Los ntawm Peptide Cov Ntaub Ntawv 
Lub Tsib Hlis 1, 2025
Tag nrho cov kab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam muab rau ntawm lub vev xaib no tsuas yog rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm thiab cov hom phiaj kev kawm.
Cov khoom muab rau hauv lub vev xaib no yog npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro (Latin: * hauv iav *, lub ntsiab lus hauv iav) yog ua los ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov khoom no tsis yog tshuaj, tsis tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los tiv thaiv, kho, lossis kho txhua yam mob, kab mob, lossis mob. Nws raug txwv nruj raws li txoj cai los qhia cov khoom no rau hauv tib neeg lossis tsiaj lub cev hauv txhua daim ntawv.
Peptide yog dab tsi?
Lo lus 'peptide' yog los ntawm Greek lo lus 'πέσσειν' (péssein), lub ntsiab lus 'kom zom.' peptide yog ib tug compound tsim los ntawm cov amino acids txuas los ntawm peptide bonds. Peptide bonds, uas yog amide bonds, tshwm sim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej condensation ntawm α-carboxyl pawg ntawm ib amino acid thiab α-amino pawg ntawm lwm tus. Muab faib los ntawm cov amino acid suav, peptides nrog 2 txog 20 amino acids yog hu ua oligopeptides, cov neeg uas muaj 20 txog 50 yog polypeptides, thiab cov kab ke ntau tshaj 50 amino acids nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb yog feem ntau categorized li proteins. Peptides feem ntau muaj qhov hnyav molecular hauv qab 10 kDa. Lawv cov qauv tseem ceeb muaj xws li linear amino acid sequence, thiab qee cov peptides tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv theem nrab xws li α-helices. Kev nthuav tawm ntau lub zog, peptides tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg suav nrog cov teeb liab hloov pauv, kev tswj hwm cov metabolism, thiab cov lus teb tiv thaiv kab mob, ua rau lawv cov biomolecules tseem ceeb nrog ob qho tib si kev sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg hauv kev siv thoob plaws tshuaj, zaub mov science, thiab lwm yam.
Peptides tsim li cas?
| Peptide tsim tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov amino acids ntawm peptide bonds, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv vivo los yog artificially hauv vitro. Hauv cov kab ke lom neeg, ribosomal synthesis suav nrog mRNA nqa cov ntaub ntawv caj ces mus rau ribosomes ncaj qha hauv kev npaj cov amino acids ua kom muaj zog hauv ib ntu tshwj xeeb. Hloov RNAs (tRNAs) xa cov amino acids mus rau ribosome, qhov twg enzymatic catalysis tsav lub cev qhuav dej condensation ntawm α-carboxyl pawg ntawm ib cov amino acid thiab α-amino pawg ntawm lwm tus, tsim ib qho amide (peptide) daim ntawv cog lus thiab tso cov dej molecule; Cov txheej txheem no rov ua kom muaj oligopeptides lossis polypeptides. Non-ribosomal synthesis vam khom tshwj xeeb enzyme complexes zoo li peptide synthetases, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob uas tsim bioactive peptides xws li tshuaj tua kab mob. Nyob rau hauv vitro synthesis feem ntau siv cov khoom-theem peptide synthesis (SPPS), qhov twg cov amino acids tiv thaiv yog sib txuas ua ke rau kev txhawb nqa; deprotection thiab condensation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txuas ntxiv peptide saw stepwise. Xwb, lub hom phiaj peptides tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm enzymatic hydrolysis ntawm cov proteins ntuj. Peptide daim ntawv cog lus sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem kev sib koom ua ke, ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv ntawm peptides thiab cov proteins. Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm peptide bonds tau tham hauv seem 'Peptide Bonds.' |  |
Nomenclature ntawm Peptides
Cov nomenclature ntawm peptides feem ntau muab los ntawm cov amino acids lawv muaj, tom qab lub convention ntawm 'numberal + peptide'. Piv txwv li, dipeptide suav nrog ob amino acids, tripeptide peb, thiab qhov no txuas ntxiv mus rau decapeptide nrog kaum amino acids. Peptides nrog ntau tshaj kaum cov amino acids raug hu ncaj qha raws li '11 - peptide', '20 - peptide', thiab lwm yam. Qhov kev naming no feem ntau siv rau cov pa peptides sib txuas los ntawm α - peptide bonds. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev zam:
Qee cov cyclic peptides, xws li cyclosporine thiab gramicidin, muaj npe nrog 'cyclo -' ua ntej lossis lub npe muaj tswv vim yog kev sib txuas ntawm lub taub hau mus rau tus Tsov tus tw lossis sab - saw cyclization, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj cov khoom tsis zoo xws li D-amino acids.
Peptides nrog kev sib txuas tshwj xeeb, xws li glutathione, uas muaj 'γ-peptide daim ntawv cog lus' tsim los ntawm pawg γ-carboxyl thiab pawg α-amino, tsis txhob ua raws li cov kab lus α-peptide daim ntawv cog lus.
Functional peptides, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob thiab neuropeptides, muaj npe raws li lawv cov kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntau dua li cov amino acid suav. Piv txwv li, mellitin, ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob peptide nrog 26 amino acids.
Non-ribosomally synthesized peptides los ntawm cov kab mob, xws li bacitracin thiab actinomycin, muaj cov amino acids hloov kho (xws li, methylated los yog cyclized) thiab muaj npe tom qab lawv qhov chaw lossis kev ua haujlwm vim lawv txoj kev biosynthetic tshwj xeeb, tsis yog cov amino acid suav.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov kev zam no cuam tshuam txog qhov sib txawv ntawm peptide nomenclature, uas yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov txheej txheem hluavtaws, thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm.
Kev faib tawm ntawm peptides
Peptides tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau qhov ntev:
Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov amino acids, oligopeptides uas muaj 2-20 peptides xws li dipeptide thiab glutathione muaj zog heev; polypeptides nrog 20-50 peptides tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv yooj yim xws li cov khoom siv tshuaj insulin; peptides nrog ntau dua 50 peptides thiab cov haujlwm nyuaj feem ntau yog categorized li proteins, xws li insulin uas muaj 51 amino acids.
Los ntawm cov qauv tshuaj, linear peptides yog txuas los ntawm α-peptide bonds xws li enkephalin, cyclic peptides tsim ib lub nplhaib los ntawm thawj thiab kawg tus Tsov tus tw los yog sab saw xws li cyclosporine, hloov peptides muaj unnatural Cheebtsam xws li D-amino acids ntawm actinomycin, thiab tshwj xeeb txuas peptides xws li peptides.
Los ntawm hom synthesis, ribosomal hluavtaws peptides yog encoded los ntawm cov noob xws li endorphins, non-ribosomal hluavtaws peptides yog nyob ntawm microbial enzyme complexes xws li mycopeptides, thiab hluavtaws peptides yog npaj los ntawm tshuaj lom neeg los yog tshuaj lom neeg xws li tshuaj octreotide.
Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev taw qhia peptides koom nrog hauv kev sib kis xws li thyrotropin-tso cov tshuaj hormones, tshuaj tua kab mob peptides rhuav tshem cov kab mob xws li muv venom peptides, neuropeptides tswj cov hlab ntsha xws li endorphins rau kev ua xua, thiab tseem muaj cov tshuaj peptides thiab cov zaub mov ua haujlwm peptides.
Los ntawm qhov chaw, ntuj peptides muaj nyob rau hauv kab mob los yog khoom noj, xws li mis nyuj casein peptides, thiab hluavtaws peptides tawg los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso kev txwv los ntawm kev siv dag zog, xws li cosmetic oligopeptides.
Los ntawm cov chaw lom neeg, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov tsiaj txhu xws li tensin, cov chaw cog qoob loo xws li taum pauv peptides, thiab microbial qhov chaw xws li Mycobacterium avium peptides.
Cov kev faib tawm no cuam tshuam los cuam tshuam txog kev nplua nuj ntawm peptides hauv cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev siv.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntsig txog peptides
Peptide daim ntawv cog lus: Lub amide daim ntawv cog lus -CO-NH- tsim los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej condensation ntawm α-carboxy pawg ntawm ib cov amino acid nrog α-amino pawg ntawm lwm cov amino acid, uas yog cov txheej txheem covalent bond txuas cov amino acid residues thiab tsim peptides thiab cov proteins.
Oligopeptide: feem ntau yog hais txog cov tsis muaj molecular hnyav peptide tebchaw, xws li dipeptide, tripeptide, thiab lwm yam, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas 2-20 amino acids los ntawm peptide daim ntawv cog lus, thiab muaj kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab cov cell membrane permeability.
Polypeptide: peptide muaj li ntawm 20-50 amino acids, qhov hnyav molecular feem ntau tsawg dua 10 kDa, tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv yooj yim xws li α-helix, yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm oligopeptide thiab cov protein.
Cov qauv tseem ceeb: cov amino acid sib lawv liag ntawm peptide, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv caj ces lossis cov qauv tsim, yog cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm peptide, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau nws cov qauv siab thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg.
Secondary qauv: kev txiav txim conformation tsim los ntawm hydrogen bonding nyob rau hauv lub zos cheeb tsam ntawm peptide saw, xws li α-helix, β-folding, β-tig, thiab lwm yam., uas tsis ruaj khov li ntawm cov proteins, tab sis yog koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov chaw ua haujlwm.
Cyclic peptides: peptides uas tsim cov qauv cyclic los ntawm kev sib txuas cov amino acids thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg los yog cov pab pawg sab nrauv, xws li cyclosporine thiab luv peptide, muaj kev ruaj ntseg siab thiab tiv thaiv enzymatic nta, feem ntau muaj cov npe 'cyclic' hauv lub npe.
Ribosome synthesized peptides: peptides synthesized los ntawm ribosomes ntawm cov kab mob nyob los ntawm mRNA template translation, thiab lawv cov sequences yog encoded los ntawm noob, xws li cov tshuaj hormone insulin thiab cov neurotransmitter endorphin.
Non-ribosomal synthetic peptides: peptides synthesized los ntawm tshwj xeeb enzyme complexes xws li peptide synthetases, feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob xws li kab mob thiab fungi, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj unnatural amino acids xws li D-amino acids, piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tua kab mob Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Khoom Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS): Nyob rau hauv vitro dag peptide synthesis thev naus laus zis, los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm kev tiv thaiv amino acids ntawm cov cab cab, los ntawm kev tiv thaiv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv condensation maj mam txuas cov peptide saw, haum rau luv peptide synthesis precision.
