Site na ozi Peptide 
Mee 1, 2025
Edemede na ozi ngwaahịa niile enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.
Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadoghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ, ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.
Kedu ihe bụ Peptide?
Okwu a bụ 'peptide' sitere na okwu Grik 'πέσσειν' (péssein), nke pụtara 'ịgbari.' Otu peptide bụ ngwakọta nke amino acid jikọtara site na peptide bonds. Njikọ Peptide, nke bụ njikọ amide, na-esite na njupụta nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ n'etiti otu α-carboxyl nke otu amino acid na otu α-amino nke ọzọ. Nkewa site na ọnụ ọgụgụ amino acid, peptides nwere amino acid 2 ruo 20 ka a na-akpọ oligopeptides, ndị nwere 20 ruo 50 bụ polypeptides, na usoro gafere amino acid 50 nwere oghere oghere ka a na-ekewakarị dị ka protein. Peptides na-enwekarị ịdị arọ molekụla n'okpuru 10 kDa. Nhazi ha bụ isi bụ usoro amino acid linear, yana ụfọdụ peptides nwere ike ịmepụta akụkụ nke abụọ dịka α-helices. N'igosipụta ọrụ dị iche iche, peptides na-etinye aka na usoro ndu nke gụnyere ntụgharị mgbaàmà, usoro metabolic, na nzaghachi mgbochi, na-enye ha biomolecules dị mkpa nke nwere ụdị dị iche iche na ọrụ ndu na ngwa n'ofe ọgwụ, sayensị nri, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.
Kedu ka Peptides si emepụta?
| Nhazi nke peptide na-apụta site na njikọ nke amino acids site na njikọ peptide, na-eme na vivo ma ọ bụ artificially in vitro. N'ime usoro ndu, njikọ ribosomal gụnyere mRNA na-ebu ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji duzie ribosomes n'ịhazi amino acid arụ ọrụ n'usoro. Nyefee RNA (tRNAs) na-ebuga amino acid na ribosome, ebe enzymatic catalysis na-eme ka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ dị n'etiti otu α-carboxyl nke otu amino acid na otu α-amino nke ọzọ, na-eme njikọ amide (peptide) ma na-ahapụ molecule mmiri; usoro a na-emegharị ugboro ugboro iji mepụta oligopeptides ma ọ bụ polypeptides. Njikọ na-abụghị ribosomal na-adabere na ogige enzyme pụrụ iche dị ka peptide synthetases, nke a na-ahụkarị na microorganisms na-emepụta peptides bioactive dị ka ọgwụ nje. In vitro synthesis bụ isi na-eji njikọ peptide siri ike (SPPS), ebe amino asịd echedoro n'usoro jikọtara ya na nkwado resin; mmeghachi omume mgbochi na condensation na-agbatị agbụ peptide n'akụkụ ụkwụ ụkwụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike nweta peptides lekwasịrị anya site na enzymatic hydrolysis nke protein ndị sitere n'okike. Nhazi nke njikọ peptide na-anọchite anya usoro njikọta nke covalent, na-eje ozi dị ka isi njikọ na nhazi nke peptides na protein. A tụlere nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara njikọ peptide na ngalaba 'Peptide Bonds.' |  |
Nomenclature nke Peptides
Nhọpụta nke peptides na-enwetakarị site na ọnụọgụ amino acid dị n'ime ha, na-agbaso nkwekọrịta nke 'numeral + peptide'. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dipeptide nwere amino acid abụọ, tripeptide atọ, nke a na-agakwa n'ihu ruo decapeptide nwere amino acid iri. A na-akpọ peptides nwere ihe karịrị amino acid iri dị ka '11 - peptide', '20 - peptide', wdg. Usoro aha a na-emetụtakarị peptides linear nke α - peptide bonds jikọtara. Agbanyeghị, ewepụrụ dị:
Ụfọdụ peptides cyclic, dị ka cyclosporine na gramicidin, ka a na-akpọ prefix 'cyclo -' ma ọ bụ aha nwe ya n'ihi njikọ isi na ọdụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ - cyclization yinye, ma nwee ike ịnwe ihe ndị na-abụghị eke dị ka D-amino acid.
Peptides nwere njikọ pụrụ iche, dị ka glutathione, nke nwere njikọ 'γ-peptide' nke etolite n'etiti otu γ-carboxyl na otu α-amino, anaghị eso usoro ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ α-peptide linear.
A na-akpọ peptides na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka antimicrobial na neuropeptides, dabere na ọrụ ndụ ha karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ amino acid. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mellitin, peptide antimicrobial nwere amino acid 26.
peptides na-abụghị ribosomally synthesized sitere na microorganisms, dị ka bacitracin na actinomycin, nwere amino asịd gbanwetụrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, methylated ma ọ bụ cyclized) na aha ha sitere na isi mmalite ma ọ bụ ọrụ ha n'ihi ụzọ biosynthetic pụrụ iche, karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ amino acid.
Na nchịkọta, ihe ndị a dị iche iche na-egosipụta ọdịdị dị iche iche nke peptide nomenclature, nke ga-eburu n'uche atụmatụ nhazi, ụzọ sịntetik, na njirimara ọrụ.
Nhazi nke peptides
Enwere ike kewaa peptide n'ọtụtụ akụkụ:
Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino acid, oligopeptides nke nwere 2-20 peptides dị ka dipeptide na glutathione na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma; polypeptides nwere 20-50 peptides nwere ike ịmepụta oghere dị mfe dị ka iberibe insulinogen; A na-ahazi peptides nwere ihe karịrị 50 peptides na ọrụ mgbagwoju anya dị ka protein, dị ka insulin nke nwere amino acid 51.
Site na usoro kemịkalụ, peptides linear jikọtara ya na njikọ α-peptide dị ka enkephalin, peptides cyclic na-etolite mgbanaka site na ọdụ mbụ na nke ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ yinye akụkụ dị ka cyclosporine, peptides gbanwere nwere ihe ndị na-ekwekọghị n'okike dị ka D-amino acids nke actinomycin, yana peptides nwere njikọ pụrụ iche dị ka glutathione jikọtara ya.
Site na usoro nke njikọ, ribosomal peptides sịntetik na-etinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị ka endorphins, peptides na-abụghị ribosomal synthetic peptides dabere na microbial enzyme complexes dị ka mycopeptides, na peptides sịntetị na-eji kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ usoro ndu dị ka ọgwụ octreotide.
Site na ọrụ, peptides na-egosi na-etinye aka na nnyefe dị ka hormone na-ahapụ thyrotropin, peptides na-egbu nje na-ebibi akpụkpọ anụ dị ka peptides venom, neuropeptides na-achịkwa irighiri akwara dị ka endorphins maka analgesia, na e nwekwara peptides ọgwụ na peptides nri na-arụ ọrụ.
Site na isi iyi, peptides sitere n'okike dị na ntule ma ọ bụ nri, dị ka casein peptides mmiri ara ehi, na peptides sịntetik na-emebi oke eke site na ntinye aka, dị ka ịchọ mma oligopeptides.
Site na isi mmalite nke ndu, enwere ike ịkewa ha n'ụdị anụmanụ dị ka tensin, isi mmalite osisi dị ka peptides soybean, na isi mmalite microbial dị ka Mycobacterium avium peptides.
Nkewa ndị a na-ejikọta ọnụ iji gosipụta ụdị peptides bara ụba na nhazi, ọrụ na ngwa.
Okwu ndị dị mkpa metụtara peptides
Njikọ Peptide: Njikọ amide -CO-NH- nke etolite site na ikuku mmiri mmiri nke otu α-carboxy nke otu amino acid yana otu α-amino nke amino acid ọzọ, nke bụ njikọ njikọ dị mkpa na-ejikọta amino acid residues na mejupụtara peptides na protein.
Oligopeptide: na-ezokarị aka na ogige peptide dị arọ dị ala, dị ka dipeptide, tripeptide, wdg, nke a na-emepụta site na ijikọta 2-20 amino acids site na njikọ peptide, ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ ndu na akpụkpọ anụ ahụ.
Polypeptide: peptide nke nwere amino acid 20-50 mejupụtara, ịdị arọ molekụla na-abụkarị ihe na-erughị 10 kDa, nwere ike mepụta usoro oghere dị mfe dị ka α-helix, bụ molekul na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti oligopeptide na protein.
Nhazi nke izizi: usoro amino acid nke peptide, kpebisiri ike site na ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe, bụ usoro kemịkalụ bụ isi nke peptide, nke na-emetụta usoro ya dị elu na ọrụ ndu ya ozugbo.
Usoro nke abụọ: nhazi iwu nke e guzobere site na hydrogen bonding na mpaghara mpaghara nke yinye peptide, dị ka α-helix, β-folding, β-turning, wdg, nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike dị ka nke protein, ma na-etinye aka na nhazi saịtị na-arụ ọrụ.
Cyclic peptides: peptides na-etolite usoro cyclic site na ijikọ amino acid nke mbụ na nke ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ otu agbụ akụkụ, dị ka cyclosporine na peptide mkpụmkpụ, nwere nkwụsi ike dị elu na njirimara mgbochi enzymatic, na-enwekarị prefix 'cyclic' n'aha.
Ribosome synthesized peptides: peptides emepụtara site na ribosomes nke ihe ndị dị ndụ site na ntụgharị mRNA template, usoro ha na-etinyekwa usoro ha site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, dị ka insulin homonụ na endorphin neurotransmitter.
peptides sịntetik na-abụghị ribosomal: peptides arụpụtara site na ogige enzyme pụrụ iche dị ka peptide synthetases, nke a na-ahụkarị na microorganisms dị ka nje bacteria na fungi, ma nwee ike ịnwe amino acid na-ekwekọghị n'okike dị ka D-amino acid, ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụ nje Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS): In vitro artificial peptide synthesis technology, site n'usoro njikọ nke amino asịd echedoro na resin ebu, site na deprotection, condensation mmeghachi omume na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbatịa peptide yinye, kwesịrị ekwesị maka mkpụmkpụ peptide njikọ nkenke.
