ʻIkepili Peptide

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo 'peptide' mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'πέσσειν' (péssein), ʻo ia hoʻi, 'e hoʻoheheʻe.' ʻO ka peptide kahi hui i hana ʻia e nā waikawa amino i hoʻopili ʻia ma o nā paʻa peptide. ʻO nā paʻa peptide, ʻo ia nā mea paʻa amide, puka mai ka condensation dehydration ma waena o ka pūʻulu α-carboxyl o kekahi waikawa amino a me ka pūʻulu α-amino o kekahi. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu amino acid, kapa ʻia nā peptides me 2 a 20 amino acids he oligopeptides, ʻo ka poʻe me 20 a 50 he polypeptides, a ʻo nā kaʻina i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 amino acids me nā hale kikoʻī kikoʻī e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā protein. Loaʻa i nā peptide ke kaumaha molekala ma lalo o 10 kDa. Heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ka paʻa peptide kahi paʻa covalent maʻamau i loko o nā molekele protein, i hana ʻia ma o ka hopena condensation dehydration ma waena o ka pūʻulu α-carboxyl (α-COOH) o hoʻokahi waikawa amino a me ka pūʻulu α-amino (-NH₂) o kahi waikawa amino pili. ʻO kona ʻano kemika he paʻa amide. Heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ka peptide synthesis e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaʻina amino acid a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā paʻa amide (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā paʻa peptide) ma o ke ʻano kemika a i ʻole ke ʻano olaola, e hiki ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka oligopeptide a i ʻole polypeptide mole me nā hana koʻikoʻi. Ma ke ʻano he lālā koʻikoʻi o ke kemika bioorganic, ua kālele kēia ʻenehana i ka hoʻāla koho ʻana o nā monomers amino acid, conjugation kuhikuhi, a me ka mana pololei o ka hui pū ʻana, e hoʻopili ana i ka spectrum piha mai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka milligram-scale a hiki i ka hana ʻenehana kilokika. Ma muli o nā hoʻolālā synthetic divergent, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia i nā ʻano biosynthetic e hilinaʻi ana i nā ʻōnaehana biological a me nā ʻano synthesis kemika i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā loina synthesis organik. Heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe peptide e pili ana i ka nui o ka peptide e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka nui o ka solvent ma lalo o ka mahana a me nā kūlana pH, maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻike nui (g/L) a i ʻole ka molar concentration (mol/L). Ma ke ʻano he waiwai physicochemical koʻikoʻi, pili pono ia i nā kaʻina absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) o nā peptides i loko o vivo, a hoʻoholo pū i ka ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau, ka paʻa ʻana o ka mālama ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau peptide. Heluhelu hou aku

ʻO nā ʻakika amino he mau mea olaola i loaʻa kahi pūʻulu α-amino (α-NH₂) a me kahi pūʻulu α-carboxyl (α-COOH), me ke ʻano maʻamau RCH(NH₂)COOH. Hoʻopili ʻia ka α-carbon atom i kahi pūʻulu kaulahao ʻaoʻao kikoʻī (R group), e hana ana i nā ʻāpana kumu kumu o nā macromolecules biological. Heluhelu hou aku

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka peptide ke kaʻina o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hui peptide crude i loaʻa ma o ka synthesis a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano kino, kemika, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea olaola e loaʻa ai nā peptides target o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. Heluhelu hou aku

ʻO nā pūhui peptide, ma muli o kā lākou mau kaʻina amino acid a me nā hoʻolālā spatial, loaʻa ke ʻano o kā lākou mau hana olaola e maʻalahi loa i nā hopena o waho. ʻO ke kumu kumu nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka peptide ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i nā hopena kemika e like me ka degradation, oxidation, a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, no laila e mālama ai i kā lākou hana pono a me nā hana biological. Heluhelu hou aku

Hoʻolālā ʻia nā peptides noiʻi i nā molekole i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā laboratories, nona ka waiwai nui i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kākoʻo kōkua no ka noiʻi ʻepekema ola a hoʻohana wale ʻia i loko o nā hoʻonohonoho noiʻi in vitro. ʻO ka 'noiʻi in vitro,' i loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo Latin 'in vitro' (ʻo ia hoʻi 'i ke aniani''), pili pono i nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma nā kaiapuni hoʻokolohua i hoʻomalu ʻia, e like me ka moʻomeheu cell, molecular interaction analysis, a i ʻole biochemical reaction assays. Heluhelu hou aku