Ka ọrịa ndị na-ebute ọrịa metabolic dị ka oke ibu, oke ibu, na ọrịa shuga na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu n'ụwa nile, ịchọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ dị irè karị aghọwo isiokwu na-ekpo ọkụ na ngalaba ahụike. GỤKWUO

Usoro metabolic na endocrine na-achịkwa metabolism nke ihe mmadụ, nguzozi ike, na uto na mmepe site na netwọkụ hormonal ọkaibe. GỤKWUO

A haziri peptides nyocha arụ ọrụ arụpụtara na ụlọ nyocha, nke uru ya bụ inye nkwado akụrụngwa maka nyocha sayensị ndụ yana ejiri ya naanị na ntọala nyocha vitro. 'Nnyocha in vitro,' ewepụtara site na okwu Latịn 'in vitro' (nke pụtara 'n'ime iko'), na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ ndị e mere na gburugburu nnwale nke ejiri aka arụsị, dị ka omenala cell, nyocha mmekọrịta molecular, ma ọ bụ nyocha mmeghachi omume biochemical. GỤKWUO

Njikọ peptide bụ njirimara covalent njikọ dị n'ime ụmụ irighiri protein, nke etolite site na mmeghachi omume nkụnye mmiri n'etiti otu α-carboxyl (α-COOH) nke otu amino acid na otu α-amino (-NH₂) nke amino acid dị n'akụkụ. Ọdịdị kemịkal ya bụ njikọ amide. GỤKWUO

Amino acids bụ ogige organic nwere otu α-amino (α-NH₂) na otu α-carboxyl (α-COOH), nwere usoro izugbe RCH (NH₂) COOH. Atọm α-carbon jikọtara ya na otu akụkụ-agbụ a kapịrị ọnụ (R Group), na-eme usoro nhazi ntọala nke macromolecules dị ndụ. GỤKWUO

Peptide dị ọcha bụ usoro nkewa na ime ka ngwakọta peptide crude nweta site na njikọ ma ọ bụ nkwupụta site na iji anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, ma ọ bụ usoro ndu iji nweta peptides lekwasịrị anya nke ịdị ọcha dị elu. GỤKWUO

Peptide solubility na-ezo aka na oke peptide nwere ike igbari n'ime otu olu nke ihe mgbaze n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ pH, nke a na-ejikarị mkpokọta mkpokọta (g / L) ma ọ bụ mkpokọta molar (mol / L). Dị ka ihe onwunwe physicochemical dị oke egwu, ọ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ntinye, nkesa, metabolism, na excretion (ADME) nke peptides na vivo, ma na-ekpebikwa nkà na ụzụ nkwadebe, nkwụsi ike nchekwa, na ngwa ngwa ụlọ ọgwụ nke ọgwụ ndị dabeere na peptide. GỤKWUO

Ngwakọta peptide, n'ihi usoro amino acid ha kpọmkwem na nhazi oghere, nwere njirimara na ihe omume ndụ ha na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebumnuche bụ isi maka nchekwa peptide bụ igbochi mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị ka mmebi, oxidation, na mkpokọta, si otú ahụ na-edobe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nhazi ha na ọrụ ndu. GỤKWUO

Dermorphin na-ebute mmetụta analgesic ya site na mmekọrịta ya na onye na-anabata μ-opioid (MOP). Onye na-anabata μ-opioid bụ onye bụ isi nke ezinụlọ nnabata opioid ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe mgbu. GỤKWUO