Na Cocer Peptides 
1 mahina aku nei
ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a i ʻole maʻi. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.
Hoʻolauna
Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka ʻepekema ola, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana o ka ʻelemakule, a ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano hana kūʻē i ka wā kahiko i lilo i kumuhana koʻikoʻi i ke kaiāulu ʻepekema. ʻO nā Telomeres, ma ke ʻano he mau hale pale ma nā wēlau o nā chromosomes, pili loa i ka ʻelemakule kelepona. ʻO Epitalon, kahi peptide pōkole synthetic me nā hopena anti-aging, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka nānā i nā makahiki i hala.
ʻO nā mea pili i ka Telomere
(1) Hoʻolālā a me ka hana o nā Telomeres
Mālama ʻia nā Telomeres i nā kaʻina nucleotide repetitive ma nā wēlau o nā chromosomes, i haku ʻia me nā kaʻina hana hou DNA tandem maʻalahi a me nā protein pili. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā Telomeres i ka mālama ʻana i ka kūpaʻa o ke ʻano gene a me ke kūpaʻa chromosomal. I loko o kēlā me kēia māhele pūnaewele, hoʻopōkole mālie ʻia nā telomeres ma muli o nā palena o nā mīkini hoʻopiʻi DNA. Ke hoʻopōkole ʻia nā telomeres i kekahi ʻano, komo nā cell i ka senescence a i ʻole ka pae apoptosis, no laila ua kapa ʻia nā telomeres ʻo ka 'cellular clock of life.'
Hōʻemi 1 Epitalon i ka pae ROS intracellular.
(2) Nā ʻano o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o Telomere
Alanui Telomerase
ʻO Telomerase kahi ribonucleoprotein complex me ka hana transcriptase reverse. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana i kāna RNA ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike e hoʻohui i nā kaʻina hana hou telomere a hoʻohui iā lākou i nā wēlau o nā chromosomes, a laila mālama ʻia ka lōʻihi telomere. I loko o nā pūnaewele kanaka maʻamau, haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hana telomerase, a pōkole mālie nā telomeres me kēlā me kēia māhele cell. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka nui o nā pūnana tumo, ua hoʻāla hou ʻia ka telomerase, e hiki ai i nā cell tumor ke hoʻonui mau loa a loaʻa i ka make ʻole. I loko o ka medulloblastoma metastatic mua o nā keiki, hoʻomalu kekahi mau pūnana tumo i ka elongation telomere ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka telomerase. Ma kahi o 10.7% o nā metastatic medulloblastomas e hoʻoulu i ka telomerase activation ma o TERT promoter mutations a me UTSS hypermethylation, a laila e loaʻa ai ka telomere elongation.
Alanui ALT
Ma waho aʻe o ke ala telomerase, aia kahi mīkini kūʻokoʻa telomerase i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o ke ala telomeres (ALT). Hoʻomaka mua ʻia kēia ala e ka ATRX inactivation a he hana koʻikoʻi i kekahi mau cell tumor. I loko o nā pediatric metastatic medulloblastoma, ma kahi o 32.1% o nā hihia i loaʻa i ka elongation telomere ma o ka mīkini ALT, me 30% o nā laʻana e hōʻike ana i ka holoi ʻana i ka nuklea ATRX, a laila e hoʻāla i ke ala ALT.
(3) Epitalon a me ka Mechanism o Telomere Elongation
Ka hopena o Epitalon ma ke Telomerase
ʻO ka Epitalon kahi peptide pōkole synthetic i haku ʻia me ʻehā mau amino acids (alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, a me glycine), e pili ana i ka peptide Epithalamion kūlohelohe i unuhi ʻia mai ka pineal gland. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e hiki i ka Epitalon ke hoʻololi i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hana telomerase. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi Lūkini i ka makahiki 1980 hiki iā Epitalon ke hoʻoulu i ka telomerase, ka enzyme kuleana no ka pale ʻana a hoʻonui i nā telomeres ma nā hopena o nā chromosomes. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hōʻike paʻa i kēia manawa hiki iā Epitalon ke hoʻonui pololei i nā telomeres i loko o ke kanaka, ua hōʻike kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hana telomerase. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana telomerase, ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia i nā kaʻina hana hou ʻana o nā telomere a hoʻohui ʻia i nā wēlau o nā chromosomes, hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka wikiwiki o ka pōkole telomere a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka elongation telomere.
Kiʻi 2 Ua pale ʻo Epitalon i ka hana o ka mitochondria i ka wā o ka oocyte post-ovulatory aging in vitro.
Hoʻoponopono ʻo Epitalon i nā ala hōʻailona intracellular
Hoʻokumu nā ala hōʻailona intracellular i kahi pūnaewele paʻakikī e launa pū ana e hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina kelepona e like me ka ulu ʻana, hoʻonui, a me ka ʻelemakule. Hiki i ka Epitalon ke hoʻololi i ka elongation telomere ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau ala hōʻailona. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻopili i nā ala e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono pōʻaiapuni o ke kelepona, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā mīkini pale no nā telomeres i ka wā o ka māhele cell. Eia kekahi, ma ke ʻano he antioxidant, hoʻemi ʻo Epitalon i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) i loko o nā cell. Hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ROS ke hōʻino i ka DNA, a laila e hoʻopilikia ai i ke kūpaʻa telomere. Ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pae ROS, kōkua ʻo Epitalon i ka mālama ʻana i ka hana maʻamau a me ka hana o nā telomeres, e hana ana i nā kūlana kūpono no ka elongation telomere.
(4) Hōʻike hoʻokolohua no ka hana a Epitalon i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o Telomere
Nā hoʻokolohua in vitro cell
ʻO nā hoʻokolohua moʻomeheu in vitro cell, hoʻohui i ka Epitalon i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i hopena i ka hana telomerase i hoʻonui ʻia i kekahi mau cell. Ua hoʻohui nā mea noiʻi iā Epitalon ma kahi ʻano o 0.1 mM i ka moʻomeheu cell. Ma hope o kekahi manawa o ka mahiʻai ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pae hōʻike o nā genes pili i ka telomerase i loko o nā keena, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka Epitalon ke hāpai i ka synthesis a i ʻole ka hoʻāla ʻana o telomerase. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ana o ka lōʻihi o ka telomere, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu me ka ʻole o Epitalon, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka pōkole telomere i loko o ka hui hoʻokolohua, a ma kekahi mau pūnaewele, ua ʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka telomere.
Nā hoʻokolohua holoholona
Ma nā hoʻokolohua holoholona, ua lawelawe ʻia ʻo Epitalon i nā holoholona hoʻokolohua (e like me nā ʻiole) ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono waha, a ua kālailai ʻia ko lākou mau ʻiʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana telomerase i kekahi mau ʻiʻo (e like me ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa), a ua paʻa ka lōʻihi o ka telomere. Ma nā haʻawina o ka ʻiole ate, ua ʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka telomerase ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻiole i loko o nā pūnaʻi ate i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui i mālama ʻole ʻia, a ma hope o ka nānā mau ʻana i kekahi mau mahina, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pōkole o ka telomere i loko o nā pūnaʻi ate ma mua o ka hui ʻole. Hōʻike hou kēia he hopena maikaʻi ʻo Epitalon i ka elongation telomere i nā holoholona.
Maʻiʻo Anti-Aging-Pili
(1) Mechanisms of Age
ʻO ke kaumaha a me ka ʻelemakule
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki, hoʻopau ʻia ke koena redox i loko o nā cell, e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS). Loaʻa i ka ROS nā waiwai oxidative ikaika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā biomolecules cellular e like me nā protein, lipids, a me DNA, e hopena ai i ka pōʻino i ka hale a me ka hana. Hiki i nā protein oxidized ke lilo i kā lākou hana olaola maʻamau, hiki i nā lipid oxidized ke hōʻino i ka wai a me ka paʻa o ka membrane cellular, a hiki i ka hōʻino oxidative DNA ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka gene a me ka hana ʻole o ke kelepona, ʻo ia mau mea a pau e hoʻolalelale i ke kaʻina o ka ʻelemakule a me ke kino.
ʻO ka ʻelemakule a me ka Apoptosis
He mau hanana koʻikoʻi ka senescence cell a me ka apoptosis i ka wā ʻelemakule. Ke ʻike ʻia nā cell i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi like ʻole (e like me ke koʻikoʻi oxidative, ka pōʻino DNA, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), komo lākou i kahi kūlana oʻo. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā cell senescent e pili ana i ka hopu ʻana i ka pōʻai cell, nā loli metabolic, a me ka huna ʻana o nā cytokines kikoʻī. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka apoptosis kahi kaʻina make cell programmed e hana koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis kiko. Eia nō naʻe, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono o ka apoptosis, a ʻo ka nui a i ʻole ka lawa ʻole o ka apoptosis hiki ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka hana o ke kino, a ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻelemakule kino.
ʻO ka pōkole Telomere a me ka ʻelemakule
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo mua ʻia, ʻo ka pōkole telomere kekahi o nā hōʻailona nui o ka ʻelemakule. Ke hoʻomau nei ka puʻunaue ʻana o nā pūnaewele, pōkole mālie nā telomeres. Ke hiki aku nā telomeres i kahi lōʻihi koʻikoʻi, hoʻopau nā cell i ka māhele ʻana a komo i kahi kūlana ʻelemakule. Hiki i ka pōkole Telomere ke hoʻoulu i ka pane ʻana i ka pōʻino DNA i loko o nā pūnaewele, e hoʻolalelale ana i ka ʻelemakule a me ka apoptosis, a laila e hoʻololi ai i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule holoʻokoʻa o ke kino.
Kiʻi 3 Ka hopena o ka Epitalon ma ka apoptosis mua i loko o nā oocytes elemakule post-ovulatory.
(2) Ka Mechanism Anti-Aging o Epitalon
Hana Antioxidant
ʻO ka Epitalon kahi antioxidant pono me ka mana antioxidant e like me ka melatonin. Hiki iā ia ke ʻohi pololei i ka ROS i loko o nā cell, e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino oxidative i nā biomolecules i hoʻokumu ʻia e ROS. I loko o kahi hoʻokolohua in vitro me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā oocytes ʻiole, hoʻohui ʻia ka 0.1 mM Epitalon i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i hopena i kahi hōʻemi nui o nā pae ROS intracellular. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ROS kōkua i ka mālama pono ʻana i ka membrane cellular, ka hana protein maʻamau, a me ka paʻa DNA, a laila e hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule kelepona. Eia hou, hiki i ka Epitalon ke hoʻonui i ka mana antioxidant ponoʻī o ke kelepona ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana enzyme antioxidant intracellular (e like me ka superoxide dismutase a me ka catalase), a laila e hōʻoluʻolu hou aʻe i ka pōʻino cellular stress oxidative.
Hoʻoponopono i ka hana mitochondrial
ʻO Mitochondria nā hale mana ikehu o nā pūnaewele, a pili loa ko lākou kūlana hana i ka ʻelemakule cellular. Me ka makahiki, ua emi mālie ka hana mitochondrial, i hōʻike ʻia e ka emi ʻana o ka hiki o ka membrane mitochondrial, hoʻemi i ka hana ATP, a hoʻonui i ka hanauna ROS. Hiki i ka Epitalon ke hoʻonui i ka hiki o ka membrane mitochondrial a me ka helu kope DNA mitochondrial, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana mitochondrial. I loko o kahi hoʻokolohua ʻelemakule in vitro me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā oocytes ʻiole, hōʻike ʻia nā oocytes i mālama ʻia me Epitalon i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mitochondrial membrane hiki a hoʻonui i nā helu kope DNA mitochondrial ma hope o 12 a me 24 mau hola o ka ʻelemakule i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui i mālama ʻole ʻia. Hōʻike kēia i hiki iā Epitalon ke mālama i ka hana mitochondrial maʻamau a hoʻemi i ka ʻelemakule cellular i hana ʻia e ka mitochondrial dysfunction. ʻO ka hana mitochondrial i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ke koena o ka ikehu metabolism, hāʻawi i ka ikehu kūpono no nā hana physiological maʻamau a me ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka ʻelemakule.
Kāohi i ka apoptosis
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka cell apoptosis i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule. Hiki i ka nui o ka cell apoptosis ke alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka hana o ka ʻiʻo a me ke kino. Hoʻoponopono ʻo Epitalon i nā ala hōʻailona pili i ka intracellular apoptosis e hōʻemi i ka hiki ʻana o ka apoptosis cell. I loko o ka in vitro aging hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā oocytes ʻiole, ma hope o nā hola 24 o ka ʻelemakule in vitro, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka apoptosis o nā oocytes i loko o ka hui Epitalon i mālama ʻia ma mua o ka hui i mālama ʻole ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia i ka hiki o Epitalon ke kāohi i ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā hōʻailona apoptosis ma o nā mīkini e like me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā pae ROS a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana mitochondrial, ma laila e hōʻemi ai i ka apoptosis a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka hana maʻamau a me ke kino, a me ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka ʻelemakule kino.
(3) Hōʻike Hōʻikeʻike o ka Epitalon's Anti-Aging Effects
Ka hopena pale i nā oocytes
I loko o nā hoʻokolohua e noiʻi ana i nā hopena o Epitalon i ka maikaʻi o ka oocyte, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Epitalon e pale pono i nā oocytes mai ka pōʻino e pili ana i ka wā ʻelemakule ma hope o ka ovulation. Ke piʻi aʻe ka manawa ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, e emi mālie ka hiki ke hoʻomohala o nā oocytes. Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka 0.1 mM Epitalon i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu, ʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka oocyte ma hope o 6, 12, a me 24 mau hola o ka moʻomeheu. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa Epitalon i hoʻemi nui i ka pinepine o nā hemahema spindle a me ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻana o nā granules cortical, ʻoiai e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki o ka membrane mitochondrial a me ka helu kope DNA mitochondrial, a e hōʻemi ana i ka apoptosis oocyte. Hōʻike kēia i hiki iā Epitalon ke hoʻopaneʻe i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule in vitro o nā oocytes, mālama i ko lākou maikaʻi a me ka hiki ke hoʻomohala, a hāʻawi i nā hōʻike pae kelepona o nā hopena anti-ʻelemakule o Epitalon.
Nā hopena i ka ʻelemakule holoʻokoʻa o nā holoholona
I nā hoʻokolohua holoholona, ma hope o ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana iā Epitalon ma o ka hānai ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokele ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kekahi mau hōʻailona pili i ka ʻelemakule i nā ʻiole. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻiole hoʻomalu ʻole, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻiole i mālama ʻia e Epitalon i ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻili, ka hulu ʻālohilohi, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana, a me kahi pae o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ola. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi pathological o nā ʻiole i ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pōʻino kelepona a me nā pae ʻelemakule i loko o nā mea koʻikoʻi e like me ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa o nā ʻiole i mālama ʻia e Epitalon ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka pūʻulu mana. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole hōʻike wale ʻo Epitalon i nā hopena anti-aging ma ka pae cellular akā hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule ma ka pae kino, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino holoholona a me ka maikaʻi o ke ola.
Nā Manaʻo Noi o Epitalon
ʻO nā noi kūpono ma ke kahua lapaʻau
ʻAi-Aging Therapy
Ma muli o nā ʻike noiʻi a Epitalon i ka elongation telomere a me ka anti-aging, hiki ke lilo ia i lāʻau anti-aging novel. Me ka wikiwiki o ka ʻelemakule o ka lehulehu, ke ulu nei ka noi no nā anti-aging therapies. Hoʻopaneʻe ʻo Epitalon i ka ʻelemakule kelepona ma o nā mīkini he nui, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kuhikuhi ana i nā maʻi pili makahiki e like me nā maʻi cardiovascular a me nā maʻi neurodegenerative. No nā maʻi neurodegenerative, hiki i ka Epitalon ke pale i nā neurons mai ka pōʻino o ke kaumaha oxidative a mālama i ka lōʻihi telomere, a laila e hoʻolohi i ka ʻelemakule neuronal a me ka make, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hōʻailona maʻi, a hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o nā maʻi.
Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke Ola Reproductive
Ma ke kahua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hānau, loaʻa iā Epitalon kekahi hopena pale i nā oocytes. I ka makahiki o nā wāhine, emi iho ka maikaʻi o ka oocyte, e hoʻonui ana i ka pilikia o ka infertility a me nā mea ʻino o ka ulu ʻana o ka pēpē. Hiki i ka Epitalon ke hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule oocyte a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka oocyte, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea kākoʻo hou no nā ʻenehana hoʻohua i kōkua ʻia e like me ka in vitro fertilization. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana iā Epitalon i ka moʻomeheu in vitro oocyte, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ka fertilization a me ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka helu kūleʻa o ka hoʻohua i kōkua ʻia a kōkua i nā kāne male ʻole e hoʻokō i kā lākou makemake e loaʻa nā keiki.
Ka hopena
Hōʻike ʻo Epitalon i ka mana nui i ka elongation telomere a me ka anti-aging. ʻOiai aia kekahi mau pilikia e koi hou ana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia kona koʻikoʻi i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nohona. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noiʻi, manaʻo ʻia e lawe mai ʻo Epitalon i nā mea hou aʻe i nā mea kupanaha a me nā holomua i ke kahua o ke olakino kanaka.
Nā kumu
[1] Teterin O, Gv S. Epitalon[J]. 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370060637_Epitalon.
[2] Yue X, Liu SL, Guo JN, et al. Mālama ʻo Epitalon i ka pōʻino pili i ka wā kahiko ma hope o ka ovulatory o nā oocytes ʻiole in vitro[J]. Aging (Albany Ny), 2022,14(7):3191-3202.DOI:10.18632/aging.204007.
[3] Minasi S, Baldi C, Pietsch T, et al. ʻO ka lōʻihi o Telomere ma o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ʻana o nā telomeres (ALT) a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o telomerase i ka metastatic medulloblastoma mua o ka wā kamaliʻi [J]. Nūpepa o Neuro-Oncology, 2019,142(3):435-444.DOI:10.1007/s11060-019-03127-w.
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