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1 pahu (10 Vials)
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▎ NAD＋ Hana
Puna: PubChem |
Kaʻina: N/A Hui Molekala: C 21H 27N 7O 14P2 Kaumaha Molekala: 663.4 g/mol Helu CAS: 53-84-9 PubChem CID: 5892 Synonyms: nadide；coenzyme I；beta-NAD；Codehydrogenase I |
▎ NAD＋ Noiʻi
He aha ka NAD+?
ʻO NAD + (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) kahi coenzyme koʻikoʻi i loaʻa i nā mea ola. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e ka pilina o adenosine ribonucleotide a me nicotinamide ribonucleotide ma o kahi hui phosphate. Ma ke ʻano he coenzyme koʻikoʻi i nā hopena redox, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka NAD + i ka metabolism cellular. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i waena o ka moku'āina oxidized (NAD +) a me ka moku'āina i hoʻemi ʻia (NADH), ke komo ʻana i nā kaʻina metabolism ikehu e like me ka glycolysis, ka citric acid cycle, a me ka phosphorylation oxidative, e kōkua ana i nā cell e hoʻololi i ka meaʻai i ka ikehu (ATP). Eia kekahi, lawelawe ʻo NAD + ma ke ʻano he cofactor pono no nā enzymes like ʻole (e like me PARP a me Sirtuins), e komo ana i nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono DNA, ka hōʻailona cell, a me ka anti-aging.
He aha ke kumu noiʻi o NAD +?
Cofactor koʻikoʻi i nā hana he nui:
ʻO NAD + kahi cofactor koʻikoʻi i nā hopena redox he nui (Shats I, 2020). I loko o nā pūnaewele, pili ia i nā kaʻina cellular he nui e like me ka metabolism ikehu, ka paʻa genomic, a me ka pane immune. No ka laʻana, i ka metabolism ikehu, hana ʻo NAD + ma ke ʻano he mea lawe electron i nā kaʻina hana e like me ka glycolysis a me ka tricarboxylic acid cycle, e komo ana i nā hopena redox e hoʻohuli i ka ikehu kemika i nā meaʻai e like me ka glucose i kahi ʻano ikehu e hiki ai i nā cell ke hoʻohana.
Ka pilina me nā Enzymes Nui:
Hoʻopili pū ʻo NAD+ me nā enzymes he nui, e like me ka DNA repair enzyme poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), ka protein deacylase SIRTUINS, a me ka cyclic ADP ribose enzyme CD38. Hoʻoponopono kēia mau enzymes i nā kaʻina cellular, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o DNA, ka hōʻike ʻana o ke ʻano, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka cell cycle, ma ka ʻai ʻana i ka NAD +.
He aha ke ʻano o ka hana a NAD +?
Ma ke ʻano he Coenzyme i Redox Reactions
Ka mālama ʻana i ka Cellular Redox Homeostasis:
ʻO ka 'NAD' ka mea maʻamau i ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, ʻoiai ʻo 'NAD+' a me 'NADH' e pili ana i kāna mau ʻano oxidized a hoʻemi ʻia. He koʻikoʻi ko NAD+ i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kaʻina hana biochemical, a he mea koʻikoʻi ka ratio NAD+/NADH no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis redox cellular [1] . He mea nui ke koena redox intracellular no nā hana kelepona maʻamau, e like me ka metabolism ikehu, ka pale antioxidant, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻo NAD + ma ke ʻano he electron acceptor a mea hāʻawi i nā hopena redox, e komo ana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala intracellular, e like me ka tricarboxylic acid cycle a me ka oxidative phosphorylation.
Hoʻoponopono i ka maʻi diabetes:
Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo NAD + i nā kaʻina hana metabolism nui. No ka laʻana, i ka glycolysis a me ka tricarboxylic acid cycle, ʻae ʻo NAD+ i nā mana hydrogen a hoʻololi ʻia i NADH. A laila hoʻololi ʻo NADH i nā electrons i ka oxygen ma o ke kaulahao transport electron ma ka membrane mitochondrial i loko e hana ai i ka ATP. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o kēia ikehu ka mea nui no ke ola a me ka hana o nā cell, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻiʻo me nā koi ikaika nui e like me ka puʻuwai a me ka lolo [1].
Ke komo ʻana i nā hana Enzymatic
ʻO ke kuleana me ka Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1):
Hana ʻo NAD + ma ke ʻano he ʻike a hoʻopau ʻana i ka enzyme no PARP1 a komo i nā kaʻina hana nui. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka PARP1 i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pōʻino DNA. Ke loaʻa nā cell i ka pōʻino DNA, hoʻāla ʻia ʻo PARP1 a hoʻohana i ka NAD + e synthesize i nā kaulahao poly ADP-ribose (PAR), a laila hoʻopili ʻia i nā protein, no laila e hāpai i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono DNA. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o PARP1 e hoʻopau i ka nui o NAD +, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o nā pae intracellular NAD +, a laila e hoʻopilikia i ka metabolism ikehu a me ka viability o nā cell [1, 2].
ʻO ke kuleana me Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) Synthases:
ʻO Cyclic ADP-ribose synthases e like me CD38 a me CD157 he mau enzyme e ʻai ana i ka NAD +. Hoʻohana kēia mau enzymes i ka NAD + e synthesize cADPR. Hana ʻo cADPR ma ke ʻano he ʻelele ʻelua e komo i ka hōʻailona calcium, e hoʻoponopono ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka calcium ion intracellular, a pēlā e hoʻopilikia ai i nā hana kelepona like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻiʻo a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka neurotransmitter.
ʻO ke kuleana me Sirtuin Protein Deacetylases:
Ke hilinaʻi pū nei ʻo Sirtuin protein deacetylases (SIRTs) i ka NAD + e hana. Hoʻoponopono nā SIRT i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, ka cellular metabolism, a me nā pane koʻikoʻi ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka deacetylation o nā protein. Ma nā kiʻekiʻe NAD + kiʻekiʻe, hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o SIRT, e hoʻolaha ana i ke olakino a me ke ola o nā cell. No ka laʻana, ma lalo o nā kūlana e like me ka palena o ka calorie, piʻi ka pae intracellular NAD +, hoʻāla i nā SIRT, a laila e hoʻonui i ke ola a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino metabolic [2].
ʻO ke kuleana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o Axonal
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o NMNAT2 a me SARM1:
I ke kaʻina hana o ka degeneration axonal, ʻo ka NAD + synthase NMNAT2 a me ka pro-degeneration factor SARM1 e hana koʻikoʻi. ʻO NMNAT2 kahi mea ola axonal, ʻoiai ʻo SARM1 he NADase a me nā hana e pili ana a he kumu pro-degeneration. Pono ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ʻelua no ka mālama ʻana i ka pono axonal. I nā manawa he nui, hoʻokumu ʻia ka degeneration axonal e kahi ala hōʻailona kikowaena, kahi i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia e kēia mau protein kī ʻelua me nā hopena kū'ē. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā maʻi neurodegenerative e like me ka maʻi Alzheimer a me ka maʻi Parkinson, nā axons degenerate ma mua o ka make ʻana o nā kino cell neuronal, a ʻo kēia degeneration axonal ka mea maʻamau i nā axonal lesions e like me hereditary spastic paraplegia. I kēia mau maʻi, hiki i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o kēia ala hōʻailona ke alakaʻi i nā loli pathological axonal [3, 4].
ʻO ka NAD + -Mediated Self-Inhibition Mechanism o SARM1:
Ua ʻike nā haʻawina ʻo NAD + kahi ligand i manaʻo ʻole ʻia no ka domain armadillo/heat repeat motifs (ARM) o SARM1. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o NAD + i ka domain ARM e kāohi i ka hana NADase o ka Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain o SARM1 ma o ka ʻaoʻao kikowaena. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pūnaewele hoʻopaʻa NAD + a i ʻole ka pilina ARM-TIR e alakaʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o SARM1, e hopena i ka degeneration axonal. Hōʻike kēia i ka NAD + e hoʻopili i ka pale ʻana iā ia iho o kēia protein pro-neurodegenerative [5].
ʻO ke kuleana i nā maʻi cardiovascular
Ka pale 'ana i ke ola kino ma'i:
He hopena pale ka NAD + i nā maʻi cardiovascular. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka NAD + ke pale i ka puʻuwai mai nā maʻi e like me ka metabolic syndrome, ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, ischemia-reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, a me ka hypertension. Hiki i kāna hana pale ke komo i nā ʻano he nui e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ikehu metabolism, mālama i ke kaulike redox, a me ka pale ʻana i ka pane ʻeha. Me ka ʻelemakule a ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi, e emi ana ka pae intracellular NAD +, e alakaʻi ana i nā loli i ke kūlana metabolic a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻi i nā maʻi. No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka pae NAD + i loko o ka puʻuwai a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i kona nalowale he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ke olakino cardiovascular [1].
ʻO ke kuleana ma ka maʻi maʻi
Ka hopena i ka Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb):
I loko o ka Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), ka pathogen o ka maʻi maʻi, ka enzyme hope o NAD synthesis, NAD synthetase (NadE), a me ka enzyme hope o NADP biosynthesis, NAD kinase (PpnK), loaʻa nā hopena metabolic a me nā microbiological like ʻole. Ke alakaʻi nei ka inactivation o NadE i ka emi like ʻana o nā loko NAD a me NADP a me ka emi ʻana o ka viability o Mtb, ʻoiai ʻo ka inactivation o PpnK e hoʻopau i ka wai NADP akā hoʻopau wale i ka ulu. Hoʻopili ʻia ka inactivation o kēlā me kēia enzyme me nā hoʻololi metabolic kikoʻī i ka enzyme i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka phenotype microbiological pili. Hiki i nā pae bacteriostatic o ka pau ʻana o NAD ke kumu i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o nā ala metabolic e pili ana i ka NAD me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ratio NADH / NAD, ʻoiai nā pae bactericidal o NAD depletion hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ratio NADH / NAD a pale i ka hanu oxygen. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i nā kikoʻī physiological i ʻike mua ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka pono o ʻelua cofactors evolutionarily ubiquitous, e manaʻo ana e pono i ka NAD biosynthesis inhibitors e hana mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau anti-tuberculosis [6].
ʻO ke kuleana i ka ʻelemakule a me nā maʻi
Hoʻemi i nā pae NAD Cellular e pili ana i ka ʻelemakule:
Me ka ʻelemakule, e emi mālie ana ka pae intracellular NAD +. ʻO kēia emi ʻana o ka pae NAD + e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana metabolic o nā cell elemakule a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka maʻi i nā maʻi. Nui nā kūlana pathological, e pili ana i nā maʻi cardiovascular, ka momona, nā maʻi neurodegenerative, ka maʻi kanesa, a me ka ʻelemakule, e pili ana i ka hōʻino pololei a i ʻole ʻole o nā pae intracellular NAD + [2, 7].
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o NAD + Biosynthesis a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā Enzymes a me nā maʻi:
Hoʻopili ʻia ka NAD + biosynthesis a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā enzyme i kekahi mau ala koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, e pili ana i ka transcription gene, ka hōʻailona cell, a me ka hoʻoponopono pōʻaiapili cell. No laila, nui nā maʻi e pili ana i nā hana kūlohelohe o kēia mau enzymes. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā maʻi neurodegenerative, ʻo NAD + e pili ana i nā mīkini e pili ana i nā protein e like me WLDs, NMNAT2, a me SARM1, e hōʻike ana i nā maʻi neurodegenerative pili i ka NAD + a me ka metabolism ikehu [4]
Puna:PubMed [7]
He aha nā māhele noi o NAD +?
Hoʻohana i nā maʻi cardiovascular
Ka hopena pale:
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka NAD + i nā maʻi cardiovascular, a hiki iā ia ke pale i ka puʻuwai mai nā maʻi like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka NAD + ke pale i ka puʻuwai mai nā maʻi e like me ka metabolic syndrome, ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, ischemia-reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, a me ka hypertension [1] . ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka hana ʻana o NAD + ma ke ʻano he sensing a ʻai paha i ka enzyme no nā enzymes e like me poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) synthases (CD38 a me CD157), a me sirtuin protein deacetylases (Sirtuins, SIRTs), a ua komo i nā kaʻina hana nui i nā maʻi cardiovascular.
Ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike Redox:
He mea koʻikoʻi ka ratio NAD +/NADH no ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis redox o nā cell a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ikehu metabolism [1] . No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka pae NAD + i ka puʻuwai a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i kona nalowale he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ke olakino cardiovascular.
Nā noi i ka Anti-aging
Hoʻonui i ke ola:
Ua ʻike nā kumu o ka ʻelemakule molekala a me nā hana lōʻihi i ka piʻi ʻana i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) a me kāna mau mea mua, e like me ka nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide, a me ka waikawa nicotinic, ua hoihoi i ka hoihoi e like me nā molekala hoihoi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā molekole liʻiliʻi e like me nā geroprotectors a / a i ʻole pharmacogenomics. Ua hōʻike kēia mau pūhui i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kūlana pili i ka ʻelemakule ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana a hiki ke pale i ka make ʻana o nā mea hoʻohālike [8].
Hoʻololi i ka hoʻoponopono ola:
I nā mea hoʻohālike e like me ka hū, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina he mea nui ka NAD precursors i ka ʻelemakule a me ka lōʻihi. Ma o ke aʻo ʻana i ka chronological lifespan (CLS) a me ka replicative lifespan (RLS) o ka hū, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka NAD metabolism a me kāna kuleana hoʻoponopono i ka ʻelemakule a me ka lōʻihi [8].
ʻO nā noi kūpono i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi
Laau Laau Pahu:
ʻO ka inactivation o ka enzyme terminal o NAD synthesis, NAD synthetase (NadE), i ka Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) alakaʻi i ka emi like ʻana o nā loko NAD a me NADP a me ka emi ʻana o ka viability o Mtb, ʻoiai ka inactivation o ka enzyme terminal o NADP biosynthesis, NAD NADP kinase (PPNK wale nō ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka PpnK), 2023). Hōʻike kēia i ka mea nui o ka NAD synthesis inhibitors i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau anti-tuberculosis, no ka mea he bactericidal ka hemahema o NAD, aʻo ka hemahema NADP he bacteriostatic.
Nā Hoʻololi Metabolic a me nā Phenotypes Microbial:
Hoʻopili ʻia ka inactivation o kēlā me kēia enzyme me nā hoʻololi metabolic kikoʻī i ka enzyme i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka microbial phenotype pili. ʻO nā pae bacteriostatic o NAD depletion ke kumu o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o nā ala metabolic e pili ana i ka NAD me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ratio NADH / NAD, aʻo nā pae bactericidal o NAD depletion e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ratio NADH / NAD a me ka pale ʻana o ka hanu oxygen [6].
ʻO ke kuleana ma ka maʻi diabetes Cellular
Nā hana koʻikoʻi he nui:
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo NAD (H) a me NADP (H) ma ke ʻano he cofactors i komo i ka helu redox reactions, me ka hoʻoili electron i ka mitochondria. Eia nō naʻe, he mau hana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe nā metabolites NAD pathway, me nā kuleana i nā ala hōʻailona, nā hoʻololi post-translational, nā loli epigenetic, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka paʻa a me ka hana o RNA ma o NAD capping o RNA [9].
Kaʻina Metabolic Dynamic:
ʻO nā hopena non-oxidative ka hopena e alakaʻi i ka catabolism net o kēia mau nucleotides, e hōʻike ana he hana ikaika loa ka NAD metabolism. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā noiʻi hou i loko o kekahi mau kiko, ʻo ka hapalua o ke ola o NAD ma kahi o kekahi mau minuke [9].
ʻO ke kuleana ma ka Cell Biology
Extracellular NAD Diabetes:
ʻO Extracellular NAD kahi molekele hōʻailona nui ma lalo o nā kūlana physiological a me nā pathological. Hoʻohana pololei ia ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea loaʻa purinergic kūikawā a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he substrate no exonucleases (e like me CD73, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, CD38 a me kāna paralog CD157, a me ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferases). Hoʻoholo kēia mau enzymes i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka extracellular NAD e ka hydrolyzing NAD, no laila e hoʻoponopono i kāna hopena hōʻailona pololei (Gasparrini M, 2021). Eia kekahi, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā molekele hōʻailona liʻiliʻi mai NAD, e like me ka immunomodulator adenosine, a i ʻole e hoʻohana i ka NAD i ADP-ribosylate i nā ʻano protein extracellular a me nā mea hoʻokipa membrane, he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka pale ʻana, ka pane inflammatory, tumorigenesis, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Aia i loko o ke kaiapuni extracellular ka nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase a me ka nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, ka mea e hoʻolalelale i nā hopena koʻikoʻi i ka NAD salvage ala intracellularly. ʻO nā ʻano extracellular o kēia mau enzymes he cytokines me nā hana pro-inflammatory [10].
I ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo NAD + i mea nui e pili ana i ke olakino a me ka maʻi ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka metabolism ikehu, hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule, hoʻoponopono i ka pale ʻana, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka pale no nā ʻōnaehana lehulehu. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kāna mau precursors ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana mitochondrial a hoʻolohi i ka holomua o nā maʻi metabolic a me nā neurodegenerative. Hōʻike ia i nā mea hiki i nā kahua o ka pale cardiovascular, anti-infection, a me anti-aging, e hāʻawi ana i nā pahuhopu therapeutic hou no nā maʻi pili i ka ʻelemakule.
No ka mea kakau
ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.
Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema
He mea noiʻi ʻo Jiang YF i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻoihana hanohano, me ke Kulanui ʻo Peking, ke Kulanui ʻo Lanzhou Jiaotong, ka National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Technology and Applications, ka Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Additives, the Chinese Academy of Science, the University of Science and Technology of (CAS), Beijing Technology and Business University, a me Medical University. ʻO kāna noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano aʻoaʻo like ʻole, me ka chemistry, pathology, engineering, oncology, a me acoustics. Hōʻike kāna hana i kahi ala multidisciplinary, hoʻohui i nā holomua ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana ma waena o kēia mau kahua. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Jiang YF ma ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi [5].
