Na Pɛptid Infɔmeshɔn 
May 1, 2025
ƆL DI ATIKUL ƐN PRODƆKT INFƆMƐSHƆN WE DƐN GI NA DIS WƐBSAYT NA FƆ ƆL FƆ DI INFƆMƐSHƆN ƐN FƆ EDYUKESHƆN.
Di prɔdak dɛn we dɛn gi na dis wɛbsayt na fɔ in vitro risach nɔmɔ. in vitro risach (Latin: *in glas*, we min insay glas) dεn de du am ausayd mכtalman bכdi. Dɛn prɔdak ya nɔto mɛrɛsin, dɛn nɔ gɛt di aprɔval frɔm di US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ɛn dɛn nɔ fɔ yuz dɛn fɔ protɛkt, trit, ɔ mɛn ɛni mɛrɛsin, sik, ɔ sik. Di lɔ nɔ gri fɔ mek dɛn put dɛn tin ya insay mɔtalman ɔ animal bɔdi ɛni we.
Wetin na Pɛptid?
di tεm 'pεptida' kכmכt frכm di Grik wכd 'πέσσειν' (péssein), we min 'fכ daygεst.' Pεptida na kכmpawnd we amino asid dεm we lεnk tru pεptida bכnd dεm de fכm. di pεptid bכnd dεm we na amid bכnd dεm de kכmכt frכm di dεhaydreshכn kכndεns bitwin di α-kכbכksiyl grup fכ wan amino asid εn di α-amino grup fכ כda wan. we dεn kכl dεm bay amino asid kכnt, dεn kכl di pεptida dεm we gεt 2 to 20 amino asid dεm oligopεptida dεm, dεn wan dεm we gεt 20 to 50 na polipεptida dεm, εn sikεns dεm we pas 50 amino asid dεm wit spεsifi k spatial strכkchכ dεm dεn kin kכl dεm jεnarali as protin dεm. di pεptayd dεm tipikli gεt mכlikul wet dεn dכn 10 kDa. di praymar strכkchכ dεm de kכnsis fכ wan linya amino asid sikεns, εn sכm pεpti dεm kin fכm sεkכnd strכkchכ dεm lεk α-hεlis. we de sho difrεn fכnshכn dεm, pεptida dεm de involv bכku insay bayolojikal prכsεs dεm inklud signal transdyushכn, mεtabolik rεguleshכn, εn imyun rεspכns, we de rεnd dεm imכtant bayomכlikul wit כl tu strכkchכral divεrsiti εn bayolojikal fכnshכnaliti in aplikεshכn kכros mεdisin, fכd sayns, εn כda fil dεm.
Aw Dɛn De Fɔm Pɛptayd?
| pεptida fכmeshכn de apin tru di linkej fכ amino asid dεm via pεptida bכnd dεm, we de apin nכchral in vivo כ artifishal in vitro. insay bayolojikal sistεm dεm, ribosomal sεntesis involv mRNA we de kכri jεnεtik infכmeshכn to dayrekt ribosכm dεm fכ arenj aktibכt amino asid dεm insay wan spεsifi k sikεns. transfεr RNA dεm (tRNA dεm) de gi amino asid dεm to di ribosכm, usay εnzymεtik katalis de drεb dεhaydreshכn kכndεns bitwin di α-kכbכksiyl grup fכ wan amino asid εn di α-amino grup fכ כda wan, we de fכm wan amid (pεptida) bכnd εn rilis wan wata mכlekyul; dis prכsεs de ripit fכ jεnarεt כligopεptida dεm כ polipεptida dεm. nכn-ribosomal sεntesis de dip pan spεshal εnzym kכmpleks dεm lεk pεptida sεntez dεm, we dεn kin si insay maykro כganism dεm we de prodyuz bayoaktiv pεptida dεm lεk antibaytik. in vitro sεntesis fכs de employ sכlid-fεz pεptida sεntesis (SPPS), usay protεkt amino asid dεm de sikεns kכpl to wan rεsin sכpכt; diprotekshכn εn kכndensεshכn riakshכn dεm de εksεnd di pεptida chen stεp-ways. כda we de fכ no, dεn kin gεt di tכgεt pεptida dεm via εnzym haydrolis fכ nεchכral protin dεm. pεptida bכnd fכmeshכn de riprizent wan kכvalεnt bכnd prכsεs, we de sεv as di kכr linkaj insay di praymar strכkchכ fכ pεptida dεm εn protin dεm. כda ditel dεm bכt pεptida bכnd dεm dεn dכn tכk bכt am na di sεkshכn 'Pεptida Bכnd.'. |  |
Nomenklachɔ fɔ di Pɛptid dɛn
di nכmenklachכ fכ di pεptida dεm tipikli kכmכt frכm di nכmba fכ di amino asid dεm we dεn kכntεn, fכlכ di kכvεnshכn fכ 'nכmכral + pεptida'. fכ egzampl, wan dipεptida kכmכp tu amino asid dεm, wan tripεptida tri, εn dis de kכntinyu te to wan dεkapεptida wit tεn amino asid dεm. di pεpti dεm we gεt mכr dan tεn amino asid dεm dεn gi dεn nem dεm dεn wan dεm as '11 - pεptida', '20 - pεptida', εtk Dis nem sistεm jεnarali de aplay to kכvεshכnal linya pεptida dεm we kכnekt bay α - pεptida bכnd dεm. Bɔt sɔm tin dɛn de we nɔ de de:
sכm saykli pεpti dεm, lεk sayklosporin εn gramicidin, dεn gi dεn nem wit 'sayklo -' prεfiks כ prכpriet nem biכs fכ ed-to-tεl kכnεkshכn כ sayd - chen sayklayzeshn, εn i kin gεt nכn nεchכral kכmכpכnεnt dεm lεk D-amino asid dεm.
di pεptayd dεm we gεt yunik kכnektiviti, lεk glutathione, we gεt 'γ-pεptida bכnd' we fכm bitwin di γ-kכbכksiyl grup εn di α-amino grup, nכ de fala di linya α-pεptida bכnd nכmba kכvεnshכn.
di fכnshכnal pεpti dεm, lεk antimaykrobial εn nyuropεptida dεm, dεn gi dεn nem bay dεn bayolojikal fכnshכn pas di amino asid kכnt. fכ egzampl, mεlitin, we na wan antimaykrobial pεptida we gεt 26 amino asid dεm.
di pεpti dεm we nכ sכntez frכm maykro כganism dεm, lεk bacitracin εn actinomycin, gεt modifyed amino asid dεm (εgz., mεtylet כ sayklis) εn dεn gi dεm di nem afta dεn sכs כ fכnshכn bikoz fכ dεn yכnik bayosεntetik path dεm, pas amino asid kכnt.
in sכmari, dεn εksεpshכn dεm ya de sho di difrεn nεchכr fכ di pεptida nכmenklachכ, we fכ tek in kכnt strכkchכral fכm dεm, sεntetik rod dεm, εn fכnshכnal kכntribyushכn dεm.
Klasifikɛshɔn fɔ di pεptida dɛn
Pεptayd dεm kin kכtכgεrayz insay mכltipכl dimεnshכn dεm:
bay di nכmba fכ di amino asid dεm, di oligopεptida dεm we kכnsis fכ 2-20 pεptida dεm lεk dipεptida εn glutathione de aktif bכku; polipεptida dεm wit 20-50 pεptida dεm kin fכm simpul spatial strכkchכ dεm lεk insulinojen fragmεnt dεm; di pεpti dεm we gεt mכr dan 50 pεpti dεm εn kכmpleks fכnshכn dεm dεn kin kכl dεn kכl protin dεm, lεk insulin we gεt 51 amino asid dεm.
bay kεmikכl strכkchכ, linya pεptida dεm de lεnk bay α-pεptida bכnd dεm lεk εnkεfalin, saykli pεptida dεm de fכm wan ring tru di fכs εn las tel כ sayd chen lεk sayklosporin, modify pεpti dεm gεt כn nεchכral kכmכpכnεnt dεm lεk di D-amino asid dεm fכ aktinomaysin, εn spεshal lεnk pεptida dεm lεk glutathione de lεnk bay γ-pεptida bכnd dεm.
bay di mכd fכ sεntesis, di ribosomal sεntetik pεpti dεm de kכd bay jin dεm lεk εndorfin, nכn-ribosomal sεntetik pεpti dεm de dipεnd pan maykrobial εnzym kכmpleks lεk maykopεptida, εn sεntetik pεpti dεm de pripia bay kεmikכl כ bayolojikal mεn lεk mεdisinal כktrεotid.
bay fכnshכn, signal pεpti dεm de involv fכ transmishכn lεk tayrotropin-rilis כmon, antibakterial pεpti dεm de dכn baktriyal mεmbran lεk bi vεnכm pεpti dεm, nyuropεptida dεm de rεgεl nεv dεm lεk εndorfin fכ analgesia, εn mεdisinal pεpti dεm εn fכnshכnal fכd pεptida dεm de bak.
bay sכs, nεchכral pεptida dεm de insay כganism כ it, lεk dairy casein pεptida dεm, εn sεntetik pεptida dεm de brok tru nεchכral limitεshכn tru artifishal intavεnshכn, lεk kכsmεtik כligopεptida dεm.
bay bayolojikal sכs, dεn kin kategoriz dεm insay animal sכs lεk tensin, plant sכs lεk soya bin pεptida, εn maykrobial sכs lεk Mycobacterium avium pεptida.
dis klasification dεm de intatwin fכ rεflek di rich divεrsiti fכ di pεptida dεm in strכkchכ, fכnshכn εn aplikεshכn.
Impɔtant wɔd dɛn we gɛt fɔ du wit peptida dɛn
Pεptida bכnd: di amid bond -CO-NH- we de fכm bay di dεhaydreshכn kכndensεshכn fכ di α-kכbכksi grup fכ wan amino asid wit di α-amino grup fכ כda amino asid, we na di bεsik kכvalεnt bכnd we de kכnekt amino asid rεsidεns εn we de kכnstityut pεptida dεm εn protin dεm.
oligopεptida: i kin tכk bכt lכw mכlikul wet pεptida kכmpawnd dεm, lεk dipεptida, tripεptida, εtk, we de fכm bay we dεn kכnekt 2-20 amino asid dεm tru pεptida bכnd, εn gεt hכy bayolojikal aktiviti εn sεl mεmbran pεrmiabiliti.
polipεptida: pεptida we kכmכp fכ 20-50 amino asid dεm, mכlikul wet kin sכmtεm sכmtεm 10 kDa, i kin fכm simpul spatial strכkchכ lεk α-hεliks, na fכnshכnal mכlikul bitwin oligopεptida εn protin.
praymari strכkchכ: di amino asid sikεns fכ di pεptida, we dεn de disayd bay jεnεtik infכmeshכn כ atifishal disayn, na di bεsik kεmikכl strכkchכ fכ di pεptida, we de afekt in advans strכkchכ εn bayolojikal fכnshכn dεm dεn wan.
sεkכnd strכkchכ: di כda kכnfכmeshכn we dεn fכm bay haydrojεn bכnd na di lokal εria na di pεptida chen, lεk α-hεliks, β-fכlding, β-tכn, εtk, we nכ stebul lεk di protin dεm, bכt i de involv insay di fכmeshכn fכ fכnshכnal sayt dεm.
sayklik pεpti dεm: pεpti dεm we de fכm sayklik strכkchכ bay we dεn de kכnekt di fכs εn las amino asid dεm כ sayd chen grup dεm, lεk sayklosporin εn sכt pεptida, wit hכy stεbiliti εn anti-εnzym fכm dεm, we bכku tεm gεt di prεfiks 'sayklik' insay di nem.
ribosכm sεntez pεpti dεm: pεptida dεm we di ribosכm dεm fכ liv כganism dεm de sכntez tru mRNA tεmplat transleshכn, εn dεn sikεns dεm de kכd bay jin dεm, lεk di כmon insulin εn di nyurotransmitta εndorfin.
nכn-ribosomal sεntetik pεptida dεm: pεptida dεm we spεshal εnzym kכmpleks dεm lεk pεptida sεntez dεm, we dεn kכmכn fכ fכnshכn insay maykro כganism dεm lεk baktri dεm εn fכn, εn i kin gεt nכn nכchכral amino asid dεm lεk D-amino asid dεm, fכ egzampl, di antibaytik Mycobacterium avium pεptida.
sכlid fεz pεptida sεntesis (SPPS): In vitro artifishal pεptida sεntez tεknכlכji, tru di sikεnshal kכplεshכn fכ protεkt amino asid dεm pan di rεsin kεriכ, tru di dεprotεkshכn, kכndensεshכn riakshכn fכ sכmtεm εksεnd di pεptida chen, we fit fכ sכt pεptida sεntez prεsishכn.
