-nitrogen ƒe kadodoa nye o. Elektrɔnwo trɔna le teƒe ɖeka ɣesiaɣi le oxygen, carbon, kple nitrogen atɔmwo me. Elektrɔnik mama sia naa gbeɖiɖi ƒe wɔwɔme si to vovo. Kadodoa xɔa kadodo eve ƒe nɔnɔme ƒe akpa aɖe. Mate ŋu atrɔ le yamenutome faa o. Atɔm ade siwo le eme la gakpɔtɔ le ʋuʋu ɖi tegbee le geometry sesẽ si le gbadzaa me. Trans configuration nye nusi ŋu wolɔ̃a nu le ŋutɔ le dzɔdzɔme nu. Esia xea mɔ na steric dzre sesẽwo le axadzikɔsɔkɔsɔ gã siwo te ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu dome. Proline tsi tre ɖi na nusi mebɔ o si to vovo le afisi cis ɖoɖowo dzɔna le. Geometric lock sia xea mɔ na molecule ƒe asitɔtrɔ le nɔnɔmewo ŋu vevie.
Nukatae sesẽnuwɔwɔ sia si le dzɔdzɔme nu le vevie alea gbegbe? Ekpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe atikewɔmɔnu siwo wowɔ kple woƒe dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ dzi tẽ. Trɔtrɔ ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ zia akpa etɔ̃ ƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛwo dzi. Nɔnɔme siawo siwo woate ŋu agblɔ ɖi lae ɖoa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe xɔla ƒe kadodo ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu. Sesẽme hã kpɔa molecule ƒe megbeƒu ta tso enzyme ƒe gbegblẽ kabakaba me. Enaa atike siwo wodzrana le asi me ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe agbenɔƒe didi ɖe edzi. Ne numekulawo wɔa nusiwo wotsɔ lãnuwo wɔe la, woɖoa ŋu ɖe geometry sia si woate ŋu agblɔ ɖi ŋu vevie. Dzɔdzɔme si le gbadzaa lae gblɔa nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le agbe me katã. Ne kadodoa te ŋu trɔna ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu bliboe la, atike siwo woɖo taɖodzinu na la mate ŋu axe mɔ ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe xɔlawo me pɛpɛpɛ o.
Nu Gbagbewo ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ƒe Nɔnɔme |
Ŋutilã ƒe Nunɔamesi |
Asitsatsa ƒe Emetsonu |
|---|---|---|
Resonance Delocalization ƒe ʋuʋu |
Nɔnɔme si me kadodo eve le ƒe akpa aɖe |
Exea mɔ na akɔta ƒe tɔtrɔ, si wɔnɛ be xɔtuɖoɖoa nali ke. |
Planar Geometry ƒe nɔnɔmetata |
Woɖɔ trans ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ɖo |
Eɖea axadzikɔsɔkɔsɔ ƒe dzre dzi kpɔtɔna, si wɔnɛ be receptor ƒe lɔlɔ̃nu nyona ɖe edzi. |
Tsikuɖiɖi ƒe Nuwɔwɔ |
Covalent megbeƒu ƒe kadodo |
Ebia be woatsɔ ŋusẽ tɔxɛ aɖe ade eme, si wɔnɛ be nuwɔwɔ ƒe lolome dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ sesẽna. |
Nu gbagbewo ƒe gbegɔmeɖeɖe wɔa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ribosome ŋudɔ bliboe. Nu gbagbewo ƒe mɔ̃ sia wɔa dɔ nyuie ŋutɔ eye wowɔa ɖoɖo ɖe eŋu ŋutɔ. Eblaa amino acidwo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu agbagbadzedze aɖeke manɔmee le tsi ƒe nɔnɔmewo me. Atikewo ƒe wɔwɔme wɔa dɔ le mɔ bubu kura nu le nudokpɔƒe. Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) nye egbegbe asitsatsa ƒe dzidzenu. Ebia be woawɔ nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa kadodomɔnu sesẽwo abe HATU alo DIC ene. Ele be míakpɔ dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo tɔxɛwo ta le gɔmedzedzea me. Ƒuƒoƒo siwo bɔ siwo kpɔa ame ta dometɔ aɖewoe nye Fmoc alo Boc ƒe atikewo. Emegbe, míetiae tsɔ ɖea wo tae to base alo acid fafɛwo zazã me. Tsitretsitsi sesẽ sia gbugbɔna le amino acid ɖesiaɖe si wotsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu me. Atikewo ƒe nyateƒenyenye gblɔ be woakpɔ nutome si me tsi mele o dzi vevie. Ele be míazi nuwɔna aɖe si nugbagbewo ƒe ɖoɖowo wɔna le dzɔdzɔme nu dzi.
Afɔkuwo li togbɔ be covalent ƒe nɔnɔme sesẽ le dzɔdzɔme nu hã. Mamã, si tsi ƒe ʋuʋu ʋãna zi geɖe la gakpɔtɔ nye afɔku na dɔwɔƒewo ɣesiaɣi. Nutome ƒe nɔnɔme aɖewo nana atike sia ƒe gbegblẽ kabakaba. Ele be nàkpɔ mɔ na gbagbãmɔ siawo le atikewɔwɔ me.
pH si gbɔ eme ƒe nɔnɔmewo gblẽa elektrikŋusẽ ƒe dadasɔ veviwo me, si wɔnɛ be tsi ƒe ʋuʋu kabakaba.
Proteolytic enzymes tɔa ŋku amino acid ƒe ɖoɖo tɔxɛwo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo vevie eye wotsoa wo.
Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe nuteɖeamedzi gã hea ʋuʋudedi ƒe ŋusẽ si sɔ gbɔ vɛ, si gblẽa akɔta ƒe kadodowo kaba.
Nugbagbevi suesuewo ƒe ɖiƒoƒo nana enzyme ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si ŋu womewɔ ɖoɖo ɖo o vaa atike siwo me dɔlékui mele o me.
Tsi si sɔ gbɔ ɖe yame la hea tsi ƒe gbegblẽ vivivi le atikekui siwo wotsɔ tsi ƒoe siwo wometre nyuie o me.
Seɖoƒe siawo siwo li ke me dzodzro bia dzidzenu siwo ŋu taɖodzinu le ŋutɔ. Màte ŋu awɔ asitsanuwo ŋkumaʋumaʋui o. Cleavage ƒe afɔkuwo bia be woawɔ nudzraɖoƒe ƒe ɖoɖo sesẽwo le xexeame katã. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, atikekui siwo wotsɔ lyophilized wɔe la hiã dzoxɔxɔ si mede zero o ɣesiaɣi. Tsi me atikewo bia be woatsɔ atike siwo koŋ xea mɔ na wo. Ele be nusiwo wotsɔ blaa nuawo naxe mɔ ɖe tsidzadza kple UV keklẽ nu vevie. Mɔxenu sesẽ siawo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe asitsatsa ƒe ŋutete kple meliɖoɖo ƒe ɖoɖowo dzi tẽ. Ne akɔta ƒe kadodo aɖe gbã kaba la, atike bliboa megawɔa dɔ nyuie o. Dɔwɔƒe siwo kpɔa ɖoɖowɔwɔ dzi abe FDA ene bia be woana nyatakaka siwo de blibo, siwo xɔ ƒe geɖe be woali ke. Ele be nàɖo kpe edzi be akɔtaƒua gakpɔtɔ nɔa anyi bliboe le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ dzi kpɔkpɔ nye kuxi gã aɖe na molecule ƒe wɔwɔme. Ele be nàɖo kpe xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe blibonyenye dzi godoo hafi nàbia dɔ ɖesiaɖe. Vovototodede molecule si woɖo taɖodzinu na kple nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa nu bubuwoe dome xɔ ŋkɔ be esesẽ. Nusiwo wotso ɖe wo nɔewo yome la ɖea nusi wodi mamlɛtɔ si wodi la fiana tututu le ŋutilã me. Ðiƒoƒo siwo woɖena ɖa la ɣlana bɔbɔe le atike siwo wotsɔ tsaka sesẽwo me. Kadodo ɖeka si bu la gblẽa nusiwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo bliboa me. Èhiã numekukumɔnu sesẽ siwo me etɔxɛ ŋutɔ be nàtsɔ aɖo kpe dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ dzi.
Numekukumɔnu |
Dɔwɔwɔ Gbãtɔ |
Taɖodzinu ƒe Dzesidede Parameter |
Nusiwo dona tso eme ƒe Nɔnɔme |
|---|---|---|---|
HPLC |
Chromatographic ƒe Mamã |
Tsitretsitsi ƒe dzadzɛnyenye bliboa |
Chromatogram ƒe kɔkɔƒe |
Mass Spectrometry ƒe Nusɔsrɔ̃ |
Ion ƒe Agbɔsɔsɔme Dzidzedze |
Molekyulã ƒe kpekpeme tututu |
Mass-to-charge ƒe nɔnɔmetata |
NMR ƒe keklẽŋusẽkpɔmɔ̃ |
Magnetic Resonance Nɔnɔmetatawo Ƒe Nɔnɔmetata |
Evelia ƒe wɔwɔme ƒe kpeɖodzi |
Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe didime |
FTIR ƒe keklẽŋusẽkpɔmɔ̃ |
Infrared Kekeli ƒe Xɔxɔ |
Amide ƒe kadodo ƒe anyinɔnɔ |
Absorption ƒe kɔkɔƒe |
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) gakpɔtɔ nye sika ƒe dzidzenu si wozãna le xexeame katã. Emaa atike siwo wotu ɖe tsi ƒe vɔvɔ̃ dzi bliboe. HPLC ɖea taɖodzinu si didi bliboe la ɖe vovo tso ɖiƒoƒo kpui siwo wotso la me. Enaa dzadzɛnyenye ƒe alafa memamã si me kɔ, si ŋu woate ŋu aɖo taɖodzinu ɖo la wò. Mass Spectrometry (MS) ɖoa kpe molecule ƒe kpekpeme tututu dzi tẽ. ESI kple MALDI-TOF tsi tre ɖi na aɖaŋu siwo wozãna wu. MS naa kpeɖodzi vevi aɖe le ɖoɖo si nu wowɔe ɖo ŋu enumake. Ekpɔa egbɔ be amino acid ɖesiaɖe do ƒome nyuie le ewɔwɔ me. Edea dzesi masɔmasɔ suesuesue siwo le amehawo dome si ametakpɔha siwo bu gbɔ hena vɛ bɔbɔe.
Nuklia Magnetic Resonance (NMR) kple Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) ɖo kpe nusiwo goglo wu dzi. Woɖoa kpe amide ƒe kadodo tɔxɛa ƒe anyinɔnɔ dzi godoo. Wokpena ɖe numekulawo ŋu wowɔa xɔtuɖoɖo evelia ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo pɛpɛpɛ. Dɔwɔnu siawo dea dzesi alpha-helices alo beta-sheet siwo le wɔwɔm le kɔsɔkɔsɔa me. Nyatakakawo gɔmeɖeɖe le vevie ŋutɔ na nu xoxowo ƒlelawo. Ne èle adzɔnuwɔƒe aɖe ƒe Numekuku Ŋuti Ðaseɖigbalẽ (CoA) me tom la, lé ŋku ɖe eŋu nyuie. Bia HPLC chromatogram siwo ŋu woate ŋu aɖo kpee kɔte siwo ɖea ta ɖaɖɛwo fiana. Kpɔ egbɔ be MS ƒe nyatakakawo sɔ kple nukpɔsusu ƒe akɔntabubu ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme pɛpɛpɛ. CoA siwo me mekɔ o fia be vodada siwo ate ŋu anɔ wo wɔwɔ me alo ɖiƒoƒo ɣaɣlawo. Èhiã na kpeɖodzi si wokpɔ tso nusiwo wowɔ ƒe nyonyome ŋu hafi nàyi edzi.
Atikewo wɔwɔ ƒe dzidziɖedzi hea nudokpɔƒe ƒe kuxi sesẽwo vɛ le xexeame katã. Nukutsetse dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna ŋutɔ le ɖoɖo siwo didi etɔxɛe me. Kadodo ƒe kpododonuwo nu sẽna kabakaba ne amino acid ɖesiaɖe si wotsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu. Akɔntabubu ƒe nyateƒenyenye si le nuƒoƒoƒu ɖe wo nɔewo yome ŋu metsɔa ke o.
99% ƒe kadodo nyuie le afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe me naa dzadzɛnyenye si ade 60% le afɔɖeɖe 50 me.
95% ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie ɖea dzidziɖedzi bliboa ƒe dzidziɖedzi ƒe kutsetsewo dzi kpɔtɔna va ɖoa 7% ko.
Dodokpɔ ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ siwo wotso la va zua esiwo womate ŋu ade vovototo wo dome le atikewo me tso agbɔsɔsɔ mamlɛtɔ si woɖo taɖodzinu na gbɔ o.
Ga si wozãna ɖe kɔklɔ ŋu dzina ɖe edzi ŋutɔ ne nusiwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo ƒe didime dzina ɖe edzi wu nusiwo susɔ 30.
Steric mɔxenu gagblẽa agbagbadzedze gã siwo wowɔna be woawɔ nu ɖekae la sesẽna ɖe edzi. Axadzikɔsɔkɔsɔ gãwo xea mɔ na afisi wowɔa dɔ le ŋutɔŋutɔ. Nuƒoƒoƒu dzɔna enuenu le ɖoɖo siwo me tsi mele o ŋutɔ me. Atikewo ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ si le dzidzim ɖe edzi la ƒoa ƒu ɖe megbe ɖe eɖokui dzi. Babla sia ɣlaa amino ƒuƒoƒo si wɔa dɔ la keŋkeŋ. Standard coupling reagents mate ŋu age ɖe dense aggregated mass la me o. Be atikeŋutinunyalawo naɖu esia dzi la, wozãa atike tɔxɛ siwo me lãmenugbagbeviwo le. Wotoa atike sesẽ siwo naa tɔtɔ vɛ be woatsɔ agblẽ haidrodzin ƒe kadodo me. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, wozãa dzoxɔxɔ si dzi wokpɔna le microwave me tsɔ zia kɔsɔkɔsɔwo dzi be woama. Zi geɖe la, numekulawo tsɔa pseudo-prolines ɖɔlia be woaxe mɔ ɖe babla sia si do ŋgɔ na ɣeyiɣi si woɖo ɖi la nu keŋkeŋ.
Dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ hã zia ganyawo ŋuti nyametsotso sesẽ siwo ŋudɔ woate ŋu awɔ dzi. Èdzea ŋgɔ gazazã kple dzadzɛnyenye ƒe asitsatsa ɣesiaɣi. Dzadzɛnyenye si kɔkɔ ŋutɔ 99% gbɔ ɖoɖo bia HPLC ŋuti kɔklɔ ƒe duƒuƒu geɖe. Dɔwɔwɔ sia koŋ ɖua atike xɔasi siwo me afɔku le gbogbo aɖewo. Etsɔa nu xoxo gbogbo aɖewo hã saa vɔe le wo mama me. Dɔdamɔnu siwo wozãna le agbe me bia be woakɔ wo ŋu vevie nɔnɔme aɖeke manɔmee. To vovo na esia la, numekuku vevi siwo wowɔna le vitro ate ŋu ado dzi le dzadzɛnyenye 85% me dedie. Ele be nàda asɔ vevie le ganyawo ŋuti nyateƒenyawo kple dodokpɔ ƒe nudidi sesẽwo nu. Dzadzɛnyenye ƒe dzesi si mesɔ o tiatia gblẽa gazazãwo me eye wògblẽa nyatakaka veviwo me.
Ʋuʋu tso nukpɔsusu ƒe nukpɔsusu dzi yi asitsatsa blibo dzi bia be woawɔ ɖeka kple aɖaŋuɖoɖowo. Ele be nàda mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe ŋutetewo kpɔ nyuie hafi ade asi nubablawo te. Ðe nudzrala si wotia ate ŋu akpɔ nusiwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo siwo sesẽ etɔxɛe gbɔa? Di nuteƒekpɔkpɔ si ŋu woɖo kpee le amino acid siwo mele dzɔdzɔme nu o ŋu. Kpɔ woƒe ŋutilã me ŋutete be woawɔ tsikpe ƒe xɔtuɖoɖo siwo ŋu woxe mɔ ɖo la ɖa. Kpɔe ɖa be wozãa mɔnu siwo nye solid-phase alo liquid-phase koŋ hã. Zi geɖe la, LPPS wɔa dɔ nyuie wu na asitsatsa ƒe ɖoɖo siwo le kpuie ŋutɔ, siwo ƒe gbeɖiɖi lolo ŋutɔ. SPPS kpɔa numekuku ƒe ɖoɖo siwo didi wu, siwo sesẽ ŋutɔ gbɔ nyuie wu. Ele be nudzrala la nawɔ woƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya wòasɔ kple wò molecule tɔxɛa.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutete ƒe kakaɖedzi dea vovototo hadɔwɔla siwo ŋu ŋkɔ le kple nuƒoƒoƒu ƒe dodokpɔxɔ veviwo dome. Numekuku ƒe ɖoƒe ƒe adzɔnuwo wɔwɔ to vovo kura tso cGMP dzi wɔwɔ pɛpɛpɛ gbɔ. Fifia ƒe Adzɔnuwo wɔwɔ ƒe Nuwɔna Nyuiwo bia be woawɔ nutomedzikpɔkpɔ sesẽwo. Ele be nudzrala la nalé Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) siwo woŋlɔ ɖi la me ɖe asi ɣesiaɣi. Wohiã xɔ dzadzɛ siwo woɖo ɖi na wo ɖokui, siwo ŋu woléa ŋku ɖo vevie hafi woate ŋu awɔ wo. Ele be nutome ya ƒe nyonyome dzi kpɔkpɔ nayi edzi atɔ te wo madzudzɔmadzudzɔe. Ele be nàbia be woana agbalẽdzikpɔkpɔ ŋuti nyatakaka siwo le se nu siwo me woagblɔ woƒe dɔwɔƒea ƒe sedziwɔwɔ ƒe dzidzenuwo tsitotsito.
Nyatakakawo ƒe gaglãgbe nye nusi ŋu womate ŋu awɔ ɖoɖo ɖo kura na nuƒlela veviwo o. Ðo gɔmedzedze ƒe akɔntabubu ƒe mɔkpɔkpɔwo anyi le numedzodzrowo ƒe gɔmedzedze. Di raw analytical reporting si woatsɔ ana kple batch ɖesiaɖe ɖekaɖeka. HPLC ƒe dzesi siwo ŋu woate ŋu aɖo kpee kple MS spectra nye sedziwɔwɔ vevie. Bia be woana nyatakaka siwo katã ku ɖe ɖoɖo si nu woɖo wo ɖo ŋu do ŋgɔ. Ne nudzrala aɖe he ɖe megbe le numekuku ŋuti nyatakaka xoxowo mama me la, ke dzo enumake. Zi geɖe la, efia ɖoɖowɔɖi ƒe nyonyomedzikpɔkpɔ ƒe kpododonu.
Da afɔku dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ ƒe mɔnuwo kple tɔtrɔɣi siwo bɔ me kpɔ. Nuwɔwɔ ƒe kpododonu dzɔna enuenu le atikeŋutinunya sesẽwo me. Dɔwɔhati nyui aɖe gblɔa mɔ̃ɖaŋunya siawo enumake. Wowɔa kadodo ƒe afɔɖeɖe sesẽwo wònyona ɖe edzi do ŋgɔ evɔ womeʋãa wo o. Wotrɔa asi le ememe ɖoɖowo ŋu vevie be woawɔ ɖe dɔa ƒe ɣeyiɣiɖoɖo sesẽwo dzi. Wowɔa esia evɔ wometsɔa adzɔnu mamlɛtɔ ƒe dzadzɛnyenye saa vɔe gbeɖe o. Nudzrala ƒe ŋutinya sesẽ aɖe gblɔa kakaɖedzi le etsɔme nuwɔwɔ ŋu ɖi dzidzedzetɔe. Èhiã zɔhɛ si te ŋu ɖoa dze nyuie ŋutɔ si zɔa mɔxenu siwo wozãna le atikewo me nyuie.
Peptide ƒe kadodoa ƒe atikewɔwɔ veviwo me toto nye gɔmedzedze ko. Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ma gɔmeɖeɖe ɖe nuwɔwɔ si ŋu kakaɖedzi le, si woate ŋu adzi ɖe edzi me tsi tre ɖi na asitsatsa ƒe kuxi vavãtɔ. Míedzro alesi xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe sesẽ biaa liƒo kple nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ siaa me. Míedzro nusita nuƒoƒoƒu ɖe wo nɔewo yome hea akɔntabubu ƒe kutsetse ƒe ɖiɖi si womate ŋu aƒo asa na o vɛ.
Kukuɖenuŋu ƒe kpeɖodzi sesẽ gakpɔtɔ nye wò ametakpɔnu sesẽtɔ kekeake tso gbegblẽ kple nuƒoƒoƒu ƒe kpododonu ŋu. Nudzralawo ƒe hadomeɖoɖo nyuiwo ɖea afɔku gã siwo le atikewo ƒe dzidziɖedzi me dzi kpɔtɔna. Abe mɔ̃ɖaŋunuƒlela alo numekula ene la, ele be nàbia be woawɔ nu le gaglãgbe bliboe. Dzro wò nuƒoƒoƒu ƒe ɖoɖowɔɖi siwo li fifia me ɖe egbegbe numekuku ƒe dzidzenuwo nu. Bia mɔ̃ɖaŋu ŋuti aɖaŋuɖoɖo tsitotsito na tsiatretsitsi ɖesiaɖe si wu nusiwo susɔ blaetɔ̃. To kpɔɖeŋu CoAwo me vevie hafi nàtsɔ ɖokuiwò ana be yeawɔ nubabla gãwo le adzɔnuwo wɔwɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu ŋu.
A: Togbɔ be peptide ƒe kadodowo katã nye amide kadodowo le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya nu hã la, woli le alpha-amino acid ƒe nugbagbeŋutinunya me koŋ. Wotsɔa amino acid ɖeka ƒe alfa-carboxyl ƒuƒoƒoa doa ka kple bubu ƒe alfa-amino ƒuƒoƒoa. Nu gbagbewo ƒe ɖoɖo sia koŋ naa resonance stabilization tɔxɛ aɖe dona, si zia geometry sesẽ, si le gbadzaa si le vevie na protein ƒe babla dzi.
A: Tsi ƒe ʋuʋu nye nu vevitɔ si hea xɔtunuwo ƒe gbegblẽ vɛ. Tsi wɔa dɔ abe nusi naa nu ʋãna ene, si tsoa covalent kadodoa me. Nuwɔna sia zɔna kabakaba ŋutɔ le pH ƒe tɔtrɔ kpata me, dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ me, alo ne nugbagbevi suesuewo ƒe ɖiƒoƒo le vo me na proteolytic enzymes siwo ŋu womewɔ ɖoɖo ɖo o va nudzraɖoƒea.
A: Nuwɔwɔ ɖekae bia be woatsɔe akpe ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu ɖe wo nɔewo yome. Ne kadodo ƒe afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe wɔa dɔ le 99% ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie me la, 1% ƒe kpododonu ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme dzina ɖe edzi le akɔntabubu nu. Le afɔɖeɖe 50 siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo me la, nuku ƒe ŋeŋe bliboa ɖiɖina va ɖoa abe 60% ene. Steric mɔxenu kple kɔsɔkɔsɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gaxea mɔ na teƒe siwo le dɔ wɔm, si wɔnɛ be kadodo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ mede blibo o ne kɔsɔkɔsɔa le didim.
A: Ele be nàbia Kukuɖenuŋu ƒe Ðaseɖigbalẽ si me numekuku ŋuti nyatakaka eve eve le. Bia HPLC chromatogram siwo ƒe lolome deŋgɔ be woatsɔ aɖo kpe kpɔɖeŋua ƒe dzadzɛnyenye bliboa dzi eye woade dzesi ɖiƒoƒo siwo wotso. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, bia Mass Spectrometry (MS) nyatakakawo be woatsɔ aɖo kpe molecule ƒe kpekpeme tututu dzi, akpɔ egbɔ be wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖe wo nɔewo yome pɛpɛpɛ eye woɖe ƒuƒoƒo si kpɔa ame ta la ɖa nyuie.
