Na Peptide Amakuru 
1 Gicurasi 2025
INGINGO ZOSE N'AMAKURU Y’IBICURUZWA BITANZWE KURI URU RUBUGA BISANZWE KUBONA AMAKURU N'INTEGO Z'UBUREZI.
Ibicuruzwa byatanzwe kururu rubuga bigenewe gusa mubushakashatsi bwa vitro. Mu bushakashatsi bwa vitro (Ikilatini: * mu kirahure *, bisobanura mu bikoresho by'ibirahure) bikorwa hanze y'umubiri w'umuntu. Ibicuruzwa ntabwo ari imiti, ntabwo byemejwe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge (FDA), kandi ntigomba gukoreshwa mu gukumira, kuvura, cyangwa gukiza indwara iyo ari yo yose y’ubuvuzi, indwara, cyangwa indwara. Birabujijwe rwose n'amategeko kwinjiza ibyo bicuruzwa mumubiri wabantu cyangwa inyamaswa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose.
Peptide ni iki?
Ijambo 'peptide ' rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki 'πέσσειν ' (péssein), risobanura 'gusya. Peptide bond, ari amide bond, ituruka kumyuka ya dehidrasi hagati ya α-carboxyl groupe ya acide amine imwe na α-amino yandi. Urutonde rwa aminide acide, peptide ifite aside amine 2 kugeza kuri 20 yitwa oligopeptide, abafite 20 kugeza kuri 50 ni polypeptide, kandi urutonde rurenga 50 aside amine ifite imiterere yihariye isanzwe ishyirwa mubikorwa nka poroteyine. Peptide mubisanzwe ifite uburemere bwa molekile munsi ya 10 kDa. Imiterere yabo yibanze igizwe numurongo wa amino acide ikurikiranye, kandi peptide zimwe zishobora gukora urwego rwa kabiri nka α-helices. Kugaragaza imikorere itandukanye, peptide igira uruhare runini mubikorwa byibinyabuzima birimo kwanduza ibimenyetso, kugenzura metabolike, hamwe n’ibisubizo by’ubudahangarwa, bikabaha biomolecules zingenzi zifite imiterere itandukanye ndetse n’imikorere y’ibinyabuzima mu bikorwa by’ubuvuzi, ubumenyi bw’ibiribwa, n’izindi nzego.
Peptide ikorwa ite?
| Imiterere ya peptide ibaho binyuze muguhuza aside amine ikoresheje peptide, ibaho mubisanzwe muri vivo cyangwa muburyo bwa vitro. Muri sisitemu y'ibinyabuzima, synthesis ya ribosomal ikubiyemo mRNA itwara amakuru ya genetike kugirango yerekeze ribosomes mugutegura aside amine ikora muburyo bukurikiranye. Iyimura RNAs (tRNAs) itanga aside amine kuri ribosome, aho catisime enzymatique itera umwuma wa dehidrasi hagati ya α-carboxyl ya acide amine imwe na α-amino yandi, ikora umurunga wa amide (peptide) ukarekura molekile y'amazi; iyi nzira isubiramo kubyara oligopeptide cyangwa polypeptide. Synthesis itari ribosomal ishingiye kumasemburo yihariye ya enzyme nka peptide ya peptide, ikunze kugaragara muri mikorobe ikora peptide ya bioactive nka antibiotique. Muri vitro synthesis ikoresha cyane cyane synthesis ya peptide ikomeye (SPPS), aho acide aminide irinzwe ihujwe hamwe na resin; deprotection na condensation reaction yagura urunigi rwa peptide intambwe. Ubundi, intego ya peptide irashobora kuboneka hifashishijwe hydrolysis ya enzymatique ya proteine karemano. Iterambere rya peptide ryerekana uburyo bwo guhuza ibintu, bikora nkibyingenzi byingenzi muburyo bwibanze bwa peptide na proteyine. Ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeye peptide byaganiriweho mugice 'Peptide Bonds. ' |  |
Nomenclature ya Peptide
Amazina ya peptide ubusanzwe akomoka ku mubare wa aside amine irimo, nyuma y’amasezerano ya 'numero + peptide '. Kurugero, dipeptide igizwe na acide ebyiri za amino, tripeptide eshatu, kandi ibi bikomeza kugeza kuri decapeptide hamwe na acide icumi ya amino. Peptide ifite aside irenga icumi ya amino yitwa ' 11 - peptide ', '20 - peptide ', nibindi. Ubu buryo bwo kwita izina bukoreshwa mubisanzwe peptide isanzwe ihujwe na α - peptide. Ariko, ibidasanzwe birahari:
Peptide zimwe na zimwe, nka cyclosporine na gramicidine, zitwa prefix ya 'cyclo - ' cyangwa izina nyirizina kubera guhuza umutwe-umurizo cyangwa uruhande - kuzunguruka urunigi, kandi birashobora kuba birimo ibintu bitari bisanzwe nka acide D-amino.
Peptide ifite umurongo udasanzwe, nka glutathione, ifite 'γ-peptide bond ' yashizweho hagati ya car-carboxyl hamwe nitsinda α-amino, ntabwo ikurikiza umurongo α-peptide uhuza numero.
Peptide ikora, nka anticicrobial na neuropeptides, yitwa amazina ashingiye kumikorere yabyo aho kubara aside amine. Kurugero, mellitin, peptide yica mikorobe hamwe na acide 26 amine.
Peptide idafite ribosomale ikomoka kuri mikorobe, nka bacitracine na actinomycine, irimo aside amine yahinduwe (urugero, methylated cyangwa cyclised) kandi yitirirwa inkomoko yabyo cyangwa imikorere yabo kubera inzira zabo zidasanzwe za biosynetique, aho kubara aside amine.
Muri make, ibi bidasanzwe byerekana imiterere itandukanye ya peptide nomenclature, igomba kuzirikana imiterere yimiterere, inzira yubukorikori, nibiranga imikorere.
Ibyiciro bya peptide
Peptide irashobora gushyirwa mubice byinshi:
Numubare wa aside amine, oligopeptide igizwe na peptide 2-20 nka dipeptide na glutathione zirakora cyane; polypeptide hamwe na peptide 20-50 irashobora gukora ibintu byoroshye ahantu hatandukanye nkibice bya insuline; peptide ifite peptide zirenga 50 nibikorwa bigoye mubisanzwe byashyizwe mubikorwa nka poroteyine, nka insuline irimo aside amine 51.
Ukurikije imiterere yimiti, peptide yumurongo ihuzwa na α-peptide ihuza nka enkephalin, peptide cyclicale ikora impeta binyuze mumurizo wa mbere nuwanyuma cyangwa urunigi rwuruhande nka cyclosporine, peptide yahinduwe irimo ibice bidasanzwe nka acide D-amino acide ya actinomycine, hamwe na peptide ihuza cyane nka glutathione.
Muburyo bwa synthesis, peptide ya ribosomal peptide iba igizwe na gen nka endorphine, peptide ya sintetike itari ribosomal iterwa na mikorobe ya enzyme ya mikorobe nka mycopeptides, na peptide ya syntetique itegurwa hakoreshejwe imiti cyangwa ibinyabuzima nka octreotide yubuvuzi.
Mu mikorere, ibimenyetso bya peptide bigira uruhare mu kwanduza nka hormone irekura thyrotropine, peptide ya antibacterial yangiza ururenda rwa bagiteri nka peptide y’inzuki, neuropeptide igenga imitsi nka endorphine ya analgesia, kandi hariho na peptide y’imiti na peptide ikora.
Inkomoko yabyo, peptide karemano ibaho mubinyabuzima cyangwa ibiryo, nka peptide y’amata, na peptide ya sintetike ikuraho imipaka isanzwe ikoresheje uburyo bwa artile, nka oligopeptide yo kwisiga.
Inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima, irashobora gushyirwa mubice bikomoka ku nyamaswa nka tensin, amasoko y'ibimera nka peptide ya soya, hamwe na mikorobe nka Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Ibyo byiciro birahuza kugirango bigaragaze itandukaniro ryinshi rya peptide muburyo, imikorere no kuyishyira mubikorwa.
Amagambo y'ingenzi ajyanye na peptide
Peptide bond: Amide bond -CO-NH- ikozwe na dehdrasi ya dehydrasi ya α-carboxy ya acide amine imwe hamwe na α-amino itsinda ryindi aside amine, akaba aribwo buryo bwibanze bwa covalent ihuza ibisigazwa bya aside amine kandi bigizwe na peptide na proteyine.
Oligopeptide: ubusanzwe bivuga uburemere buke bwa peptide ya peptide, nka dipeptide, tripeptide, nibindi, bigizwe no guhuza aside amine 2-20 binyuze mumurongo wa peptide, kandi bifite ibikorwa byibinyabuzima byinshi hamwe na selile ya selile.
Polypeptide: peptide igizwe na aside amine 20-50, uburemere bwa molekile mubusanzwe buri munsi ya 10 kDa, irashobora gukora imiterere yoroheje nka α-helix, ni molekile ikora hagati ya oligopeptide na proteyine.
Imiterere y'ibanze: aside amine ikurikirana ya peptide, igenwa namakuru ya genetike cyangwa igishushanyo mbonera, ni imiterere shingiro yimiti ya peptide, igira ingaruka itaziguye kumiterere yayo nimikorere yibinyabuzima.
Imiterere ya kabiri: ihinduka ryateganijwe ryakozwe na hydrogen ihuza mugace kegereye urunigi rwa peptide, nka α-helix, β -gukubita, β-guhindukira, nibindi, bidahagaze neza nkibya poroteyine, ariko bigira uruhare mugushinga ibibanza bikora.
Peptide ya cycle: peptide ikora imiterere ya cycle muguhuza acide ya mbere na nyuma ya amine acide cyangwa amatsinda yuruhererekane rwuruhande, nka cyclosporine na peptide ngufi, hamwe no guhagarara neza hamwe nibirwanya-enzymatique, akenshi bikubiyemo prefix 'cyclic ' mwizina.
Ribosome ikomatanya peptide: peptide ikomatanyirizwa hamwe na ribosomes yibinyabuzima binyuze mubusobanuro bwa mRNA, kandi uko byakurikiranye bigizwe na gen, nka hormone insuline na endorphine ya neurotransmitter.
Peptide idafite ribosomal: peptide ikomatanyirizwa hamwe ninganda zidasanzwe za enzyme nka peptide synthetase, ikunze kuboneka muri mikorobe nka bagiteri na fungi, kandi ishobora kuba irimo aside amine idasanzwe nka acide D-amino, urugero, antibiotique Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Synthesis ikomeye ya Phase Peptide (SPPS): Muri tekinoroji ya vitro artificiel peptide ya synthesis, binyuze muburyo bukurikiranye bwa acide aminide irinzwe kuri transport ya resin, binyuze muri devotection, reaction ya condensation kugirango yongere buhoro buhoro urunigi rwa peptide, rukwiranye na peptide ngufi.
