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Edemede na ozi ngwaahịa niile enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.
Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadoghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ, ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.
Nkọwa nke Semaglutid
Semaglutid bụ glucagon-dị ka peptide-1 agonist nnabata (GLP-1 RA). Glucagon-dị ka peptide-1 (GLP-1) bụ homonụ nke ahụ mmadụ na-emepụta nke ọma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nhazi ọkwa glucose ọbara. Mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebili, a na-ezobe GLP-1 ma na-ahazi ọkwa glucose ọbara site na usoro dị iche iche. Agbanyeghị, n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga, ihe nzuzo GLP-1 anaghị ezughị oke ma ọ bụ mmetụta ya ezughị oke. Semaglutid na-ejikọta na ndị na-anabata GLP-1, na-eṅomi mmetụta physiological nke GLP-1, si otú ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa shuga na njikwa ibu.
Ọgụgụ 1 Ọgwụgwọ maka oke ibu na mmetụta ha na mbelata ibu
Ọrụ Semaglutid na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga
Na-akwalite mmepụta insulin
N'okpuru ọnọdụ physiological, mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebili, sel enteroendocrine na eriri afọ na-ezobe GLP-1. GLP-1 na-ejikọta na ndị na-anabata GLP-1 n'elu sel beta nke pancreatic, na-eme ka usoro mgbaàmà dị iche iche na-abawanye mmepụta insulin. Semaglutid nwekwara ike jikọta ya na ndị na-anabata GLP-1 n'elu sel beta pancreatic, na-akpali mmepụta insulin n'ụzọ dabere na mkpokọta glucose. Nke a pụtara na mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ebili, Semaglutid na-akwalite ntọhapụ insulin nke ọma iji belata ọkwa glucose ọbara; Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa glucose dị n'ọbara dị n'ụdị nkịtị, mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'ịkwalite mmepụta insulin adịghị ike, si otú a na-ebelata ohere nke hypoglycemia. Nnyocha egosiwo na mgbe ọgwụgwọ Semaglutid gasịrị, ọkwa insulin nke ndị ọrịa na-abawanye nke ọma, enwere ike ịchịkwa ọkwa glucose ọbara nke ọma.
Onyonyo 2: Ụzọ mgbago-centric dị elu na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, glucose-centric, na ụzọ cardiometabolic. Usoro ọgwụgwọ dabere na Incretin adịlarị n'ọrụ na ọkwa kachasị elu.
N'adịghị ka nzuzo nzuzo insulin nke ọdịnala, dị ka sulfonylureas, nke na-akpali mmepụta insulin na-aga n'ihu n'agbanyeghị ọkwa glucose ọbara ma nwee ike ịbawanye ohere nke hypoglycemia, Semaglutid's glucose-concentration-based insulin secretion Njirimara na-enyere ya aka iweda ọkwa glucose ọbara n'ụzọ dị irè ma na-ebelata ọnọdụ nke hypoglycemia, na-enye nhọrọ nchịkwa glucose ọbara dị mma ma dị irè maka ndị ọrịa shuga.
Mgbochi nke secretion glucagon
Glucagon bụ homonụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ α pancreatic na-emepụta na-ebuli ọkwa glucose ọbara, na-eme ihe megidere insulin. N'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga, ihe nzuzo glucagon anaghị egbochi ya ọbụlagodi mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara dị elu. Semaglutid na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-anabata GLP-1 na mkpụrụ ndụ α pancreatic iji gbochie nzuzo glucagon. Mgbe secretion glucagon na-ebelata, a na-egbochi glycogenolysis imeju na usoro gluconeogenesis, na-ebelata mmepụta glucose endogenous ma na-ebelata ọkwa glucose ọbara. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekwenyela na n'ime ndị ọrịa shuga 2 na-agwọ ọrịa Semaglutid, ọkwa glucagon plasma na-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-ebelata mmepụta glucose imeju na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwụsị ọkwa glucose ọbara.
Na-egbu oge mkpofu afọ
Semaglutid na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-anabata GLP-1 na tract gastrointestinal iji mee ka mkpofu gastric kwụsịlata. Ime ngwa ngwa nke afọ na-eme ka nri na-abanye n'ime obere eriri afọ ngwa ngwa, na-ebute mmụba ngwa ngwa na ọkwa glucose ọbara. Site n'igbu oge mkpofu afọ, nri na-anọ ogologo oge n'ime afọ ma na-abanyekwa n'ime eriri afọ nke nta nke nta nke nta nke nta, na-ebute mmụba nke glucose nke nta nke nta na igbochi mmụba dị elu nke ọkwa glucose ọbara mgbe nri gasịrị. Mmetụta a na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa glucose ọbara kwụsiri ike na postprandial ma belata mgbanwe glucose ọbara. N'ime ule ụfọdụ ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ọrịa a na-agwọ Semaglutid nwetara mbelata dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ glucose ọbara mgbe nri gasịrị na obere mgbanwe glucose ọbara, na-eme ka njikwa glucose ọbara n'ozuzu ya dịkwuo mma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mkpofu gastric na-egbu oge nwere ike ime ka ọ pụta ìhè, na-enyere aka ibelata oriri oriri ma si otú a na-enyere aka ịchịkwa glucose ọbara na njikwa ibu site n'akụkụ ọzọ.
Ọgụgụ 3: Mechanism nke Semaglutid maka njikwa oke ibu
Na-emeziwanye ọrụ β-cell
Hyperglycemia na-adịghị ala ala nwere ike imebi mkpụrụ ndụ beta nke pancreatic, na-eduga n'ịbelata ọrụ nke nta nke nta. Semaglutid abụghị naanị na-ebelata shuga ọbara site n'ịkwalite secretion insulin kamakwa ọ na-echebe ma na-edozi mkpụrụ ndụ beta pancreatic, si otú a na-eme ka ọrụ β cell dịkwuo mma. Nnyocha sayensị egosila na semaglutide nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ ụzọ mgbaàmà intracellular rụọ ọrụ iji kwalite mmụba β-cell, na-egbochi apoptosis β-cell, si otú ahụ na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọrụ nke β-cell. N'ime nnwale ụmụ anụmanụ na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ, a chọpụtara na mgbe ejiri Semaglutid, ikike nzuzo insulin nke mkpụrụ ndụ beta na-abawanye, yana nguzogide insulin ka mma. Nke a dị oke mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ ogologo oge nke ụdị ọrịa shuga 2, n'ihi na ọ na-enyere aka belata ọganihu nke ọrịa ahụ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ọrịa shuga.
Ngwa nke Semaglutid na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga
Semaglutid nwere ụzọ ngwa dị iche iche na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga. Maka ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 nke achọpụtara ọhụrụ, ọ bụrụ na ọkwa glucose ọbara adịghị ebuli elu nke ukwuu na enweghị nsogbu siri ike ma ọ bụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ siri ike, enwere ike ịtụle monotherapy na Semaglutid. Nnyocha ụlọ ọgwụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara ọhụrụ nwetara mbelata dị ukwuu na ọkwa hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) na mbelata ibu mgbe oge ọgwụgwọ monotherapy gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na usoro ọmụmụ PIONEER, ndị ọrịa ejiri ọnụ Semaglutid monotherapy nwere mbelata dị ukwuu na ọkwa HbA1c ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu placebo, yana ezigbo nchekwa na nnabata. Uru nke monotherapy bụ na ọ na-ezere ihe ize ndụ nke mmekọrịta ọgwụ na-ejikọta ya na ọgwụgwọ ngwakọta, na nchịkwa ya dị mfe na-enyere aka mee ka onye ọrịa na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ.
Enwere ike iji Semaglutid yana ọgwụ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na metformin, nke bụ ọgwụ izizi maka ụdị ọrịa shuga 2, ọ na-eme ka nguzogide insulin dịkwuo mma ma na-ebelata mmepụta glucose imeju. Ọgwụ abụọ a nwere usoro mmekọ ọnụ, na-eme ka njikwa glucose ọbara dị irè karị. Nnyocha e mere egosila na usoro nchikota a na-ebelata ọkwa HbA1c ma na-ebute mbelata oke ibu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụfọdụ nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ọrịa na-emeso metformin nke gbakwunyere Semaglutid nwere mbelata nke ukwuu na ọkwa HbA1c ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị gara n'ihu metformin monotherapy, yana mbelata ibu ọzọ, na-enweghị mmụba dị ukwuu na ihe ize ndụ hypoglycemia. Usoro a dabara adaba maka ndị ọrịa metformin monotherapy anaghị achịkwa ọkwa glucose ọbara ha nke ọma.
Maka ndị ọrịa nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 nke nwere ọkwa glucose dị elu ma chọọ ọgwụgwọ insulin, ịgbakwunye Semaglutid na ọgwụgwọ insulin nwere ike ibelata dose insulin. N'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ insulin, ndị ọrịa na-enwekarị nsogbu ndị dị ka ibu ibu na ịba ụba nke hypoglycemia. Mgbe ejiri ya na ngwakọta, mmetụta Semaglutid nke ịkwalite insulin secretion na igbochi glucagon secretion nwere ike ịkwalite ojiji insulin, belata usoro onunu ogwu, wee si otú a belata ihe egwu nke ibu ibu na hypoglycemia. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ọrịa gbakwunyere Semaglutid na ọgwụgwọ insulin ha nwetara mbelata nkezi nke usoro insulin, yana mbelata ọzọ na ọkwa HbA1c, mbelata ibu, yana mbelata ugboro ugboro nke hypoglycemia.
Enwere ike iji Semaglutid yana ọgwụ antidiabetic ndị ọzọ dị ka SGLT2 inhibitors. Ndị na-egbochi SGLT2 na-ebelata glucose ọbara site n'ịkwalite mpụ glucose na mmamịrị. Ngwakọta nke abụọ ahụ nwere ike ịkwalite njikwa glucose ọbara site na usoro dị iche iche ma nweekwa mmetụta synergistic na njikwa ibu.
Ọrụ Semaglutid na njikwa ibu
Mbelata agụụ
Semaglutid na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-anabata GLP-1 na sistemụ akwara, ọkachasị na hypothalamus. Hypothalamus bụ mpaghara dị mkpa na ahụ maka ịhazi agụụ na nguzozi ike. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na ndị na-anabata GLP-1 na hypothalamus, semaglutide nwere ike ịhazi ntọhapụ nke neuropeptides, dị ka ibelata nzuzo nke neuropeptide Y (NPY), nke bụ ihe na-akpali agụụ siri ike. Na mgbakwunye, Semaglutid nwere ike ịbawanye ọrụ nke neurons proopiomelanocortin (POMC), onye ọrụ ya na-ebute akara satiety. Site na usoro ndị a, Semaglutid na-ebelata agụụ nke ọma, na-eduga ndị ọrịa ibelata oriri ha. N'ime ule ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ọrịa buru ibu ma ọ bụ buru oke ibu na-eji Semaglutid kọrọ na ibelata agụụ ma belata oriri nri, na-atọ ntọala maka ịbelata ibu.
Na-abawanye mmefu ike
Na mgbakwunye na igbochi agụụ, Semaglutid nwekwara ike imetụta metabolism ike, na-abawanye mmefu ike. Nnyocha na-egosi na Semaglutid nwere ike ịbawanye mmefu ume site na ịhazi ọrụ anụ ahụ adipose agba aja aja. Brown adipose anụ ahụ bụ ụdị abụba anụ ahụ pụrụ iche nke ọrụ ya bụ iri ike site na thermogenesis. Semaglutid nwere ike rụọ ọrụ ụfọdụ ụzọ mgbaàmà na anụ ahụ adipose agba aja aja, na-akwalite oxidation fatty acid na thermogenesis. Na mgbakwunye, Semaglutid nwere ike imetụta metabolism ike na anụ ahụ dị ka akwara, na-abawanye mmefu ike ọbụlagodi na ezumike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale anụmanụ, mgbe nchịkwa nke Semaglutid gasịrị, ike nke anụ ahụ na-abawanye ụbara, na ịdị arọ nke ahụ ha na-ebelata ọbụna mgbe nri nri nọgidere na-adị otu, na-egosi na Semaglutid na-ekere òkè dị mma na njikwa ibu site na ịba ụba ume ike.
Iwu nke abụba metabolism
Semaglutid nwekwara mmetụta nchịkwa na metabolism abụba. Ọ nwere ike ịkwalite mmebi nke abụba, belata njikọ abụba, ma gbochie nchekwa abụba. N'ime imeju, Semaglutid nwere ike igbochi ọrụ enzymes dị ka fatty acid synthase, si otú a na-ebelata njikọ abụba. Na mgbakwunye, na anụ ahụ adipose, Semaglutid nwere ike ịkwalite ndakpọ abụba, mụbaa ntọhapụ nke fatty acids n'efu, ma mee ka ha banye na mitochondria maka ndakpọ oxidative, si otú ahụ belata nchekwa abụba. Ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ egosila na mgbe ọgwụgwọ Semaglutid gasịrị, abụba anụ ahụ nke ndị ọrịa, ọkachasị abụba visceral, na-ebelata. Ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-enyere aka n'ibelata ibu, kamakwa ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu maka imeziwanye ọrịa metabolic syndrome na ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi.
Ngwa nke Semaglutid na njikwa ibu
Maka ndị ọrịa nwere oke ibu ma ọ bụ oke ibu na-esonyere ọrịa ndị metụtara ya
Semaglutid nwere ebumnuche doro anya maka njikwa ibu. Maka ndị ọrịa buru ibu nwere BMI ≥30 kg/m² ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa buru oke ibu nwere BMI ≥27 kg/m² ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ọnọdụ metụtara ibu (dị ka ọbara mgbali elu, ụdị ọrịa shuga 2, ma ọ bụ hypercholesterolemia), ọ bụ ọgwụ nchịkwa arọ dị irè. Usoro STEP nke ule ụlọ ọgwụ gosipụtara oke ibu dị arọ na ndị ọrịa a na-agwọ. N'ime nyocha nke STEP 1, ndị ọrịa na-agwọ ọrịa nwetara nkezi ịdị arọ nke ihe dịka 15% n'ime izu 68, ebe placebo otu tụfuru naanị ihe dịka 2.4%. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na ọ nwere ike inyere ndị ọrịa buru ibu ma ọ bụ buru oke ibu nwere ọnọdụ ndị metụtara ya aka nweta oke ibu na-adịgide adịgide, melite nsonaazụ ahụike, ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa ndị metụtara oke ibu.
Ejikọtara ya na ntinye ndụ
Na njikwa ibu, a na-ejikarị Semaglutid na mgbakwunye na usoro ndụ, gụnyere ibelata oriri calorie na ịba ụba anụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ịbelata ibu na-adabere naanị na ọgwụ na-agbanweghị àgwà ndụ na-adịghị mma, mmetụta ya anaghị adịte aka. Nchikota nke ụzọ abụọ ahụ nwere mmetụta synergistic: ọgwụ ahụ na-ebelata agụụ ma na-abawanye mmefu ike, ebe nchịkwa nri na-ebelata calorie oriri na ịba ụba anụ ahụ na-eme ka mmefu ike dịkwuo elu, na-eduga n'ịdị elu ma na-adịgide adịgide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ụfọdụ omume ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ọrịa na-agbaso atụmatụ nri nwere obere kalori nke onye na-ahụ maka nri na-emepụta ma na-abawanye oge mgbatị ahụ nke ikuku kwa izu ka ha na-anata ọgwụgwọ na-enweta nsonaazụ ọnwụ dị oke mma karịa ndị na-adabere naanị na ọgwụ ma ọ bụ usoro ndụ. Usoro a jikọtara ọnụ na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị nlekọta zuru oke na njikwa ibu, na-enyere ndị ọrịa aka ịmepụta ndụ dị mma ma nweta njikwa ibu ogologo oge.
Mmechi
Semaglutid gosipụtara ikike dị ukwuu na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga yana njikwa ibu. Na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga, ọ na-achịkwa glucose ọbara nke ọma site na usoro dị iche iche, na-eme ka ọrụ β-cell dịkwuo mma, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka monotherapy ma ọ bụ yana yana ọgwụ antidiabetic ndị ọzọ. Na njikwa ibu, ọ na-ebelata agụụ, na-abawanye mmefu ike, ma na-achịkwa metabolism abụba, na-eme ka ọ dabara maka ndị ọrịa buru ibu ma ọ bụ buru oke ibu nwere ọnọdụ metụtara ya. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na usoro ndụ, ọ na-arụpụta nsonaazụ ka mma.
Isi mmalite
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