Ta Bayanin Peptide 
Mayu 1, 2025
DUKKANIN LABARI DA BAYANIN KYAUTATAWA DA AKE BAYAR A WANNAN SHAFIN KAWAI DOMIN WATSA BAYANI NE DA MANUFOFIN ILIMI.
Kayayyakin da aka bayar akan wannan gidan yanar gizon an yi niyya ne kawai don binciken in vitro. Binciken in vitro (Latin: *a cikin gilashi*, ma'ana a cikin gilashin gilashi) ana gudanar da shi a wajen jikin mutum. Waɗannan samfuran ba magunguna ba ne, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ba ta amince da su ba, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su don hanawa, magani, ko warkar da duk wani yanayi na likita, cuta, ko cuta. Doka ta haramta shigar da waɗannan samfuran cikin jikin mutum ko dabba ta kowace hanya.
Menene Peptide?
Kalmar 'peptide' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci 'πέσσειν' (péssein), ma'ana 'don narkewa.' peptide wani fili ne da amino acid ke samuwa ta hanyar haɗin peptide. Peptide bond, waxanda suke da haɗin kai, sun taso ne daga rashin ruwa tsakanin rukunin α-carboxyl na ɗaya amino acid da α-amino rukuni na wani. An rarraba su ta hanyar ƙididdigar amino acid, peptides masu amino acid 2 zuwa 20 ana kiransu oligopeptides, waɗanda ke da 20 zuwa 50 polypeptides ne, kuma jerin abubuwan da suka wuce amino acid 50 tare da ƙayyadaddun tsarin sararin samaniya gabaɗaya ana rarraba su azaman sunadaran. Peptides yawanci suna da nauyin kwayoyin da ke ƙasa da 10 kDa. Tsarin su na farko ya ƙunshi jerin amino acid na layi, kuma wasu peptides na iya samar da sifofi na biyu kamar α-helices. Nuna ayyuka daban-daban, peptides suna da hannu sosai a cikin hanyoyin nazarin halittu ciki har da siginar siginar, ka'idojin rayuwa, da martani na rigakafi, suna mai da su mahimman kwayoyin halittu tare da bambance-bambancen tsari da ayyukan nazarin halittu a cikin aikace-aikace a duk faɗin magani, kimiyyar abinci, da sauran fannoni.
Ta yaya ake Samar da Peptides?
| Samuwar Peptide yana faruwa ta hanyar haɗin amino acid ta hanyar haɗin peptide, wanda ke faruwa a zahiri a cikin vivo ko ta wucin gadi a cikin vitro. A cikin tsarin ilimin halitta, haɗin ribosomal ya ƙunshi mRNA ɗauke da bayanan kwayoyin halitta don jagorantar ribosomes a cikin tsara amino acid da aka kunna a cikin takamaiman jeri. Canja wurin RNA (tRNAs) suna isar da amino acid zuwa ribosome, inda enzymatic catalysis ke haifar da rashin ruwa tsakanin rukunin α-carboxyl na amino acid ɗaya da ƙungiyar α-amino na wani, ƙirƙirar haɗin amide (peptide) da sakin kwayar ruwa; wannan tsari yana maimaita don samar da oligopeptides ko polypeptides. Haɗin da ba na ribosomal ba ya dogara ne da kaddarorin enzyme na musamman kamar peptide synthetases, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samar da peptides na bioactive kamar maganin rigakafi. In vitro kira da farko yana amfani da ingantaccen-lokaci peptide synthesis (SPPS), inda amino acid masu kariya suna bi da bi zuwa goyan bayan guduro; deprotection da natsuwa halayen mika peptide sarkar stepwise. A madadin, ana iya samun peptides manufa ta hanyar enzymatic hydrolysis na sunadaran halitta. Samuwar haɗin gwiwar peptide yana wakiltar tsarin haɗin kai, yana aiki azaman ginshiƙan haɗin kai a cikin tsarin farko na peptides da sunadarai. An tattauna ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da haɗin gwiwar peptide a cikin sashin 'Peptide Bonds.' |  |
Sunayen Peptides
Sunan peptides yawanci yana samuwa ne daga adadin amino acid ɗin da suke ɗauke da su, biyo bayan al'adar 'lamba + peptide'. Misali, dipeptide ya ƙunshi amino acid guda biyu, tripeptide uku, kuma wannan yana ci gaba har zuwa decapeptide tare da amino acid goma. Peptides masu amino acid sama da goma ana kiransu kai tsaye kamar '11 - peptide', '20 - peptide', da sauransu. Koyaya, akwai keɓancewa:
Wasu peptides na cyclic, irin su cyclosporine da gramicidin, suna da suna tare da prefix 'cyclo -' ko sunan mallakar mallaka saboda haɗin kai zuwa wutsiya ko gefe - hawan keke, kuma yana iya ƙunsar abubuwan da ba na halitta ba kamar D-amino acid.
Peptides tare da haɗin kai na musamman, irin su glutathione, wanda ke da haɗin gwiwar 'γ-peptide' da aka kafa tsakanin ƙungiyar γ-carboxyl da ƙungiyar α-amino, ba sa bin al'adar ƙima ta α-peptide bond mai layi.
Ana kiran peptides masu aiki, irin su antimicrobial da neuropeptides, bisa la'akari da ayyukansu na rayuwa maimakon ƙididdigar amino acid. Alal misali, mellitin, peptide antimicrobial tare da amino acid 26.
Abubuwan peptides waɗanda ba a haɗa su da ribosomally ba daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar bacitracin da actinomycin, sun ƙunshi gyare-gyaren amino acid (misali, methylated ko cyclized) kuma ana kiran su da tushensu ko aikinsu saboda hanyoyinsu na musamman na biosynthetic, maimakon adadin amino acid.
A taƙaice, waɗannan keɓancewar suna nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan nomenclature na peptide, waɗanda dole ne suyi la'akari da sifofin tsarin, hanyoyin roba, da halayen aiki.
Rarraba na peptides
Peptides za a iya rarraba ta cikin girma da yawa:
Ta adadin amino acid, oligopeptides da ke kunshe da peptides 2-20 kamar dipeptide da glutathione suna aiki sosai; polypeptides tare da peptides 20-50 na iya samar da sifofi masu sauƙi kamar guntun insulinogen; peptides tare da fiye da peptides 50 da hadaddun ayyuka yawanci ana rarraba su azaman sunadaran, kamar insulin wanda ya ƙunshi amino acid 51.
Ta hanyar tsarin sinadarai, peptides na layi suna haɗe ta hanyar haɗin α-peptide irin su enkephalin, peptides cyclic suna samar da zobe ta hanyar wutsiya ta farko da ta ƙarshe ko sarkar gefe kamar cyclosporine, peptides da aka gyara sun ƙunshi abubuwan da ba na halitta ba kamar su D-amino acid na actinomycin, da peptides na musamman masu alaƙa kamar su glutathione.
Ta hanyar haɓakawa, peptides na roba na ribosomal suna ɓoye ta kwayoyin halitta irin su endorphins, peptides ba ribosomal roba peptides sun dogara da microbial enzyme complexes irin su mycopeptides, kuma peptides na roba ana shirya su ta hanyar sinadarai ko ilimin halitta irin su octreotide na magani.
Ta hanyar aiki, peptides masu sigina suna shiga cikin watsawa kamar hormone mai sakin thyrotropin, peptides na ƙwayoyin cuta suna lalata ƙwayoyin cuta kamar peptides dafin kudan zuma, neuropeptides suna daidaita jijiyoyi irin su endorphins don analgesia, sannan akwai peptides na magani da peptides na aiki.
Ta hanyar tushe, peptides na halitta suna wanzuwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta ko abinci, kamar kiwo casein peptides, da peptides na roba suna karya ta iyakokin yanayi ta hanyar sa baki na wucin gadi, kamar su oligopeptides na kwaskwarima.
Ta hanyar tushen ilimin halitta, ana iya rarraba su zuwa tushen dabba kamar su tensin, tushen shuka irin su peptides na waken soya, da tushen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Mycobacterium avium peptides.
Waɗannan rarrabuwa sun haɗu don nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin peptides a cikin tsari, aiki da aikace-aikace.
Muhimman kalmomi masu alaƙa da peptides
Peptide bond: Amintaccen haɗin gwiwa -CO-NH- wanda aka kafa ta hanyar rashin ruwa na rukunin α-carboxy na amino acid guda ɗaya tare da rukunin α-amino na wani amino acid, wanda shine ainihin haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke haɗa ragowar amino acid da samar da peptides da sunadarai.
Oligopeptide: yawanci yana nufin ƙananan ƙwayoyin peptide mahadi, irin su dipeptide, tripeptide, da dai sauransu, waɗanda aka samo su ta hanyar haɗa amino acid 2-20 ta hanyar haɗin peptide, kuma suna da babban aikin nazarin halittu da kuma iyawar kwayar halitta.
Polypeptide: peptide wanda ya ƙunshi amino acid 20-50, nauyin kwayoyin yawanci ƙasa da 10 kDa, zai iya samar da tsari mai sauƙi kamar α-helix, kwayoyin aiki ne tsakanin oligopeptide da furotin.
Tsarin farko: jerin amino acid na peptide, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar bayanan kwayoyin halitta ko ƙirar wucin gadi, shine ainihin tsarin sinadarai na peptide, wanda kai tsaye yana rinjayar ci gaban tsarinsa da aikin ilimin halitta.
Tsarin na biyu: tsarin da aka ba da umarnin da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen a cikin yanki na sarkar peptide, irin su α-helix, β-folding, β-juyawa, da dai sauransu, wanda ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kamar na sunadarai, amma yana shiga cikin samar da wuraren aiki.
Cyclic peptides: peptides waɗanda ke samar da tsarin cyclic ta hanyar haɗa amino acid na farko da na ƙarshe ko ƙungiyoyin sarkar gefe, kamar cyclosporine da gajeriyar peptide, tare da babban kwanciyar hankali da sifofin anti-enzymatic, galibi suna ɗauke da prefix 'cyclic' a cikin sunan.
Ribosome sun haɗa da peptides: peptides waɗanda aka haɗa ta ribosomes na rayayyun halittu ta hanyar fassarar samfuri na mRNA, kuma jerin su suna ɓoye ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, kamar insulin hormone da endorphin neurotransmitter.
Ba ribosomal roba peptides: peptides hada ta musamman enzyme hadaddun kamar peptide synthetases, wanda aka fi samu a cikin microorganisms kamar kwayoyin cuta da fungi, kuma zai iya dauke da m amino acid kamar D-amino acid, misali, antibiotic Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS): In vitro wucin gadi kira peptide fasahar, ta hanyar jeri hadawa da kariya amino acid a kan guduro m, ta hanyar deprotection, condensation dauki zuwa sannu a hankali mika peptide sarkar, dace da gajeren peptide kira daidai.
