Site na ozi Peptide 
Eprel 21, 2025
Edemede na ozi ngwaahịa niile enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.
Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadoghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ, ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.
Kedu ihe bụ Peptide Bond
Njikọ peptide bụ njirimara covalent njikọ dị n'ime ụmụ irighiri protein, nke etolite site na mmeghachi omume nkụnye mmiri n'etiti otu α-carboxyl (α-COOH) nke otu amino acid na otu α-amino (-NH₂) nke amino acid dị n'akụkụ. Ọdịdị kemịkal ya bụ njikọ amide. Njikọ a na-ekpebi usoro ọkpụkpụ azụ nke polypeptide yinye: a na-ejikọta amino-terminal (N-terminal) na carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) site na peptide bond ugboro ugboro iji mepụta usoro ahịrị. N'ihi nguzobe nke p-π conjugation system n'etiti carbonyl carbon (C=O) na imino nitrogen (-NH-) na njikọ peptide, njikọ CN na-egosipụta njiri mara akụkụ abụọ, na-enye ụgbọ elu njikọ peptide nwere njirimara coplanar siri ike. Nke a na-enye mmachi nhazi dị oke mkpa maka mpịachi nke owuwu protein dị elu.
Usoro nke Peptide Bond Biosynthesis
Njikọ njikọ peptide na-apụta na ribosomes, na-adabere na mbufe RNA (tRNA) iji buru amino acid. Site na ijikọ anticodons na tRNA na codons na ozi RNA (mRNA), amino acid na-edobere na saịtị P na A saịtị nke ribosome. Otu amino acid dị na saịtị A na-enweta condensation nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na otu carboxyl nke amino acid na saịtị P, na-eme njikọ amide (-CO-NH-) ma na-ahapụ molecule mmiri. Ribosome na-aga n'akụkụ mRNA, na-eme ka agbụ peptide gbasaa site na N-terminal gaa na C-terminal. GTP na-akwado usoro a, na usoro nke njikọ amino acid nke codons na-achịkwa nke ọma iji nweta mgbakọ ntụzi aka nke yinye polypeptide.
Ngosipụta gbasara oghere yana Njirimara physicochemical nke Bonds Peptide
Nhazi conjugated planar nke njikọ peptide na-ekpebi ngbanwe oghere ya pụrụ iche: carbonyl oxygen na amino hydrogen nọ na nhazi trans, na-eme njikọ njikọ nke ihe dịka 120 Celsius, nke na-eme atụmatụ atụmatụ siri ike (akụkụ dihedral ω dị nso na 180 °). Ihe nhazi a na-egbochi ogo nnwere onwe nke akụkụ dihedral (φ na ψ) nke α-carbons dị n'akụkụ, na-akwalite nhazi nke usoro nhazi nke abụọ mgbe niile na polypeptide yinye (dị ka α-helices, β-sheets, ma ọ bụ β-atụgharị). N'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa physicochemical, otu amide nke njikọ peptide nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ma onye na-enye onyinye hydrogen (amino hydrogen) na onye na-anabata ya (carbonyl oxygen), na-ekere òkè n'iwu nke njikọ njikọ hydrogen n'ime protein na n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe. Sistemu ejikọtara ya na-egosiputa njiri mara nke ìhè ultraviolet n'ogologo 210-230 nm, na-eme ka ọnụọgụ protein dị elu site na ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Na mgbakwunye, nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ nke njikọ peptide na-eme ka o sie ike ịnweta hydrolysis na-akpaghị aka na ngwọta mmiri na-anọpụ iche, mana enwere ike ịgbaji ya kpọmkwem n'okpuru catalysis nke proteases, na-eje ozi dị ka isi ebumnuche maka mmebi protein intracellular.
Ọrụ ndu na ngwa teknụzụ nke Bonds Peptide
N'ime ihe omume ndụ, nguzozi ike nke njikọ peptide na-edobe proteome homeostasis: n'otu aka ahụ, nkwụsi ike nke njikọ njikọ ha na-eme ka ọrụ nke macromolecules dị ndụ dị ka enzymes na protein structural; N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-amata njikọ peptide a kapịrị ọnụ na hydrolyzed site na proteases (dị ka proteasome na sistemu ubiquitin-proteasome na lysosomal enzymes), na-eme ka mkpochapụ nke protein ndị na-adịghị mma na nhazi oge nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ngosi. N'ihe banyere teknụzụ biotechnology, a na-eji kemịkalụ peptide bond eme ihe na njikọ polypeptide: na njikọ siri ike, a na-eji usoro nchebe otu iji mee ka ndị otu carboxyl nke amino acid rụọ ọrụ maka nhazi peptide bond. Usoro usoro nhazi protein na-eji phenyl isothiocyanate meghachi omume na N-terminal amino acid wee họrọ nkewa nke mbụ peptide bond, na-enye ohere nyocha usoro nke usoro. Ọzọkwa, protease inhibitors mepụtara dabere na peptide bond analogs na-egbochi ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke enzymes site na iṅomi ngbanwe nke njikọ peptide eke, na-aghọ atụmatụ dị mkpa n'ichepụta ọgwụ. Ọmụmụ ihe omimi banyere njikọ nhazi-arụ ọrụ nke njikọ peptide na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ihe ọhụrụ dị na nkà na ụzụ na mmepụta protein, mmepe ọgwụ polypeptide, na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ sịntetik.
