Na Cocer Peptides 
1 mahina aku nei
ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a i ʻole maʻi. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.
Nānā nui
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻelemakule e ka emi ʻana o nā hana physiological a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hōʻailona a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻelemakule he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hana olaola o ka ʻelemakule a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻolōʻihi i ka ʻelemakule a pale i nā maʻi pili.
Kiʻi 1. ʻO ka hana anti-wrinkle.
Nā hōʻailona a me nā ʻano o ka ʻelemakule
(1) Genomic Inability
ʻO ka genomic instability ka mea nui o ka ʻelemakule. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka pōʻino DNA mai nā mea endogenous e like me ka reactive oxygen species (ROS) i hana ʻia i nā kaʻina metabolic, a me nā mea exogenous e like me ka radiation ultraviolet a me nā kemika. E like me ka makahiki o nā mea ola, e emi ana ka pono o nā mīkini hoʻoponopono DNA, e alakaʻi ana i ka pōʻino DNA i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia. Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia nā haʻihaʻi DNA ʻelua, hiki iā lākou ke hopena i nā mea ʻino ʻole o ka chromosomal structural a me ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ke ʻano, e pili ana i ka hōʻike gene a me ka hana kelepona. I loko o nā keena kahiko, hoʻololi i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā protein kī i ke ala pane ʻino DNA e hoʻemi i ka hoʻomanawanui o ka cell i ka pōʻino DNA, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule. ʻAʻole pili kēia genomic instability i ka hana cellular maʻamau akā pili pū kekahi me ka hoʻomaka a me ka holomua o nā maʻi like ʻole e pili ana i ka makahiki e like me ke kanesa a me nā maʻi neurodegenerative.
(2) Telomere attrition
ʻO nā Telomeres he mau kaʻina DNA hou ma nā wēlau o nā chromosomes e hana i nā pāpale pale, e pale ana i ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā hopena chromosome. I ka wā o ka puʻunaue pūnaewele, pōkole mālie nā telomeres no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ka DNA polymerase ke hana hou i nā welau o nā chromosomes. Ke hoʻopōkole ʻia nā telomeres i kekahi ʻano, komo nā cell i kahi kūlana oʻo a i ʻole e loaʻa i ka apoptosis. No ka mea, ʻike ʻia nā telomere pōkole e nā pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he hōʻino DNA, a laila e hoʻāla ai i nā wahi hoʻokele pōʻaiapili kelepona e pale aku i ka mahele pūlima hou aku. Hiki i ka Telomerase ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere, akā haʻahaʻa kāna hana i ka hapa nui o nā cell somatic. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki, hoʻomau nā telomeres i ka pōkole, e lilo ana i mea hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ke ʻano o ke kino. Ua ʻike kekahi mau haʻawina ʻo ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka telomerase a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau gene e hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe i ka senescence cellular, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike hou no ka noiʻi anti-aging.
(3) Nā Hoʻololi Epigenetic
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoponopono epigenetic i ka kikoʻī spatiotemporal o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano, a ʻo ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule e hele pū me nā loli epigenetic ākea. ʻO nā hoʻololi i nā ʻano methylation DNA kekahi o nā loli epigenetic maʻamau. I ka wā ʻelemakule, e emi iho ana nā pae methylation DNA, akā ʻo kekahi mau wahi hoʻolaha gene kikoʻī e hōʻike ana i ka hypermethylation, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopanee ʻana o kēia mau genes. ʻO nā genes e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pōʻai cell, hoʻoponopono DNA, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻike i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka ʻōlelo ma muli o ka hypermethylation promoter, a laila e hoʻopilikia i nā hana kelepona maʻamau. Hoʻololi ʻia nā hoʻololi histone e like me ka acetylation a me ka methylation, e hoʻohuli ana i ka hoʻolālā chromatin a me ka hiki ke komo ʻana. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻololi epigenetic ke hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina cellular e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana, ka ʻokoʻa, a me ka ʻelemakule ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hōʻike gene, a me nā hoʻololi epigenetic e hōʻike ana i kahi degere o ka hoʻohuli ʻana, e hāʻawi ana i nā pahuhopu kūpono no ka hana ʻelemakule.
(4) Nalo ka homeostasis protein
ʻO ka homeostasis protein ke kumu no ka mālama ʻana i ka hana cellular maʻamau, e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka protein, ka lawe ʻana, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa. Me ka makahiki, ua hele mālie nā ʻano o ka homeostasis protein i loko o nā cell. ʻO ka ʻōlelo a me ka hana o nā chaperones molekala e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wela, ka pale ʻana i nā protein synthesized hou mai ka pelu pono ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā protein misfolded i loko o nā cell. ʻO nā hana o nā ʻōnaehana proteasome a me autophagy-lysosomal pū kekahi, e hōʻemi ana i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā protein misfolded a pōʻino. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kēia mau protein abnormal e hoʻohui i nā kaʻina hana physiological maʻamau i loko o nā cell, hoʻāla i nā ala hōʻailona intracellular stress, a alakaʻi i ka ʻelemakule cellular. I nā maʻi neurodegenerative, nā protein misfolded e like me ka β-amyloid a me nā proteins tau e hōʻiliʻili i ka nui, e hōʻeha ana i ka neuronal dysfunction a me ka make, kahi pili pili i ka nalowale o ka homeostasis protein i ka wā o ka ʻelemakule.
(5) Disregulation o ka hōʻailona meaʻai
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā ala e ʻike ai i ka meaʻai i ka ulu ʻana o ke cell, metabolism, a me ka ʻelemakule. E lawe i ke ala mTOR (makua momona o rapamycin) i laʻana; hiki iā ia ke ʻike i ke kūlana meaʻai i loko o nā cell a hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina hana e like me ka synthesis protein, ka ulu ʻana o ka cell, a me ka autophagy. Ke nui nā meaʻai, hoʻoikaikaʻia ka mTOR, e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu a me ka hoʻonui; akā naʻe, pili ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o ke ala mTOR me ka ʻelemakule, no ka mea ke kāohi nei i ka autophagy, e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā organelles a me nā protein i hōʻino ʻia, ʻoiai e hoʻolaha ana i nā pane inflammatory. Hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka calorie haʻahaʻa ke kāohi i ka hana mTOR, hoʻāla i ka autophagy, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻōpala kelepona, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ka ʻelemakule. ʻO ke ala hōʻailona insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pili pū kekahi i ka hoʻoponopono meaʻai a me ka ʻelemakule; ʻO ka dysregulation o kēia ala e pili ana i ka metabolism cellular a me ke ola. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ala e ʻike ai i nā meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā mokuʻāina metabolic cellular, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule.
(6) Mitochondrial dysfunction
ʻO Mitochondria, e like me nā hale mana cellular, ke kuleana nui i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule. Me ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki, ua loli nui ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka mitochondria. ʻO ka DNA Mitochondrial (mtDNA), nele i ka pale histone a aia ma kahi kokoke i nā kahua hana ROS, hiki i ka pōʻino oxidative, e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mutation mtDNA. Hoʻopilikia kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hana o nā kaulahao hanu mitochondrial, hoʻemi i ka hana hana ATP, a hoʻonui i ka hana ROS. Hoʻopilikia hou ka ROS nui i ka mitochondria a me nā biomolecules ʻē aʻe i loko o nā cell, e hana ana i kahi pōʻai ʻino. Hoʻopilikia pū kekahi i ka hana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mitochondrial dynamics (me ka fusion a me ka fission). I loko o nā pūnaewele kahiko, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mitochondrial fission i ka pōkole, ʻāpana mitochondria me ka hana impaired. ʻO ka mitochondrial dysfunction-induced energy metabolism abnormalities a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative he mau hiʻohiʻona nui o ka cellular a me ka organismal aging, pili pili i ka hoʻomaka a me ka holomua o nā maʻi like ʻole e pili ana i nā makahiki e like me nā maʻi cardiovascular a me nā maʻi neurodegenerative.
(7) ʻO ke kino o ke kelepona
ʻO ka senescence pūnaewele pili i ka nalowale o ka mana proliferative a me ke komo ʻana i kahi kūlana paʻa, hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia o ka hopu ʻana. Hōʻike nā pūnaewele Senescent i nā hiʻohiʻona phenotypic kū hoʻokahi, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka cell cell, morphology flattened, a me ka hana β-galactosidase kiʻekiʻe. He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano hana o ka senescence cellular, me ka pōkole telomere, ka pōʻino DNA, a me ke kaumaha oxidative. Hoʻopili nā pūnaewele Senescent i ke ʻano o nā cytokines, chemokines, a me nā proteases, e hana ana i kahi senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). ʻAʻole hoʻohana wale ʻo SASP i nā hopena paracrine ma nā cell a puni, e hoʻoulu ai i nā pane ʻeha a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka matrix extracellular, akā hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka fibrosis kiko a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka microenvironment tumor. ʻOiai hiki i ka senescence cellular ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka cell tumor i kekahi ʻano, hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili lōʻihi o nā cell senescent i loko o ke kino ke hoʻopōʻino i ka ʻiʻo a me ka hana o ke kino, e wikiwiki ana i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule.
(8) Hoʻopau ʻia ke Stem Cell
Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele ka hiki ke hoʻololi iā ia iho a hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano cell like ʻole, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, mālama ʻana, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki, emi mālie ka hana ʻana o ka stem cell, me ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻololi ponoʻī a me ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale. I ka wā o ka ʻelemakule, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke koena o ka hemopoietic stem cell differentiation i loko o nā ʻano laina like ʻole o ke koko, e alakaʻi ana i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana pale. Hoʻonāwaliwali hoʻi ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pūnaewele mesenchymal stem, e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka iwi, cartilage, a me nā ʻiʻo adipose. ʻO nā kumu o ka pau ʻana o ka stem cell nā loli i ka microenvironment, dysregulation o nā ala hōʻailona intracellular, a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka pōʻino DNA. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka hana stem cell e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana, hiki ʻole iā lākou ke pane maikaʻi i ka hōʻeha a me nā maʻi, a laila e alakaʻi ai i ka ʻelemakule kino.
(9) Nā hoʻololi i loko o ke kamaʻilio intracellular
He mea koʻikoʻi ke kamaʻilio intercellular no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis o nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana. I ka wā o ka wā ʻelemakule, hoʻololi nui ke kamaʻilio intracellular. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki, e emi ana ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o nā cell, e pili ana i ka hoʻololi waiwai a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona ma waena o nā cell. Eia kekahi, hoʻololi ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana endocrine, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻoneʻe hormonal. ʻO nā hoʻololi i ka huna a me ka hana o nā hormones e like me ka insulin a me ka hormone ulu e pili ana i ka metabolism systemic a me ka hana cellular. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā ala hōʻailona inflammatory kekahi mea koʻikoʻi o ke kamaʻilio intracellular i hoʻololi ʻia. Hoʻopili nā pūnaewele Senescent i nā kumu SASP e hoʻoulu ai i nā pane inflammatory mau, hoʻopau i ka kamaʻilio intercellular maʻamau a me ka microenvironment tissue. ʻO kēia mau hoʻololi i ke kamaʻilio intracellular e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho dysfunctional ma waena o nā ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana, a laila e hāpai i ka holomua o ka ʻelemakule.
ʻO ka pilina o nā hōʻailona kahiko a me nā ʻano
ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hōʻailona like ʻole a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻelemakule akā pili pū kekahi a pili pū kekahi, e alakaʻi pū ana i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule. ʻO ka hiki ʻole o Genomic ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino DNA, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻelemakule cellular a me ka pau ʻana o ka cell cell. Hoʻoulu pū ʻo Telomere attrition i ka pane ʻino DNA, hoʻonui i ka genomic instability. Hiki i nā hoʻololi Epigenetic ke hoʻololi i ka hōʻike ʻana o ke ʻano, a laila hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina hana e like me ka homeostasis protein, ka hoʻoponopono nutrient, a me ka hana mitochondrial. Hiki i ka Mitochondrial dysfunction-induced ROS ke hōʻino hou aku i ka DNA, e alakaʻi ana i ka genomic instability, ʻoiai e pili ana i nā ala hōʻailona intracellular a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kamaʻilio intercellular. Hoʻopilikia ka ʻōpio a me ka pau ʻana o ka cell cell i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻiʻo a me ka hiki ke hoʻōla hou, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka microenvironment kiko, e pili ana i ka senescence cellular a me ka hana pūlima.
Hoʻohana i nā hōʻailona kahiko a me nā ʻano i ke olakino a me ka maʻi
(1) Ma ke ʻano he Biomarkers
Hiki i nā mākaʻikaʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona ke lilo i biomarkers e loiloi i ke degere o ka ʻelemakule a me ke kūlana olakino. No ka laʻana, ma ke ana ʻana i ka lōʻihi telomere, DNA methylation patterns, a me nā hōʻailona hana mitochondrial, hiki ke wānana i ka makahiki olaola o ke kanaka a me ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi pili makahiki. Kōkua kēia mau biomarkers i ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā pilikia olakino, e hāʻawi ana i kumu no ka hoʻokele olakino pilikino a me ka hana. I ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi cardiovascular, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā biomarkers ʻelemakule e pili ana i ka mumū i loko o ke koko e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā poʻe koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hana i nā hana hana mua, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nohona a i ʻole ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
(2) Nā pahuhopu hoʻomohala lāʻau
Hāʻawi nā hōʻailona like ʻole a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻelemakule i nā pahuhopu nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau. No ka genomic instability, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hāpai ana i ka hoʻoponopono DNA; no ka hele ʻana o nā telomere, hiki ke ʻimi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻāla ai i ka telomerase a i ʻole pale i nā telomeres; no ka nalo ʻana o ka homeostasis protein, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā lāʻau e hoʻonui ai i ka hana chaperone molecular a i ʻole paipai i ka degradation protein, a pēlā aku. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua holomua ka noiʻi ʻana i ka rapamycin a me kāna mau analogues e kuhikuhi ana i ke ala mTOR i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ka ʻelemakule a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hoʻohālike kūleʻa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka ʻelemakule kelepona, hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā cell senescent a i ʻole ke kāohi i ka SASP hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi pili i ka ʻelemakule a hoʻolohi i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule.
(3) Nā Kūlana Kūlana Ola
Ma muli o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka ʻelemakule a me nā hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia nā hoʻolālā hana olakino e pili ana. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka palena o ka calorie a me ka meaʻai Mediterranean hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā ala ʻike nutrient, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana metabolic, a hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule. Hiki i ka hoʻoikaika kino ke hoʻoikaika i ka hana mitochondrial, hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka stem cell a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kamaʻilio intercellular, ʻo ia mau mea a pau he hopena maikaʻi i ka lohi ʻana i ka ʻelemakule. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antioxidants ke hōʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative, pale i nā cell mai ka pōʻino ROS, a mālama i ka hana maʻamau. ʻO kēia mau hoʻolālā hoʻolālā olakino holoʻokoʻa e kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻelemakule a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o ka poʻe ʻelemakule.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā hōʻailona a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻelemakule e hoʻopuni ana i kahi ākea o nā loli mai ka molecular a hiki i ka pae cellular a me ka ʻiʻo/organ pae, i hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻoikaika i kekahi, e hui pū ana i nā ʻano hana olaola paʻakikī o ka ʻelemakule. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona a me nā hiʻohiʻona e hāʻawi i kahi kumu kumu no ka pale ʻana, ka ʻike ʻana, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi pili i ka ʻelemakule.
Nā kumu
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