To Peptide Nyatakaka dzi 
May 1, 2025
NYATAKAKAWO KPLE NUSIWO WOTSƆ ƑE NYATAKAKA SIWO KAtã WOÐO LE NYATAKAKADZRAÐOƑE SIA ME LA KPLE NYATAKAKAWO kaka KPLEE NUFIAFIA ƑE TAÐOÐOWO KO.
Wotrɔ asi le atike siwo wona le nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia ŋu na numekuku le vitro ɖeɖeko. Wowɔa numekuku le vitro (Latingbe me: *le ahuhɔ̃e me*, si gɔmee nye le ahuhɔ̃e me) le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã godo. Atike siawo menye atikewo o, United States ƒe Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (FDA) meda asi ɖe wo dzi o, eye mele be woazã wo atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe atikewɔwɔ, dɔléle, alo dɔléle aɖeke nu, adae, alo adae o. Se de se vevie be woatsɔ atike siawo ade amegbetɔ alo lãwo ƒe ŋutilã me le mɔ ɖesiaɖe nu.
Nukae Nye Peptide?
Nya 'peptide' dzɔ tso Helagbe me nya 'πέσσειν' (péssein), si gɔmee nye 'be woaɖu nu.' Peptide nye nusi amino acid siwo do ƒome to peptide ƒe kadodowo me wɔ. Peptide kadodowo, siwo nye amide kadodowo, dona tso tsikuɖiɖi ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si le amino acid ɖeka ƒe α-carboxyl ƒuƒoƒo kple bubu ƒe α-amino ƒuƒoƒo dome me. Ne woda peptide siwo me amino acid 2 va ɖo 20 le ɖe hatsotsowo me be oligopeptide, esiwo me amino acid 20 va ɖo 50 le la nye polypeptide, eye zi geɖe la, wodaa amino acid siwo wu 50 siwo ƒe teƒe ƒe wɔwɔme tɔxɛwo le hatsotsowo me be proteinwo. Zi geɖe la, peptidewo ƒe molecule ƒe kpekpeme mede 10 kDa o. Woƒe wɔwɔme gbãtɔ nye amino acid ƒe ɖoɖo si le fli me, eye peptide aɖewo ate ŋu awɔ wɔwɔme evelia abe α-helices ene. Esi peptidewo ɖea dɔwɔwɔ vovovowo fiana ta la, wokpɔa gome le nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo me geɖe siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye dzesiwo ƒe tɔtrɔ, lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ, kple dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ŋuɖoɖowo, si wɔe be wozu nugbagbeŋusẽ ƒe molecule vevi siwo ƒe wɔwɔme vovovowo kple nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ siaa le dɔwɔwɔ me le atikewɔwɔ, nuɖuɖuŋutinunya, kple go bubuwo me.
Aleke Wowɔa Peptides?
| Peptide ƒe wɔwɔ dzɔna to amino acidwo ƒe kadodo to peptide ƒe kadodowo dzi, si dzɔna le dzɔdzɔme nu le agbe me alo le vitro me. Le nugbagbewo ƒe ɖoɖowo me la, ribosomal ƒe wɔwɔme lɔ mRNA tsɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakakawo yi ɖafia mɔ ribosomes le amino acid siwo wowɔ dɔ la ɖoɖo ɖe ɖoɖo tɔxɛ aɖe nu me. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) tsɔa amino acidwo yia ribosome la me, afisi enzymatic catalysis ʋãa tsikuɖiɖi ƒe ƒuƒoƒo le amino acid ɖeka ƒe α-carboxyl ƒuƒoƒo kple bubu ƒe α-amino ƒuƒoƒo dome, si wɔa amide (peptide) kadodo eye wòɖea tsi ƒe molecule ɖe go; nuwɔna sia gbugbɔna yia edzi tsɔ wɔa oligopeptide alo polypeptide. Non-ribosomal synthesis nɔ te ɖe enzyme complex tɔxɛwo abe peptide synthetases ene dzi, si wokpɔna zi geɖe le nugbagbevi suesuesue siwo wɔa bioactive peptides abe dɔlékuiwutikewo ene me. Nusiwo wowɔna le vitro koŋue zãa solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), afisi wotsɔa amino acid siwo wokpɔ ta na la kpena ɖe aŋɔ si wotsɔ léa nu ŋu ɖe wo nɔewo yome; deprotection kple condensation reactions kekea peptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa ɖe enu afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe. Alo woate ŋu akpɔ peptide siwo woɖo taɖodzinu na to dzɔdzɔme proteinwo ƒe enzymatic hydrolysis dzi. Peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe wɔwɔme tsi tre ɖi na covalent kadodo ƒe ɖoɖo, si nye kadodo vevitɔ le peptide kple protein ƒe wɔwɔme gbãtɔ me. Woƒo nu tso peptide ƒe kadodo ŋuti nyatakaka bubuwo ŋu le akpa si nye 'Peptide ƒe kadodowo.' me. |  |
Ŋkɔyɔyɔ na Peptides
Zi geɖe la, peptidewo ƒe ŋkɔyɔyɔ tso amino acid ƒe xexlẽme si le wo me gbɔ, le 'xexlẽme + peptide' ƒe kɔnyinyi dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, dipeptide nye amino acid eve, tripeptide etɔ̃, eye esia yia edzi va ɖoa decapeptide si me amino acid ewo le. Wotsɔ ŋkɔ na peptide siwo me amino acid wu ewo le tẽ be '11 - peptide', '20 - peptide', kple bubuawo Gake nusiwo to vovo li:
Wotsɔ 'cyclo -' ŋgɔdonya alo ŋkɔ si nye ame ŋutɔ tɔ na peptide aɖewo siwo le tsatsam, abe cyclosporine kple gramicidin ene, le ta kple asike ƒe kadodo alo axadzi kɔsɔkɔsɔ ƒe tsatsam ta, eye ateŋu anye nusiwo menye dzɔdzɔmenuwo o abe D-amino acids ene.
Peptide siwo si kadodo tɔxɛ le, abe glutathione, si si 'γ-peptide kadodo' le si wowɔ le γ-carboxyl ƒuƒoƒoa kple α-amino ƒuƒoƒoa dome ene, mewɔna ɖe α-peptide kadodo ƒe xexlẽdzesi ƒe ɖoɖo si le fli me dzi o.
Wotu ŋkɔ na peptide siwo wɔa dɔ, abe dɔlékuiwutikewo kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ene, ɖe woƒe dɔlékuiwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi tsɔ wu be woanɔ te ɖe amino acid ƒe xexlẽme dzi. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, mellitin, si nye peptide si wua dɔlékuiwo si me amino acid 26 le.
Peptide siwo womewɔ to ribosomally o tso nugbagbevi suewo me, abe bacitracin kple actinomycin ene, me amino acid siwo wogbugbɔ trɔ (le kpɔɖeŋu me, methylated alo cyclized) le eye wotsɔ ŋkɔ na wo tso woƒe dzɔtsoƒe alo dɔwɔwɔ ta le woƒe biosynthetic mɔ tɔxɛwo ta, ke menye amino acid ƒe xexlẽme o.
Kpuie ko la, nusiwo to vovo siawo ɖe peptide ƒe ŋkɔyɔyɔ ƒe nɔnɔme vovovoawo fia, si wòle be woabu xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe nɔnɔmewo, nuwɔwɔ ƒe mɔwo, kple dɔwɔwɔ ƒe nɔnɔmewo ŋu.
Peptidewo ƒe hatsotsowo me toto
Woate ŋu ama peptidewo ɖe hatsotso vovovowo me:
Le amino acid ƒe xexlẽme nu la, oligopeptide siwo me peptide 2-20 abe dipeptide kple glutathione ene le la wɔa dɔ ŋutɔ; polypeptide siwo me peptide 20-50 le ate ŋu awɔ teƒe ƒe wɔwɔme bɔbɔewo abe insulinogen kakɛwo ene; zi geɖe la, wodaa peptide siwo me peptide siwo wu 50 eye woƒe dɔwɔwɔ sesẽwo le la ɖe hatsotsowo me abe proteinwo ene, abe insulin si me amino acid 51 le ene.
Le atike ƒe wɔwɔme nu la, α-peptide ƒe kadodowo abe enkephalin ene doa ka kple peptide siwo le fli me, peptide siwo le tsatsam wɔa asigɛ to asike alo axadzi kɔsɔkɔsɔ gbãtɔ kple mamlɛtɔ abe cyclosporine ene me, peptide siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe akpa siwo mele dzɔdzɔme nu o abe actinomycin ƒe D-amino acidwo ene le wo me, eye peptide siwo do ƒome etɔxɛe abe glutathione ene do ƒome kple γ-peptide kadodowo.
To nuwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu dzi la, domenyiŋusẽfianuwo abe endorphins ene ŋlɔa ribosomal synthetic peptides, non-ribosomal synthetic peptides nɔa te ɖe nugbagbevi suewo ƒe enzyme complexes abe mycopeptides ene dzi, eye wotsɔa atike alo nugbagbeŋusẽ ƒe mɔnuwo abe atike octreotide ene dzraa peptide siwo wowɔ.
To dɔwɔwɔ me la, dzesi peptidewo kpɔa gome le dɔlékuiwo kaka me abe thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dɔlékuiwutike peptidewo gblẽa dɔlékui ƒe lãkusiwo abe anyi ƒe aɖi peptide ene, neuropeptide ɖɔa lãmekawo abe endorphins ene ɖo hena vevesesenutsitike, eye atike peptide kple nuɖuɖu peptide siwo wɔa dɔ hã li.
Le dzɔtsoƒe nu la, dzɔdzɔme peptidewo nɔa nugbagbewo alo nuɖuɖu me, abe nyinotsi me casein peptide ene, eye peptide siwo wowɔ la toa dzɔdzɔme seɖoƒewo me to nudede asi me, abe atsyɔ̃ɖomi oligopeptide ene, me.
Le nugbagbewo ƒe dzɔtsoƒewo nu la, woateŋu ama wo ɖe hatsotsowo me ɖe lãwo ƒe dzɔtsoƒewo abe tensin, numiemiewo ƒe dzɔtsoƒewo abe soya peptides, kple nugbagbevi suewo ƒe dzɔtsoƒewo abe Mycobacterium avium peptides ene me.
Ƒomedodo siawo do ƒome kple wo nɔewo tsɔ ɖea peptide vovovo siwo sɔ gbɔ ŋutɔ le woƒe wɔwɔme, dɔwɔwɔ kple wo zazã me fiana.
Nya vevi siwo ku ɖe peptidewo ŋu
Peptide kadodo: Amide kadodo -CO-NH- si wowɔ to tsikuɖiɖi ƒe α-carboxy ƒuƒoƒo si le amino acid ɖeka me kple α-amino ƒuƒoƒo si le amino acid bubu me, si nye covalent kadodo vevi si doa ka kple amino acid ƒe nugbagbevi susɔewo eye wòwɔa peptidewo kple proteinwo.
Oligopeptide: zi geɖe la, efia peptide ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo ƒe molecule ƒe kpekpeme mede o, abe dipeptide, tripeptide, kple bubuawo ene, siwo wowɔ to amino acid 2-20 ƒe kadodo to peptide ƒe kadodo me, eye woƒe nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe lãkusi ƒe gege ɖe eme sɔ gbɔ.
Polypeptide: peptide si me amino acid 20-50 le, zi geɖe la, molecule ƒe kpekpeme medea 10 kDa o, ateŋu awɔ teƒe ƒe wɔwɔme bɔbɔe abe α-helix ene, enye molecule si wɔa dɔ le oligopeptide kple protein dome.
Dɔwɔnu gbãtɔ: peptide ƒe amino acid ƒe ɖoɖo si wokpɔna to domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakakawo alo eƒe wɔwɔme si wowɔ kple asi me, ye nye peptide ƒe atike ƒe wɔwɔme vevitɔ, si kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe eƒe wɔwɔme deŋgɔ kple nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi tẽ.
Evelia ƒe wɔwɔme: ɖoɖo si wowɔ to haidrodzin ƒe kadodo me le peptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa ƒe nuto me, abe α-helix, β-folding, β-trɔtrɔ, kple bubuawo ene, si meli ke abe proteinwo tɔ ene o, gake ekpɔa gome le dɔwɔwɔ teƒewo ƒe wɔwɔme me.
Cyclic peptides: peptides siwo wɔa tsatsam ƒe wɔwɔme to amino acid gbãtɔ kple mamlɛtɔ alo axadzi kɔsɔkɔsɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo, abe cyclosporine kple peptide kpui ene, ƒe kadodo me kple liƒo gã kple anti-enzymatic nɔnɔmewo, zi geɖe la, ŋgɔdonya 'cyclic' nɔa ŋkɔa me.
Ribosome synthesized peptides: peptide siwo nugbagbe gbagbewo ƒe ribosomes wɔ to mRNA template gɔmeɖeɖe me, eye domenyiŋusẽfianuwo abe lãmetsiŋusẽ insulin kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔ̃ endorphin ene ŋlɔa woƒe ɖoɖo.
Peptide siwo menye ribosomal synthetic peptides o: peptide siwo enzyme complex tɔxɛwo abe peptide synthetases ene wɔ, siwo wokpɔna zi geɖe le nugbagbevi suewo abe dɔlékuiwo kple fungi ene me, eye ate ŋu anye amino acid siwo mele dzɔdzɔme nu o abe D-amino acids ene, le kpɔɖeŋu me, dɔlékuiwutike Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS): Le vitro artificial peptide synthesis technology, to amino acid siwo wokpɔ ta na ƒe kadodo ɖe wo nɔewo yome le resin carrier la dzi, to deprotection, condensation reaction me be woakeke peptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa ɖe enu vivivi, si sɔ na peptide ƒe wɔwɔme kpuie ƒe nyateƒetoto.
