Cov ntaub ntawv Peptide

Lo lus 'peptide' yog los ntawm Greek lo lus 'πέσσειν' (péssein), lub ntsiab lus 'kom zom.' peptide yog ib tug compound tsim los ntawm cov amino acids txuas los ntawm peptide bonds. Peptide bonds, uas yog amide bonds, tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej condensation ntawm α-carboxyl pawg ntawm ib amino acid thiab α-amino pawg ntawm lwm tus. Muab faib los ntawm cov amino acid suav, peptides nrog 2 txog 20 amino acids yog hu ua oligopeptides, cov neeg uas muaj 20 txog 50 yog polypeptides, thiab cov kab ke ntau tshaj 50 amino acids nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb yog feem ntau categorized li proteins. Peptides feem ntau muaj qhov hnyav molecular hauv qab 10 kDa. Nyeem ntxiv

Ib daim ntawv cog lus peptide yog tus yam ntxwv covalent daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv cov protein molecules, tsim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm α-carboxyl pawg (α-COOH) ntawm ib qho amino acid thiab α-amino pawg (-NH₂) ntawm ib qho amino acid uas nyob ib sab. Nws cov tshuaj lom neeg yog ib daim ntawv cog lus amide. Nyeem ntxiv

Peptide synthesis yog hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov amino acid sequences thiab tsim amide bonds (piv txwv li, peptide bonds) los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg los yog tshuaj lom neeg, qhov tseem ceeb ua rau kev tsim kho ntawm oligopeptide los yog polypeptide molecules nrog rau kev ua haujlwm lom neeg. Raws li ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm bioorganic chemistry, cov thev naus laus zis no tsom rau kev xaiv ua kom muaj cov amino acid monomers, kev coj ua kev sib txuas, thiab kev tswj xyuas meej ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, nthuav tawm tag nrho cov spectrum los ntawm milligram-scale kev npaj rau kilogram-scale industrial ntau lawm. Raws li divergent synthetic tswv yim, nws tau muab faib ua biosynthetic txoj kev vam khom rau cov kab mob lom thiab tshuaj synthesis txoj kev hauv av hauv cov ntsiab lus organic synthesis. Nyeem ntxiv

Peptide solubility yog hais txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm peptide uas tuaj yeem yaj hauv ib chav ntim ntawm cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias thiab pH, feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm huab hwm coj concentration (g / L) lossis molar concentration (mol / L). Raws li cov cuab yeej physicochemical tseem ceeb, nws ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev nqus, faib, metabolism, thiab tso tawm (ADME) cov txheej txheem ntawm peptides hauv vivo, thiab tseem txiav txim siab txog kev npaj thev naus laus zis, kev cia ruaj khov, thiab kev soj ntsuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm peptide-based tshuaj. Nyeem ntxiv

Amino acids yog cov organic tebchaw uas muaj α-amino pawg (α-NH₂) thiab α-carboxyl pawg (α-COOH), nrog rau cov qauv dav dav RCH (NH₂)COOH. Lub α-carbon atom yog txuas mus rau ib qho tshwj xeeb sab-chain pawg (R pab pawg), tsim cov qauv tsim qauv ntawm cov macromolecules lom. Nyeem ntxiv

Peptide purification yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais thiab ua kom cov khoom siv peptide sib xyaw ua ke tau los ntawm kev sib txuas lossis kev qhia siv lub cev, tshuaj, lossis cov txheej txheem lom neeg kom tau txais lub hom phiaj peptides siab purity. Nyeem ntxiv

Peptide tebchaw, vim lawv qhov tshwj xeeb amino acid sequences thiab spatial cov qauv, muaj cov yam ntxwv uas lawv cov kev ua ub no lom neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam rau sab nraud ib puag ncig. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev khaws cia peptide yog los tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li degradation, oxidation, thiab kev sib sau ua ke, yog li tswj hwm lawv cov qauv kev ntseeg siab thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg. Nyeem ntxiv

Kev tshawb fawb peptides yog cov qauv tsim qauv tsim los ua ke hauv cov chaw soj nstuam, uas nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb nyob hauv kev muab cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua neej thiab tsuas yog siv hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro. 'Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro,' muab los ntawm Latin lo lus 'in vitro' (lub ntsiab lus 'hauv iav'), tshwj xeeb yog hais txog cov kev tshawb fawb ua nyob rau hauv cov kev sim tswj cov kev sim, xws li kab lis kev cai ntawm tes, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas molecular, lossis kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas biochemical. Nyeem ntxiv