VIP 6mg

▎ VIP Hoʻolālā

▎ VIP Noiʻi

He aha ke kumu noiʻi o VIP?

Ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana ma VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) me kona ʻike ʻana i nā mea ola. Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he 28-amino acid peptide mai ka duodenum puaʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ma hope i kona laha nui ʻana ma waho o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū-e hoʻonui ana i nā ʻōnaehana nerve waena a me nā ʻōnaehana endocrine-kahi e hana ai ma ke ʻano he neurotransmitter a me kahi hormone. I ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka noiʻi, ua ʻike ʻia he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka VIP i nā kaʻina hana physiological, me ka vasodilation, anti-inflammation, cell proliferation, hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation.

He aha nā ʻano hana no ka VIP?

Mechanisms of Action on the Digestive System

Hoʻoponopono i ka Motility Gastrointestinal: Hoʻomaha ʻo VIP i ka ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe o ka ʻōpū ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea loaʻa VPAC ma nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe. Hoʻoulu kēia i nā ala hōʻailona intracellular, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka adenylate cyclase. Hoʻoikaika kēia kaʻina hana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ATP i cAMP, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ana i nā pae cAMP intracellular. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻomaha kēia i ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka ʻiʻo, hoʻoponopono i ke alapine a me ka amplitude o ka peristalsis gastrointestinal a laila e hoʻomalu i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka meaʻai ma o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.

Hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai: I loko o ka pancreas, hoʻoulu ʻo VIP i nā cell pancreatic acinar e hūnā i ka wai a me ka bicarbonate, e hana ana i kahi ʻano alkaline e hoʻokō ai i ka hana enzyme pancreatic. Hoʻopili kēia hana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea loaʻa VPAC ma nā cell acinar, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻelele lua intracellular, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kahawai ion a me ka hana transporter e hoʻolaha i ka wai a me ka huna bicarbonate. I loko o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, hoʻolaha ka VIP i ka mucus a me ka huna electrolyte, pale i ka mucosa gastrointestinal a mālama i ka hana digestive maʻamau ^[1].

Mechanisms of Action on the Cardiovascular System

Vasodilation: Hoʻohana ka VIP i nā pūnaewele endothelial vascular a me nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe. Ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea hoʻokipa, hoʻolaha ia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea vasodilatory e like me ka nitric oxide (NO) mai nā cell endothelial a i ʻole ke kāohi pololei ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo maʻemaʻe. Hoʻoulu kēia i ka vasodilation, hoʻemi i ka pale ʻana o nā vascular peripheral, a hoʻoponopono i ke kahe koko. Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana physiological a pathological paha, hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o VIP i ka wā e koi ai ke kino i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke koko kiko kūloko, e hoʻoulu ai i ka vasodilation i ka wahi e pili ana a hoʻonui i ke kahe koko ^[2].

Mechanisms of Action on the Immune System

Immune Modulation: Hōʻike ka VIP i ka hoʻoponopono bidirectional o nā pane immune. I ka wā mua o ka mumū, hoʻopau ka VIP i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā cytokine pro-inflammatory (e laʻa, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β), e hoʻēmi ana i nā hopena ʻeha nui a me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻiʻo mai ka pōʻino ʻeha. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka herpes simplex virus keratitis model, exogenous VIP ho'ēmi i ka neutrophil a me CD4⁺ T cell infiltration, downregulates proinflammatory mea like myeloperoxidase (MPO) a me interleukin-17 (IL-17), pela e ho'ēmi ai i ka maʻi o ka corneal. I ka wā hope o ka pane ʻana o ka immune, hoʻolaha ʻo VIP i ka huna ʻana o nā cytokine anti-inflammatory (e like me interleukin-10 a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mea ulu-β), e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka mumū a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kiko.

Kiʻi 1 Ka hopena o ka VIP i ka hoʻomoʻi ʻana i nā moku lymphatic mai ka puaʻa guinea mesentery ^[2].

He aha nā polokalamu VIP?

Nā hopena anti-inflammatory: Hōʻike ka VIP i nā waiwai anti-inflammatory ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu ia i kahi microenvironment anti-inflammatory ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano hana o nā monocytes, macrophages, a me nā pūnae T regulatory. I ka wā hāpai, VIP synthesized e trophoblast cell inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation, accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe phagocytic pono, no laila e mālama ai i ka homeostasis immune. He kuleana ko VIP i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi e pili ana i ka mumū e like me ka maʻi ʻeha a me ka rheumatoid arthritis ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pane ʻana o ke kino a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā hōʻailona ^[3].

Hoʻoponopono i ka hana Gastrointestinal: He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka VIP i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka physiology gastrointestinal, e pili ana i ka vasodilation, ka huna ʻana o ka hormone, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka motility gastrointestinal, a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana o ka ʻiʻo. No laila, no nā maʻi e pili ana i ka hana ʻino o ka ʻōpū (e laʻa, dyspepsia hana, constipation, diarrhea), hiki i ka VIP ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hōʻailona ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōpū a me nā hana huna. Hoʻohui hou, i kekahi mau maʻi gastrointestinal inflammatory, nā hopena anti-inflammatory a me ka immune-modulating VIP e kōkua pū i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka maʻi ^[4].

Nā Neurological Disorders: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka VIP ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana nerve waena a me peripheral, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he neurotransmitter kī a i ʻole neuromodulator i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaʻina hana physiological. I loko o nā maʻi neurological e like me nā maʻi neurodegenerative (e laʻa, ka maʻi Alzheimer, ka maʻi Parkinson), hōʻike ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea ʻino i loko o VIP a me kāna mau mea hoʻokipa e pili pū me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pae VIP a i ʻole ka hana receptor hiki ke hāʻawi i nā ala lapaʻau hou no kēia mau kūlana. Eia kekahi, i ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke aʻalolo e like me ka hōʻeha ʻana i ke kuamoʻo, hiki i ka VIP ke hana i nā hopena neuroprotective a me reparative ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke ola neuronal, proliferation, a me ka ʻokoʻa ^[4,5].

Nā maʻi maʻi cardiovascular: Hāʻawi ʻia i kāna mau waiwai vasodilatory, VIP ka hopena i ka hana ʻōnaehana cardiovascular. I ka noiʻi lapaʻau ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi cardiovascular e like me ke hypertension a me ka maʻi naʻau coronary, hiki i ka VIP ke hoʻokō i nā hopena therapeutic maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kīʻaha koko, e hōʻemi ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā vascular peripheral, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke koko myocardial. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kāna noi lāʻau lapaʻau i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi cardiovascular e kū nei i nā pilikia he nui, e like me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka paʻa VIP a me ka huli ʻana ^[4].

Ka hopena

I ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi, hiki i nā waiwai anti-inflammatory o VIP ke hoʻololi i ka microenvironment immune, e hāʻawi ana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā no nā maʻi ʻeha e like me ka maʻi ʻāʻī a me ka rheumatoid arthritis. ʻO kāna hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka motility gastrointestinal a me ka huna hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā maʻi dysmotility gastrointestinal. I nā maʻi neurodegenerative, hiki i kāna mau neuroprotective a me nā hopena hoʻihoʻi ke kōkua i ka ʻimi lapaʻau no ka maʻi o Parkinson a me ka maʻi o Alzheimer. Eia kekahi, ʻo kāna hana vasodilatory e kōkua i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka maʻi cardiovascular.

No ka mea kakau

ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.

Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema

He mea noiʻi ʻo Pierre-Yves von der Weid ma ke kula ʻo Cumming School of Medicine ma ke Kulanui o Calgary ma Kanada, ʻoihana loea i ka physiology system lymphatic. ʻO kāna noiʻi e ʻimi mua i nā ʻano hoʻoponopono o ka hana o ka moku lymphatic, me ka hana pacemaker hiki ke hana, ke kuleana hoʻoponopono o nā mea endothelial, a me ka hopena o nā mea hoʻoponopono inflammatory i ka hana lymphatic pump. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, electrophysiological, a me ka biochemical approaches, alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā noiʻi hohonu i kēia mau kaʻina e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike o ka physiology system lymphatic a me kāna mau hoʻololi ʻana ma nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Pierre-Yves von der Weid ma ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi [2].

▎ Nā ʻōlelo pili

[1] Williams JA. Nā Luna Hoʻokipa VIP.; 2021. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261773265.

[2] von der Weid PY, Rehal S, Dyrda P, a me al. Mechanisms o VIP-induced inhibition o ka pauma moku lymphatic. Ka Nupepa o Physiology-London 2012; 590(11): 2677-2691.DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230599.

[3] Ramhorst R, Calo G, Paparini D, et al. Ka hoʻomaluʻana i ka pane inflammatory i ka wā o ka hāpaiʻana: hiki ke kuleana o VIP ma keʻano he peptide hoʻoponopono. Nā moʻolelo o ka New York Academy of Sciences 2019; 1437(1): 15-21.DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13632.

[4] Onoue S, Misaka S, Yamada S. Ka pilina hana-hana o ka peptide intestinal vasoactive (VIP): potent agonists a me nā noi lapaʻau kūpono. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology 2008; 377(4-6): 579-590.DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0232-0.

[5] Gozes I, Fridkin M, Brenneman DE. ʻO kahi antagonist hybrid VIP: mai ka neurobiology hoʻomohala i nā noi lapaʻau. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 1995; 15(6): 675-687.DOI: 10.1007/BF02071131.

ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.  

ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a i ʻole maʻi. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.