Peptide kunnafoni fɛ       Mɛkalo tile fɔlɔ, san 2025

BƐƐRƐ KUNNAFONIW NI FƐRƐW KUNNAFONIW BƐƐ MIN BƐ NI WEBSITE KAN NA, U BƐ KUNNAFONIW FƆLƆ DƆRƆN NI KALANSENW YE.

Fɛn minnu bɛ di nin siti in kan, olu dabɔra ɲininiw dɔrɔn kama in vitro. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli in vitro (latinkan na: *in glass*, o kɔrɔ ye gilasi minɛnw na) bɛ kɛ hadamaden farikolo kɔkan. Nin fura ninnu tɛ furaw ye, Ameriki dumuniko ni furako ɲɛmɔgɔso (FDA) ma sɔn u ma, wa u man kan ka kɛ ka furakɛli bana, bana walima bana si bali, k’a furakɛ, walima k’a furakɛ. A dagalen don kosɛbɛ sariya fɛ ka nin fɛn ninnu don hadamaden walima bagan farikolo la cogo o cogo.

Peptide ye mun ye?

Pepitiri bɛ sɔrɔ ni asidi aminiki tolenw sirilen don ɲɔgɔn na pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ. α-peptide kɔrɔlen kɔnɔ, o jɛɲɔgɔnya bɛ asidi aminiki tolen kelen ka karɔbɔni karɔbɔni ni tolen nata ka azote siri ɲɔgɔn na, ka kɔkolo cogoya dɔ dilan min bɛ pepitiriw ni farikolojɔlifɛnw tila.

Pepitiri nɔgɔmanw na, asidi aminiki tolen damadɔ dɔrɔn de bɛ sɔrɔ. tolen fila bɛ mɔlikulu min na , o bɛ wele ko dipɛtidi , ka sɔrɔ tolen saba bɛ kɛ tripepitiri ye . Jatebla-daɲɛ fɔlɔ suguw bɛ Kɛ ɲɔgɔndan surun wɛrɛw la.

Cakɛda janw kama, daɲɛw i n’a fɔ oligopɛtidi ni polipɛtidi bɛ fɔ ka caya, hali n’u jatebɔ dan tɛ kelen ye pewu dɔnniya siratigɛ la. O la, a ka fisa ka nin daɲɛ ninnu jate i n’a fɔ ɲɛfɔli-dakunw sanni ka kɛ danfara dafalenw ye minnu sinsinnen bɛ tolen jate kelen kan.

O cogo kelen na, asidi aminikiw tolen hakɛ kelen tɛ diɲɛ kɔnɔ, pepitiri bɛ kɛ farikolojɔlan ye a yɛrɛma min na. Protéines (protéines) danfara fana bɛ sanfɛla-yɔrɔ-ko, foli, ɲɛnamaya-labɛncogo, ani dɔnniya siratigɛ jira.

Pepitiri ka asidi aminikiw sigiyɔrɔma ye a jɔcogo fɔlɔ ye . O ɲɔgɔndan in b’a ka jogo jɔnjɔn caman dantigɛ, i n’a fɔ molekiyɔmu girinya, charge net, hydrophobicity ani kemikali kulu minnu bɛ sɔrɔ molekiyɔmuw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ jɛɲɔgɔnyaw la.

Ni cogoya bɛnnen don, pepitiri cakɛdaw bɛ se fana ka sigicogo filananw ta i n’a fɔ α-helical conformations, β-structure, turns, walima conformations less ordered. Pepitiri bɛ o jɔli ninnu ta fo ka se hakɛ min ma, o bɛ bɔ a sigiyɔrɔmali n’a ka kɔrɔbɔli sigida la.

Peptidew bɛ dilan cogo di?

Pepitidiw bɛ se ka sɔrɔ biyosintɛzi fɛ walima u bɛ se ka labɛn laboratuwari fɛɛrɛw fɛ minnu bɛ kɔlɔsi. Sitimɛ ɲɛnamaw kɔnɔ, pepitiri ni farikolojɔlifɛn caman bɛ sɔrɔ ribosoma bamanankan baarakɛcogo fɛ . Ciden ARN bɛ ɲɔgɔndan kunnafoniw ta minnu kodɔnnen don, ka sɔrɔ ARN jiginni mɔlikuluw bɛ asidi aminikiw lase ribozomu ma ka kɛɲɛ ni cogo wajibiyalen ye. Ribozomu kɔnɔ, pepitiri-joli sɔrɔli bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka pepitili-transferase santiri la. Pepitiri cakɛda min bɛ ka bonya, o bɛ bɔ pepitiri-tRNA la ka taa amino-asili-tRNA natɔ ka amino kulu la. O wale in segin-ka-bɔnyew bɛ cakɛda janya tolen kelen kelen na. O fɛɛrɛ in ɲɛfɔlen don ka ɲɛ i n’a fɔ asili-ci-taamacogo min bɛ kɛ ni tRNA-bound intermédiaires activated ye sanni ka kɛ dɔrɔn farikolojidɛsɛ tilennen ye amino asidi hɔrɔnma fila cɛ. Pepitiri minnu bɛ sɔrɔ u yɛrɛ la, olu bɛɛ tɛ dilan ribozomuw fɛ. Pepitiri sintetazi minnu tɛ ribozoma ye, olu ye anzimu sigida belebelebaw ye minnu bɛ pepitiri dɔw lajɛ u yɛrɛma ribozoma bamanankan na. Nin sira ninnu nafa ka bon kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la mikrobiyɔmu nafamafɛnw chimie la, wa u bɛ se ka D-amino acids, tolenw don minnu tɛ poroteyini ye, cyclique structures, ani kemikaliya fɛn wɛrɛw minnu tɛ deli ka kɛ. Pepitidiw fana bɛ se ka labɛn ni fɛn dilannenw ye. Laboratowari fɛɛrɛ nafama dɔ ye pepitiri fasa solide synthesis , walima SPPS ye. SPPS kɔnɔ, asidi aminiki fɔlɔ bɛ nɔrɔ resin gɛlɛn dɔ la, ka asidi aminiki lakananen wɛrɛw fara a kan ka tugu ɲɔgɔn na. Deprotection ni coupling cycles segin-seginw bɛ pepitiri cakɛda janya fo ka se laɲini sinsinni ma. O kɔfɛ, pepitiri bɛ tigɛ ka bɔ resin na, ka lakana kuluw bɔ, ka sɔrɔ ka fɛn sɔrɔlen saniya ani ka jateminɛ kɛcogo jira. Ka kɛɲɛ ni laɲiniw sigiyɔrɔmali ye, labɛncogo wɛrɛw bɛ se ka kɛ furaji-fasa-sɛnɛcogo ye, fɛnɲɛnɛmafagalanw tali, anzimu ligation (enzyme ligation), walima o fɛɛrɛ ninnu faralen ɲɔgɔn kan.

Peptide Bond (Peptide Bond) ye

Pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnya ye amidi jɛɲɔgɔnya ye wa a bɛ kɛ cɛmancɛ jɔli jɛɲɔgɔnya ye asidi aminiki tolenw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ.

Pepitiri sirili kemikaliya nafama dɔ ye a yɔrɔ fila-fila cogoya ye. Rezɔn min bɛ karɔbɔli kulu ni amidi azote cɛ, o bɛ dan sigi hɔrɔnya jiginni na C–N jɛɲɔgɔnya lamini na. O jateminɛ dantigɛlen in bɛ dɛmɛ don pepitiri kɔkolo ka cogoya la.

Hali ni pepitiri sirili yɛrɛ ka nɔgɔn kosɛbɛ, pepitiri ka cogoya bɛɛ lajɛlen bɛ bɔ fɛn caman wɛrɛw la, i n’a fɔ asidi aminiki kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw, furaji cogoya, pH, funteni, ion fanga, ani jɛɲɔgɔnya ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalan wɛrɛw.

Peptidew tɔgɔladonni 

Peptide tɔgɔw bɛ se ka tolenw hakɛ jira, u sigiyɔrɔma, u jɔcogo, u bɔyɔrɔ, walima u ka dɔnniya bɛnkan sigilen.

Pepitili sinsinni surunw kama, jatebla daminɛcogo bɛ tilennen ye:

• tolen fila: dipɛtidi

• tolen saba: tripeptide

• tolen naani: tetarapɛtidi

• tolen duuru: pentapɛtidi

• tolen wɔɔrɔ: hɛkɛsipɛtidi

• tolen wolonwula: hɛpɛpɛtidi

• tolen 8: ɔkitapɛtidi

• tolen kɔnɔntɔn: nonapeptide

• tolen tan: dekapɛtidi

Pepitiri janyalenw kama, a ka c’a la, dɔnniya tɔgɔladon bɛ tali kɛ ɲɔgɔndan na, biyokimiki tɔgɔ minnu sɔnna, walima u jɔcogo cogoyaw la sanni ka da fɔcogo nɔgɔmanw kan i n’a fɔ '20-peptide.\

Pepitiri dɔw bɛ tɔgɔdacogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw de wajibiya.

Sikili pepitiriw kɔnɔ, fɛn dɔ bɛ yen min datugulen don ni kovalɛn ye, min bɛ sɔrɔ kunkolo ni kɔ la, kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ, disulfide bridges fɛ, walima molekiyɔmu kɔnɔ jɛɲɔgɔnya wɛrɛw fɛ.

Pepitiri dɔw bɛ ni pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnyaw ye minnu tɛ sariya kɔnɔ . Misali la, γ-glutamyl jɛɲɔgɔnya bɛ glutathione la sanni a ka a jigi da α-peptide jɛɲɔgɔnya kɔrɔlenw kan pewu.

Pepitiri wɛrɛw kɔnɔ, tolenw bɛ sɔrɔ minnu sɛgɛsɛgɛra ni kemikɛli ye, asidi D-amino, asidi aminiki minnu tɛ poroteyini ye, tulumafɛnw kuluw, witaminiw kuluw, walima fɛn wɛrɛw bɛ sɔrɔ u jɔcogo la.

Nin misali ninnu b’a jira mun na pepitiri tɔgɔladonni tɛ se ka dɔgɔya tuma bɛɛ ka kɛ asidi aminiki hakɛ dɔrɔn ye.

Peptidew ka danfara

Pepitidiw bɛ se ka tila cogo caman na.

Ka kɛɲɛ ni Cakɛda Janya ye

Pepitiri surunw bɛ se ka ɲɛfɔ tigitigi i n’a fɔ dipɛtidi, tripepitiri, tetarapɛtidi, ani o ɲɔgɔnnaw.

daɲɛw Oligopɛtidi ni polipɛtidi ka bon, wa u man kan ka jate i n’a fɔ u dancɛ sigilen don diɲɛ bɛɛ kɔnɔ.

Ka kɛɲɛ ni Jatebɔ ye

Pepitidiw bɛ se ka kɛ:

• linear (ligne) ye

• cyclique (sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ).

• bolofara bɛ minnu na

• a bɛ fɛn caman sɛmɛntiya kemikɛli fɛ

• min bɛ tali kɛ ɲɔgɔn na ni bonw ye minnu tɛ sariya kɔnɔ

Jateblaw danfara nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ bawo molekiyɔmuw jɔcogo bɛ se ka nɔba bila fɛnw cogoya la, u sabatili la, u ka wulicogo la, ani u ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛcogo la.

Ni Biosynthétique walima Preparative Route ye

Pepitidiw bɛ se ka sɔrɔ ninnu sababu fɛ:

• ribosomali biyosintɛzi

• biyosintɛzi min tɛ ribozomu ye

• kemikɛlifɛnw dilanni

• recombinant expression (fɔcogo kura faralen ɲɔgɔn kan).

• enzyme synthèse walima ligasi

Sira kelen-kelen bɛɛ bɛ ni jateminɛ kɛcogo ɲuman ni jateminɛcogo wɛrɛw ye.

Ka kɛɲɛ ni ɲininiw kɛcogo ye

Laboratowari ɲininiw na, pepitiriw bɛ se ka sɛgɛsɛgɛ i n’a fɔ:

• ligandi minnu bɛ tali kɛ minɛbagaw la

• taamasiɲɛw (molecules) minnu bɛ taamasiɲɛw jira

• enzyme substrates walima inhibiteurs (enzymes substrates) walima a balilanw

• structurel sondes (sonda minnu bɛ kɛ ka fɛnw jɔ).

• sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛcogo ɲɛfɔli sɛbɛnw

• baarakɛminɛn minnu tɔgɔ sɛbɛnnen don molekiyɔmuw kan

• biyokimiki walima selilɛri ɲinini misaliw yɔrɔ dɔw

Nin kulu ninnu bɛ kɔrɔbɔli kɛcogo ɲɛfɔ, wa u man kan ka kɔrɔfɔ iko kɛnɛyaso taamasiɲɛw.

Daɲɛ nafamaw Peptide ɲinini na

Oligopɛtidi (oligopeptide) ye

Oligopɛtidi ye pepitiri ye min ka surun kosɛbɛ, asidi aminikiw tolen hakɛ danmadɔ bɛ min na. Jatebla tigitigi bɛ danfara ka kɛɲɛ ni dɔnniya siratigɛ ye.

O la, a man ɲi k’a miiri ko oligopɛtidi bɛɛ bɛ ni jogo dɔw ye i n’a fɔ ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo caman walima membrane perméabilité ka bon. O jogo ninnu bɛ bɔ molekiyɔrɔ kelen-kelen bɛɛ la.

Polipɛtidi (Polypeptide) ye

Polipɛtidi ye asidi aminiki tolenw cakɛda jan ye min ni pepitiri sirili bɛ ɲɔgɔn na.

Polipɛtidiw bɛ se ka to ka wuli ka bɔ u nɔ na walima u bɛ se ka sigicogo filanan walima sabanan labɛnnenw ta ka kɛɲɛ ni ɲɔgɔndan ni sigida cogoyaw ye.

Jatebɔ fɔlɔ

Jateminɛ fɔlɔ bɛ tali kɛ pepitiri dɔ ka asidi aminiki sinsinni na, a bɛ sɛbɛn cogo la min bɛ bɔ N-dakun na ka taa C-dakun na.

Tɛmɛsira bɛ molekiyɔmuw ka jogo jɔnjɔnw dantigɛ ani ka kemikɛli basigi di sigida sanfɛla jɔli ma.

Jatebɔ filanan

Filanan sigicogo bɛ sigida cogoyaw jira minnu bɛ segin-ka-bɔ pepitiri cakɛda kɔnɔ, α-helices, β-structures ani turns bɛ minnu na.

Pepitiri bɛɛ tɛ sigicogo filanan sabatilen dilan. Kɔnfɔli bɛ se ka ɲɔgɔn ta kosɛbɛ ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalan, pH, hakɛ, funteni ani sirili jɛɲɔgɔnyaw ye.

Peptide cyclique (Péptide cyclique) ye

Pepitiri cyclique kɔnɔ, jɛɲɔgɔnya kovalɛn kelen bɛ sɔrɔ a dɔgɔyalenba la min bɛ pepitiri cakɛda yɔrɔ dɔ walima a bɛɛ datugu ka kɛ bololanɛgɛ ye.

Sikilila bɛ se ka dɔ bɔ konfɔrmasiyɔn sɛgɛsɛgɛli la ani a bɛ se ka kemikɛli sabatili ni a kɛlɛli caman sɛmɛntiya tiɲɛni sira dɔw la, hali ni o nɔ ninnu ye molekiyɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye.

Peptide min dilannen don ni ribosoma ye

Pepitiri min dilannen don ni ribosoma ye, o bɛ dilan ni bamanankan-falen-falen ye min bɛ kɛ ni jamu ye.

O pepitiri dɔw bɛ Lakodɔn o kɔ fɛ bamanankan bamanankan na ni fɛɛrɛw ye i n’a fɔ u tigɛcogo, u ka oksidan, u ka sikɔlɔsi, walima u farali kemikali kuluw kan.

Peptide min tɛ Ribozomal ye

Pepitiri min tɛ ribozomu ye, o bɛ lajɛ ni anzimu kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye sanni ka kɛ ribozomuw ye.

O pepitiri suguw bɛ se ka kɛ ni jɔcogo dɔw ye minnu man ca pepitiriw la minnu dilannen don ni ribozomi ye, i n’a fɔ D-amino acides ani tolenw minnu tɛ poroteyini ye.

Peptide (péptide) min bɛ kɛ ni fasa solide ye

Pepitiriw dilanni fasa gɛlɛnw dilanni tora fɛɛrɛ dɔ ye min bɛ kɛ ka caya pepitiriw sinsinni ɲɛfɔlenw labɛnni na.

Pepitiri min bɛ ka bonya, o bɛ nɔrɔ dɛmɛnan gɛlɛn dɔ la, ka sɔrɔ asidi aminiki lakananenw bɛ fara a kan ka tugu ɲɔgɔn na. Sintezi sɛrɛkili danma dɔ ye lakanani bɔli ye, ɲɔgɔndan, ko, ani sɛrɛkili seginni fo ka se ɲɔgɔndan ɲininen ma.

Cakɛda lajɛlen kɔfɛ, pepitiri bɛ tigɛ ka bɔ resin na, ka a lakanani bɔ, ka saniya ani ka a sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ.

SPPS nafa ka bon kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la barisa a bɛ sira di ɲɔgɔndan kɔlɔsili ma ni hakili ye, wa a bɛ se ka asidi aminiki caman caman minɛ minnu sɛmɛntiyalen don walima minnu tɛ u yɛrɛ ta ye.

Saniyali ni sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛcogo

Peptide synthèse tɛ fɛn dɔ dilan a yɛrɛma min bɛ kɛ ni kemikaliya kelen ye.

Sintetiki ɲagaminenw bɛ se ka kɛ ni ɲɔgɔndan tigɛlenw ye, deletion products, coupling products dafabaliw, side-reaction products, residual reagents, walima nɔgɔ wɛrɛw.

O de kama, saniya ni jateminɛ kɛcogo ye pepitiri labɛnni yɔrɔ kolomaw ye.

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) bɛ kɛ ka caya pepitiriw saniyacogo ni u sɛgɛsɛgɛli la. A bɛ yɔrɔw Bɔ ɲɔgɔn na ka Kɛɲɛ ni danfara ye u ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ ni chromatographie (fasa jɔlen) ni fasa mobili ye.

HPLC analytique fana bɛ se ka kɛ ka chromatographie saniya jateminɛ.

Nafa dɔ i n’a fɔ:

≥99% saniyacogo HPLC fɛ

ka kan ka faamuya iko saniya chromatographie sɛgɛsɛgɛli cogoya kofɔlenw kɔnɔ. O kɔrɔ tɛ ko furakisɛ farikolo girinya bɛɛ lajɛlen 99% bɛ kɛ pepitiri laɲinilen ye.

O danfara in nafa ka bon pepitili sɛgɛsɛgɛli la baarakɛlaw fɛ.

Mass spectrometry bɛ kunnafoni wɛrɛw di. A bɛ kɛ ka caya walasa ka molekiyɔmuw ka girinya suman ani ka molekiyɔmuw danfara dantigɛli dɛmɛ.

O la, HPLC saniya ni mass-spectrometric identity bɛ jateminɛ ɲininkali suguya wɛrɛw jaabi, wa u man kan ka jate i n’a fɔ sumanikɛlan minnu bɛ se ka ɲɔgɔn falen.

Ka kɛɲɛ ni pepitiri ni ɲinini kun ye, sɛgɛsɛgɛli fɛɛrɛ wɛrɛw fana bɛ se ka kɛ nafama ye, i n’a fɔ asidi aminikiw sɛgɛsɛgɛli, ji jateminɛ, ionw kɛlɛli sɛgɛsɛgɛli, tolenw-sɛgɛsɛgɛli, walima spektroskɔpi fɛɛrɛw.

Peptide minnu bɛ laboratuwari ɲininiw na

Peptidew ye ɲininifɛn nafamaw ye bawo u sigiyɔrɔmali n’u kemikaliya cogoya bɛ se ka ɲɛfɔ tigitigi ani ka fɛn caman sɛmɛntiya cogo la min bɛ kɛ ka kɛɲɛ ni sigida ye.

Laboratowari sɛgɛsɛgɛliw bɛ se ka pepitiriw jɔcogo sɛgɛsɛgɛ, u ka molekiyɔmuw ka jɛɲɔgɔnyaw, u minɛbagaw sirili, anzimu baara, biyokimiki taamasiɲɛw, sabatili, u wulicogo, u farali ɲɔgɔn kan, walima pepitiri ni farikolojɔlifɛnw ka jɛɲɔgɔnyaw.

Kɔrɔbɔli kɛcogo bɛ se ka nɔ bila fɛn caman na, i n’a fɔ:

• dasigi

• saniya

• hakilijagabɔ

• solvent (solvent) kɛcogo

• pH

• goniyahakɛ

• ion fanga

• marayɔrɔ cogoyaw

• kɔrɔbɔli modɛli

O de kama, kɔlɔsili minnu sɔrɔla kɔrɔbɔli cogoya dɔ la, olu man kan ka kɛ u yɛrɛma ka kɛ fɛn bɛɛ lajɛlen ye sigida wɛrɛ la.

Kɔrɔbɔli kɛcogo ɲuman ani jateminɛ kɛcogo bɛnnen nafa ka bon ni pepitiri ɲinini kunnafoniw kɔrɔ fɔra.

Sɛgɛsɛgɛli Baarakɛcogo fɔcogo

Cocer Peptides bɛ fɛn minnu di, olu dabɔra laboratuwari ɲininiw dɔrɔn kama, sɛgɛsɛgɛli sɛgɛsɛgɛli, ani sɛgɛsɛgɛli in vitro.

U ma dabɔ hadamadenw walima baganw ka furakɛli kama, u dunni kama, ka u kɛ bana sɛgɛsɛgɛli la, ka u kɛ furakɛli la, ka banaw furakɛ walima ka u kunbɛn, walima ka u kɛ kɛnɛyaso la.

Kunnafoni minnu bɛ sɔrɔ nin siti in kan, olu dabɔra dɔnniya ni kalanko siratigɛ la, wa u man kan ka kɔrɔfɔ iko furakɛli ladilikanw.

O danfara ka kan ka to cogo kelen na siti bɛɛ kɔnɔ. FDA y’a fɔ siɲɛ caman pepitiriw labatoli walew kɔnɔ kɔsa in na ko 'sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛcogo dɔrɔn' daɲɛw tɛ siti kɔnɔkow wɛrɛw tiɲɛ ni a lamini kumaw b’a jira ko hadamadenw ka fura tali laɲininen don.