To Peptide Nyatakakawo dzi 
April 21, 2025
NYATAKAKAWO KPLE NUSIWO WOTSƆ ƑE NYATAKAKA SIWO KAtã WOÐO LE NYATAKAKADZRAÐOƑE SIA ME LA KPLE NYATAKAKAWO kaka KPLEE NUFIAFIA ƑE TAÐOÐOWO KO.
Wotrɔ asi le atike siwo wona le nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia ŋu na numekuku le vitro ɖeɖeko. Wowɔa numekuku le vitro (Latingbe me: *le ahuhɔ̃e me*, si gɔmee nye le ahuhɔ̃e me) le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã godo. Atike siawo menye atikewo o, United States ƒe Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (FDA) meda asi ɖe wo dzi o, eye mele be woazã wo atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe atikewɔwɔ, dɔléle, alo dɔléle aɖeke nu, adae, alo adae o. Se de se vevie be woatsɔ atike siawo ade amegbetɔ alo lãwo ƒe ŋutilã me le mɔ ɖesiaɖe nu.
Nukae Nye Peptide ƒe Kadodo
Peptide kadodo nye covalent kadodo si ɖe dzesi le protein moleculewo me, si wowɔ to tsikuɖiɖi ƒe tsinyenye ƒe dɔwɔwɔ me le amino acid ɖeka ƒe α-carboxyl ƒuƒoƒo (α-COOH) kple amino acid si te ɖe eŋu ƒe α-amino ƒuƒoƒo (-NH2) dome. Eƒe atike ƒe nɔnɔme nye amide ƒe kadodo. Kadodo siae ɖoa polypeptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa ƒe megbeƒu ƒe wɔwɔme vevitɔ: amino-nuwuƒe (N-nuwuƒe) kple carboxyl-nuwuƒe (C-nuwuƒe) do ƒome to peptide ƒe kadodo siwo gbugbɔna me tsɔ wɔa fli ƒe ɖoɖo. Le p-π ƒoƒo ƒe ɖoɖo ƒe wɔwɔme le carbonyl carbon (C=O) kple imino nitrogen (-NH-) dome le peptide ƒe kadodoa me ta la, CN kadodoa ɖea kadodo eve ƒe nɔnɔme ƒe akpa aɖe fiana, si naa peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe yameʋua kple coplanar nɔnɔme sesẽwo. Esia naa xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe mɔxenu veviwo na protein ƒe wɔwɔme siwo le ɖoɖo kɔkɔtɔ me ƒe babla.
Peptide Bond Biosynthesis ƒe Mɔnu
Peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe wɔwɔme dzɔna le ribosomes me, eye woɖoa ŋu ɖe transfer RNA (tRNA) ŋu be wòatsɔ amino acidwo. To anticodon siwo le tRNA dzi ƒe ƒoƒo ƒu kple codon siwo le messenger RNA (mRNA) dzi me la, woɖoa amino acidwo ɖe ribosome ƒe P teƒe kple A teƒe. Amino acid ƒe amino ƒuƒoƒo si le A teƒea toa tsikuɖiɖi ƒe ƒoƒo me kple amino acid ƒe carboxyl ƒuƒoƒo si le P teƒe, si wɔa amide kadodo (-CO-NH-) eye wòɖea tsi ƒe molecule ɖe go. Ribosome la zɔna to mRNA la dzi, si wɔnɛ be peptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa kekena tso N-nuwuƒe va ɖoa C-nuwuƒe. GTP ye naa ŋusẽ dɔwɔwɔ sia, eye codonwo kpɔa amino acid ƒe kadodo ƒe ɖoɖo dzi pɛpɛpɛ be woakpɔ polypeptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa ƒe mɔfiame ƒe kpekpe.
Teƒe ƒe xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe nɔnɔmewo kple Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ƒe nɔnɔmewo le Peptide ƒe kadodowo me
Peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe wɔwɔme si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui le gbadzaa lae ɖoa eƒe teƒe ƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛ: carbonyl oxygen kple amino hydrogen le trans nɔnɔme me, si wɔa kadodo ƒe dzogoe si ade 120°, si nye planar unit sesẽ aɖe (dihedral angle ω gogo 180°). Dɔwɔnu sia xea mɔ na α-carbon siwo te ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu ƒe dzogoe eve (φ kple ψ) ƒe ablɔɖe ƒe dzidzenuwo, si doa xɔtuɖoɖo ƒe akpa evelia siwo nɔa anyi edziedzi le polypeptide kɔsɔkɔsɔa me (abe α-helices, β-sheets, alo β-turns ene) ƒe wɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ. Le dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ƒe nɔnɔmewo gome la, peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe amide ƒuƒoƒo ateŋu awɔ dɔ abe haidrodzin kadodo nunala (amino haidrodzin) kple xɔla (carbonyl oxygen) siaa ene, akpɔ gome le haidrodzin kadodo ƒe kadodowo tutu me le proteinwo me kple moleculewo dome. Eƒe ɖoɖo si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui ɖea keklẽ si me keklẽŋusẽ le ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ si ɖe dzesi le ƒutsotsoe siwo ƒe didime nye 210–230 nm me fiana, si wɔnɛ be woate ŋu akpɔ protein ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme to keklẽŋusẽ ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe fotometry dzi. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, atikewo ƒe liƒo si le peptide ƒe kadodoa ŋu na wòsesẽna be woawɔ tsi ƒe ʋuʋu le wo ɖokui si le tsi siwo mewɔa akpa aɖeke o me, gake woate ŋu amae koŋ le proteases ƒe dɔwɔwɔ te, si anye taɖodzinu vevi aɖe na protein ƒe gbegblẽ le lãmenugbagbeviwo me.
Nu gbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple mɔ̃ɖaŋununya zazã le Peptide ƒe kadodowo me
Le agbemenuwɔnawo me la, peptide ƒe kadodowo ƒe dadasɔ si trɔna la léa proteome ƒe homeostasis me ɖe asi: le go ɖeka me la, woƒe covalent kadodowo ƒe liƒo nana be nugbagbeviwo ƒe molecule gãwo abe enzymes kple structure proteins ene ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe blibonyenye kpɔa egbɔ; le go bubu me la, proteasewo (abe proteasome si le ubiquitin-proteasome ɖoɖoa me kple lysosomal enzymes ene) dea dzesi peptide ƒe kadodo tɔxɛwo eye wotsɔa tsi ƒua wo me, si wɔnɛ be woate ŋu aɖe protein siwo mesɔ o ɖa eye woate ŋu awɔ dzesi moleculewo ƒe ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖo. Le nugbagbeŋutinunya ƒe akpa dzi la, wozãa peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe atike ƒe nɔnɔme geɖe le polypeptide ƒe wɔwɔme me: le solid-phase ƒe wɔwɔme me la, wozãa ametakpɔha ƒe mɔnuwo tsɔ tiaa amino acid ƒe carboxyl ƒuƒoƒowo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ hena mɔfiame peptide kadodo ƒe wɔwɔ. Protein ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe mɔnuwo zãa phenyl isothiocyanate tsɔ wɔa nu kple N-nuwuƒe amino acid eye wotiaa peptide ƒe kadodo gbãtɔ, si wɔnɛ be woate ŋu adzro ɖoɖoa me ɖe ɖoɖo nu. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, protease mɔxenu siwo woto vɛ siwo wotu ɖe peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe nɔnɔmetatawo dzi xea mɔ na enzymewo ƒe teƒe siwo le dɔ wɔm to dzɔdzɔme peptide ƒe kadodo ƒe nɔnɔme sɔsrɔ̃ me, si va zua aɖaŋu vevi aɖe le atikewo wɔwɔ me. Numekuku deto siwo wowɔ tso ƒomedodo si le peptide ƒe kadodowo ƒe wɔwɔme kple dɔwɔwɔ dome ŋu yi edzi le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe nu yeyewo hem vɛ le protein ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya, polypeptide atikewo wɔwɔ, kple nugbagbeŋutinunya si wowɔ me.
