Na ʻIkepili Peptide 
Mei 1, 2025
ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a i ʻole maʻi. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.
He aha ka Peptide?
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo 'peptide' mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene 'πέσσειν' (péssein), ʻo ia hoʻi, 'e hoʻoheheʻe.' ʻO ka peptide kahi hui i hana ʻia e nā waikawa amino i hoʻopili ʻia ma o nā paʻa peptide. ʻO nā paʻa peptide, ʻo ia nā mea paʻa amide, puka mai ka condensation dehydration ma waena o ka pūʻulu α-carboxyl o kekahi waikawa amino a me ka pūʻulu α-amino o kekahi. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu amino acid, kapa ʻia nā peptides me 2 a 20 amino acids he oligopeptides, ʻo ka poʻe me 20 a 50 he polypeptides, a ʻo nā kaʻina i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 amino acids me nā hale kikoʻī kikoʻī e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā protein. Loaʻa i nā peptide ke kaumaha molekala ma lalo o 10 kDa. ʻO kā lākou hana mua he laina amino acid linear, a hiki i kekahi mau peptides ke hana i nā hale lua e like me α-helice. Ke hōʻike nei i nā hana like ʻole, ua komo nui nā peptides i nā kaʻina biological e like me ka transduction signal, metabolic regulation, a me nā pane kūlohelohe, e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā biomolecules koʻikoʻi me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā hana biological i nā noi ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻepekema meaʻai, a me nā kula ʻē aʻe.
Pehea i hana ʻia ai nā peptide?
| Hoʻokumu ʻia ka peptide ma o ka pilina o nā waikawa amino ma o nā paʻa peptide, e kū maoli ana i loko o ka vivo a i ʻole i loko o ka vitro. I loko o nā ʻōnaehana olaola, pili ka ribosomal synthesis i ka mRNA e lawe ana i ka ʻike genetic e kuhikuhi i nā ribosomes i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā waikawa amino i hoʻāla ʻia i kahi kaʻina kikoʻī. Hoʻouna nā RNAs (tRNAs) i nā amino acids i ka ribosome, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ai ka enzymatic catalysis i ka condensation dehydration ma waena o ka hui α-carboxyl o hoʻokahi amino acid a me ka pūʻulu α-amino o kekahi, e hana ana i kahi paʻa amide (peptide) a hoʻokuʻu i kahi mole wai; Ke hana hou nei kēia kaʻina hana i nā oligopeptides a i ʻole polypeptides. Ke hilinaʻi nei ka non-ribosomal synthesis i nā paʻakikī enzyme kūikawā e like me peptide synthetases, i ʻike mau ʻia i nā microorganism e hana ana i nā peptides bioactive e like me nā lāʻau antibiotic. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka synthesis in vitro i ka solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), kahi e hui pū ʻia ai nā waikawa amino pale i kahi kākoʻo resin; deprotection and condensation reactions hoʻonui i ke kaulahao peptide stepwise. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke loaʻa nā peptides target ma o ka hydrolysis enzymatic o nā protein kūlohelohe. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka peptide bond e hōʻike ana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa covalent, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he pilina koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano kumu o nā peptides a me nā protein. Kūkākūkā ʻia nā kikoʻī hou aku e pili ana i nā paʻa peptide ma ka ʻāpana 'Peptide Bonds.' |  |
Nomenclature of Peptides
ʻO ka nomenclature o nā peptides maʻamau e loaʻa mai i ka helu o nā amino acids i loko o lākou, ma muli o ka hui ʻana o ka 'numeral + peptide'. No ka laʻana, loaʻa i kahi dipeptide ʻelua mau waikawa amino, kahi tripeptide ʻekolu, a hoʻomau kēia i kahi decapeptide me ʻumi mau amino acids. ʻO nā peptide me nā ʻakika amino ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi, ua kapa pololei ʻia ʻo '11 - peptide', '20 - peptide', a pēlā aku. Pili kēia ʻōnaehana inoa i nā peptides laina maʻamau i hoʻopili ʻia e nā paʻa α - peptide. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa:
Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau peptides cyclic, e like me ka cyclosporine a me ka gramicidin, me kahi prefix 'cyclo -' a i ʻole he inoa proprietary ma muli o ka pilina poʻo a me ka huelo a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao - chain cyclization, a loaʻa paha nā mea kūlohelohe ʻole e like me D-amino acids.
ʻO nā peptide me ka pilina kūikawā, e like me ka glutathione, nona ka 'γ-peptide bond' i hoʻokumu ʻia ma waena o ka hui γ-carboxyl a me ka pūʻulu α-amino, ʻaʻole e hahai i ka laina laina α-peptide bond number convention.
ʻO nā peptides hana, e like me nā antimicrobial a me nā neuropeptides, ua kapa ʻia ma muli o kā lākou mau hana olaola ma mua o ka helu amino acid. No ka laʻana, mellitin, he peptide antimicrobial me 26 amino acids.
ʻO nā peptides non-ribosomal synthesized mai nā microorganism, e like me ka bacitracin a me actinomycin, loaʻa nā amino acids i hoʻololi ʻia (e laʻa, methylated a cyclized) a ua kapa ʻia ma muli o ko lākou kumu a i ʻole hana ma muli o ko lākou mau ala biosynthetic kū hoʻokahi, ma mua o ka helu amino acid.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hōʻike kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano like ʻole o ka peptide nomenclature, pono e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona, nā ala synthetic, a me nā ʻano hana.
Hoʻokaʻawale i nā peptides
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā peptide i nā ʻāpana he nui:
Ma ka helu o nā amino acids, oligopeptides i loaʻa i ka 2-20 peptides e like me ka dipeptide a me ka glutathione he ikaika loa; hiki i nā polypeptides me 20-50 peptides ke hoʻokumu i nā hale spatial maʻalahi e like me nā ʻāpana insulinogen; ʻO nā peptides me ka ʻoi aku o 50 mau peptides a me nā hana paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā protein, e like me ka insulin i loaʻa he 51 amino acids.
Ma ka hoʻolālā kemika, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā peptides laina e nā paʻa α-peptide e like me enkephalin, nā peptides cyclic e hana i ke apo ma o ka huelo mua a hope a i ʻole ke kaulahao ʻaoʻao e like me cyclosporine, nā peptides i hoʻololi ʻia he mau mea kūlohelohe e like me ka D-amino acids o actinomycin, a me nā peptides i hoʻopili kūikawā ʻia e like me ka glutathione-peptide i hoʻopili ʻia e ka glutathione bond.
Ma ke ʻano o ka synthesis, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā peptides synthetic ribosomal e nā genes e like me endorphins, nā peptides synthetic non-ribosomal e hilinaʻi nei i nā microbial enzyme complexes e like me mycopeptides, a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā peptides synthetic e nā mea kemika a i ʻole nā mea ola e like me ka lāʻau octreotide.
Ma ka hana, pili nā peptides hōʻailona i ka hoʻouna ʻana e like me ka hormone hoʻokuʻu thyrotropin, nā peptides antibacterial e luku i nā membrane bacteria e like me ka bee venom peptides, nā neuropeptides e hoʻoponopono i nā aʻalolo e like me endorphins no ka analgesia, a aia kekahi peptides lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā peptides meaʻai hana.
Ma ke kumu, aia nā peptides kūlohelohe i loko o nā meaola a i ʻole nā meaʻai, e like me ka peptides kasein dairy, a me nā peptides synthetic e haki i nā palena kūlohelohe ma o ka hana artificial, e like me nā oligopeptides cosmetic.
Ma nā kumu olaola, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā kumu holoholona e like me tensin, nā kumu mea kanu e like me ka soybean peptides, a me nā kumu microbial e like me Mycobacterium avium peptides.
Hoʻopili kēia mau papa inoa e hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa waiwai o nā peptides i ke ʻano, ka hana a me ka noi.
ʻO nā huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā peptides
Paʻa Peptide: ʻO ka paʻa amide -CO-NH- i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka condensation dehydration o ka hui α-carboxy o hoʻokahi amino acid me ka hui α-amino o kekahi amino acid, ʻo ia ka paʻa covalent kumu e hoʻopili ai i nā koena amino acid a me nā peptides a me nā protein.
Oligopeptide: pili pinepine i nā pūhui peptide kaumaha haʻahaʻa, e like me ka dipeptide, tripeptide, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka 2-20 amino acids ma o ka paʻa peptide, a he kiʻekiʻe ka hana biological a me ka permeability membrane cell.
Polypeptide: peptide i haku ʻia he 20-50 amino acids, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha o ka molekala ma mua o 10 kDa, hiki ke hana i ka hoʻolālā spatial maʻalahi e like me ka α-helix, he mole hana ma waena o ka oligopeptide a me ka protein.
ʻO ke kumu mua: ʻo ke kaʻina amino acid o ka peptide, i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻike genetic a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā artificial, ʻo ia ke ʻano kemika kumu o ka peptide, e pili pono ana i kona ʻano holomua a me ka hana biological.
ʻO ka hana lua: ka conformation kauoha i hana ʻia e ka hydrogen hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wahi kūloko o ke kaulahao peptide, e like me ka α-helix, β-folding, β-turning, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i paʻa e like me nā protein, akā pili i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kahua hana.
Cyclic peptides: peptides i hana i ka cyclic structure ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mua a me ka hope amino acids a i ʻole nā hui kaulahao ʻaoʻao, e like me ka cyclosporine a me ka peptide pōkole, me nā hiʻohiʻona paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me nā hiʻohiʻona anti-enzymatic, i loaʻa pinepine i ka prefix 'cyclic' ma ka inoa.
Ribosome synthesized peptides: peptides synthesized e nā ribosomes o nā mea ola ma o ka mRNA template translation, a ua hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou mau kaʻina e nā genes, e like me ka hormone insulin a me ka neurotransmitter endorphin.
Non-ribosomal synthetic peptides: peptides synthesed by special enzyme complexes like peptide synthetases, loaʻa mau i loko o nā microorganisms like bacteria a me nā haʻi, a loaʻa paha nā amino acids like ʻole e like me D-amino acids, e laʻa, ka antibiotic Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS): In vitro artificial peptide synthesis technology, ma o ka hui pū ʻana o nā amino acids i pale ʻia ma ka resin carrier, ma o ka deprotection, condensation reaction e hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaulahao peptide, kūpono no ka pōkole peptide synthesis precision.
