Peptide kunnafoni fɛ 
Mɛkalo tile fɔlɔ, san 2025
BƐƐRƐ KUNNAFONIW NI FƐRƐW KUNNAFONIW BƐƐ MIN BƐ NI WEBSITE KAN NA, U BƐ KUNNAFONIW FƆLƆ DƆRƆN NI KALANSENW YE.
Fɛn minnu bɛ di nin siti in kan, olu dabɔra ɲininiw dɔrɔn kama in vitro. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli in vitro (latinkan na: *glasi kɔnɔ*, o kɔrɔ ye gilasi kɔnɔ) bɛ kɛ hadamaden farikolo kɔkan. Nin fura ninnu tɛ furaw ye, Ameriki ka dumuniko ni furako ɲɛmɔgɔso (FDA) ma sɔn u ma, wa u man kan ka kɛ ka furakɛli bana, bana walima bana si bali, k’a furakɛ, walima k’a furakɛ. A dagalen don kosɛbɛ sariya fɛ ka nin fɛn ninnu don hadamaden walima bagan farikolo la cogo o cogo.
Peptide ye mun ye?
'peptide' daɲɛ bɔra Gɛrɛkikan daɲɛ na 'πέσσειν' (péssein), o kɔrɔ ye 'ka sɔgɔsɔgɔ.' Pepitiri ye fɛn ye min bɛ dilan ni asidi aminikiw ye minnu bɛ tali kɛ pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ. Pepitidi jɛɲɔgɔnyaw, n’olu ye amidi jɛɲɔgɔnyaw ye, olu bɛ bɔ farikolojidɛsɛ sɔrɔli la asidi aminiki dɔ ka α-karɔkisili kulu ni asidi amino kulu wɛrɛ ka α-amino kulu cɛ. Ni an bɛ tila ka kɛɲɛ ni asidi aminikiw hakɛ ye, pepitiri minnu bɛ ni asidi aminikiw 2 fo 20 ye, olu bɛ wele ko oligopɛtidi, minnu bɛ ni asidi aminikiw ye 20 fo 50, olu ye polipɛtidi ye, ani ɲɔgɔndan minnu ka ca ni asidi aminikiw 50 ye minnu ka yɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw bɛ u la, a ka c’a la, olu bɛ tila i n’a fɔ farikolojɔlifɛnw. A ka c’a la, pepitidiw girinya bɛ se kDa 10 ma. U ka jɔcogo fɔlɔ bɛ Kɛ ni asidi aminiki sinsinni ye min bɛ Kɛ ‘yɔrɔ la, wa pepitiri dɔw bɛ Se ka jɔcogo flananw Kɛ i n’a fɔ α-helices. Baara suguya caman jirali, pepitiriw sen bɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw ka walew la kosɛbɛ i n’a fɔ taamasiɲɛw cili, farikoloɲɛnajɛw labɛnni, ani farikolo tangalanw, o b’a to u bɛ kɛ biyomolekuli nafamaw ye minnu ka jɔcogo suguya caman bɛ u ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka baarakɛcogo fila bɛɛ la, baarakɛcogo la furakɛli, dumuniko dɔnniya, ani baara wɛrɛw la.
Peptidew bɛ dilan cogo di?
| Pepitidi sɔrɔli bɛ kɛ asidi aminikiw ka jɛɲɔgɔnya fɛ pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ, o bɛ kɛ a yɛrɛ la in vivo walima artificiellement in vitro. Biologique systemes kɔnɔ, ribosomal synthèse bɛ kɛ ni ARNm ye ka jamu kunnafoniw ta ka taa ribosomew ɲɛminɛ ka amino acides activés labɛn ka kɛɲɛ ni ɲɔgɔndan kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen ye. ARN minnu bɛ taa ɲɔgɔn fɛ (ARNt) bɛ asidi aminikiw lase ribozomu ma, yɔrɔ min na, anzimu katalizi bɛ farikolojidɛsɛ wulicogo bila asidi amino kelen ka α-karɔkisili kulu ni asidi amino kulu wɛrɛ ka α-amino kulu cɛ, ka amidi (peptide) jɛɲɔgɔnya kɛ ani ka ji molekilɛri dɔ bɔ o kɛcogo bɛ segin ka kɛ ka oligopɛtidi walima polipɛtidi sɔrɔ. Sintezi min tɛ ribozomu ye, o bɛ tali kɛ anzimu kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw na i n’a fɔ pepitiri sintetaziw, minnu bɛ ye ka caya fɛnɲɛnama misɛnninw na minnu bɛ pepitiri biyoaktiviw dilan i n’a fɔ banakisɛfagalanw. In vitro sintezi bɛ baara kɛ fɔlɔ ni solide-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) ye, yɔrɔ min na asidi aminikiw lakananenw bɛ siri ɲɔgɔn kɔ ni resin dɛmɛnan ye; deprotection ni condensation reactions bɛ pepitiri cakɛda janya senfɛ-senfɛ. Ni o tɛ, pepitiri laɲinitaw bɛ se ka sɔrɔ farikolojɔli dumuniw na minnu bɛ wele ko enzymatique hydrolyse de protéines naturelles. Pepitidi jɛɲɔgɔnya sɔrɔli bɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya kovalɛn kɛcogo jira, min bɛ kɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya koloma ye pepitiriw ni farikolojɔlifɛnw jɔcogo fɔlɔ la. Fɛn wɛrɛw bɛ ɲɛfɔ pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnyaw kan dakun 'Peptide jɛɲɔgɔnyaw.' kɔnɔ. |  |
Peptidew tɔgɔladonni
A ka c’a la, pepitiriw tɔgɔladonni bɛ bɔ u kɔnɔ asidi aminiki hakɛ la, ka tugu 'jateden + pepitiri' bɛnkan na. Misali la, dipɛtidi bɛ kɛ ni asidi aminiki fila ye, tripepitiri saba, wa o bɛ taa ɲɛ fo ka se dekapɛtidi ma ni asidi aminiki tan ye. Peptide minnu ka amino acides ka ca ni tan ye, olu tɔgɔ bɛ da tigitigi ko '11 - peptide', '20 - peptide', wdfl Nin tɔgɔdacogo in bɛ tali kɛ caman na peptides lineaires kɔrɔlenw na minnu bɛ tali kɛ α - peptide jɛɲɔgɔnyaw la. Nka, danfara dɔw bɛ yen:
Pepitiri sɛrɛkili dɔw, i n’a fɔ sikɔlɔsporini ni gramisidini, olu tɔgɔ dara ni 'siklo -' daminɛ ye walima tɔgɔ min ye u yɛrɛ ta ye k’a sababu kɛ kunkolo ni kɔ cɛsira ye walima kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda sikɔlɔsi, wa u bɛ se ka kɛ fɛnw ye minnu tɛ u yɛrɛ ta ye i n’a fɔ D-amino acids.
Pepitidi minnu ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen don, i n’a fɔ glutathione, n’o ye 'γ-peptide bond' ye min bɛ sɔrɔ γ-carboxyl kulu ni α-amino kulu cɛ, olu tɛ tugu α-peptide bond numbering convention linear la.
Pepitiri minnu bɛ baara kɛ, i n’a fɔ banakisɛfagalanw ni neuropeptides, olu tɔgɔ bɛ da u ka ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo kan sanni ka da asidi aminikiw hakɛ kan. Misali la, mɛlitini, banakisɛfagalan pepitiri min bɛ ni asidi aminiki 26 ye.
Pepitidi minnu ma dilan ni ribozomi ye ka bɔ fɛnɲɛnama misɛnninw na, i n’a fɔ basitarasini ni aktinomisini, asidi aminiki caman bɛ sɔrɔ olu la (misali la, metilasi walima sikɔlɔ) wa u tɔgɔ dara u bɔyɔrɔ walima u baaracogo la k’a sababu kɛ u ka biyosinɛsi sira kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye, sanni ka kɛ asidi aminikiw hakɛ ye.
Kuma surun na, nin danfara ninnu bɛ pepitiri tɔgɔdacogo suguya caman jira, minnu ka kan ka jateminɛ kɛ u jɔcogo la, u dilanni siraw, ani u baarakɛcogo.
Pepitiriw ka danfara
Pepitidiw bɛ se ka tila tilayɔrɔ caman na:
Asidi aminikiw hakɛ fɛ, oligopɛtidi minnu bɛ kɛ ni pepitiri 2-20 ye i n’a fɔ dipɛtidi ni glutatiyɔni, olu bɛ baara kɛ kosɛbɛ; polipɛtidi minnu bɛ ni pepitiri 20-50 ye, olu bɛ se ka yɔrɔko nɔgɔmanw dilan i n’a fɔ inisɔndiyalan yɔrɔw; pepitiri minnu ka ca ni pepitiri 50 ye ani minnu ka baara ka gɛlɛn, a ka c’a la, olu bɛ tila ka kɛ farikolojɔlifɛnw ye, i n’a fɔ inisɔndiya min kɔnɔ asidi aminiki 51 bɛ sɔrɔ.
Kemikoro sigicogo fɛ, pepitiri sinsinni bɛ siri ɲɔgɔn na ni α-pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnyaw ye i n’a fɔ ɛnkefalini, pepitiri cyclique bɛ kɛ bololanɛgɛ ye ka tɛmɛ kɔ fɔlɔ ni laban fɛ walima kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda fɛ i n’a fɔ sikɔlɔsporini, pepitiri sɛmɛntiyalenw bɛ fɛnw sɔrɔ minnu tɛ u yɛrɛ ta ye i n’a fɔ aktinomisini ka D-amino asidiw, ani pepitiri minnu sirilen don kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la i n’a fɔ glutathione, olu bɛ siri ɲɔgɔn na ni γ-peptide jɛɲɔgɔnyaw ye.
Sintezi kɛcogo fɛ, ribozoma sintetiki pepitiriw bɛ kodɔn ni jamu ye i n’a fɔ ɛndɔrfiniw, pepitiri sintetiki minnu tɛ ribozomu ye, olu bɛ tali kɛ mikrobiyɔmu anzimu complexes la i n’a fɔ mikopɛtidi, ani sintetiki pepitiriw bɛ labɛn ni kemikoro walima biologiki fɛɛrɛw ye i n’a fɔ furakɛli octreotide.
Baarakɛcogo fɛ, taamasiɲɛ pepitiriw sen bɛ banakisɛfagalanw tali la i n’a fɔ ɔrimɔni min bɛ tirotropin bɔ, banakisɛfagalan pepitiriw bɛ banakisɛw ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw tiɲɛ i n’a fɔ suman baga pepitiriw, neuropeptides bɛ nɛrɛw labɛn i n’a fɔ endorphines dimimadafura kama, ani fura pepitiriw ni dumuni pepitiri baarakɛtaw fana bɛ yen.
Ka kɛɲɛ ni u bɔyɔrɔ ye, pepitiriw bɛ sɔrɔ fɛnɲɛnamaw walima dumuniw na, i n’a fɔ nɔnɔ kasɛyini pepitiriw, ani pepitiri dilannenw bɛ dan sigicogo tiɲɛ ni fɛɛrɛ dilannenw ye, i n’a fɔ oligopɛtidi ɲɛgɛnw.
Ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka sɔrɔyɔrɔw ye, u bɛ se ka tila tila baganw ka sɔrɔyɔrɔw la i n’a fɔ tensin, jiriw sɔrɔyɔrɔw i n’a fɔ soja pepitiriw, ani fɛnɲɛnamaw sɔrɔyɔrɔw i n’a fɔ Mycobacterium avium pepitiriw.
O danfara ninnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn Dòn walasa ka pepitiriw suguya caman jira u jɔcogo, u baaracogo ani u kɛcogo la.
Daɲɛ nafama minnu bɛ tali kɛ pepitiriw la
Pepitidi sirili : Amidi jɛɲɔgɔnya -CO-NH- min bɛ sɔrɔ asidi aminiki kelen ka α-karɔkisi kulu ni amino asidi wɛrɛ ka α-amino kulu ka jibɔbaliya fɛ, o ye jɛɲɔgɔnya kovalɛn basigilen ye min bɛ asidi aminiki tolenw siri ɲɔgɔn na ani ka pepitiriw ni farikolojɔlifɛnw kɛ.
Oligopɛtidi : a ka c’a la, a bɛ tali kɛ pepitiri fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw na minnu girinya ka dɔgɔn, i n’a fɔ dipɛtidi, tripɛtidi, a ɲɔgɔnnaw, minnu bɛ sɔrɔ ni asidi aminiki 2-20 sirili ye pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnya fɛ, wa u ka baara ka bon ɲɛnamayako la ani u bɛ se ka don selilɛri kɔnɔ.
Polipɛtidi : pepitiri min bɛ kɛ ni asidi aminiki 20-50 ye, a ka c’a la, a girinya bɛ dɔgɔya ni kDa 10 ye, a bɛ se ka yɔrɔko nɔgɔman dilan i n’a fɔ α-helix, o ye molekiyɔrɔ baarakɛta ye oligopɛtidi ni poroteyini cɛ.
A jɔcogo fɔlɔ : pepitiri ka asidi aminikiw sigiyɔrɔma, min bɛ dɔn ni jamu kunnafoniw ye walima ni a dilanni ye, o ye pepitiri ka kemikaliya jɔcogo jɔnjɔn ye, min bɛ nɔ bila a jɔcogo kɔrɔlen na ani a ka ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo la k’a ɲɛsin a ma.
Filanan sigicogo : o ye cogoya sigilen ye min bɛ sɔrɔ idɔrɔzi sirili fɛ pepitiri cakɛda sigida la, i n’a fɔ α-helix, β-folding, β-turning, a ɲɔgɔnnaw, o min tɛ sabati i n’a fɔ poroteyini ta, nka a sen bɛ baarakɛyɔrɔw jɔli la.
Pepitiriw cycliques : peptides minnu bɛ cyclique structure dilan ni amino acide fɔlɔ ni laban walima kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda kuluw sirili ye, i n’a fɔ cyclosporine ani peptide surun, ni sabatili ka bon ani anti-enzyme kɛcogo, a ka c’a la, 'cyclique' daminɛ bɛ sɔrɔ u tɔgɔ la.
Pepitiri minnu dilannen don ni ribozomu ye : pepitiri minnu dilannen don fɛnɲɛnamaw ka ribozomu fɛ ARNm template translation fɛ, ani u sigiyɔrɔmali bɛ kodɔn ni jamu ye, i n’a fɔ inisɔndiya ɔrimɔni ani endorphine neurotransmetteur.
Pepitiri sintetiki minnu tɛ ribozomu ye : pepitiri minnu dilannen don ni anzimu kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye i n’a fɔ pepitiri sintetazi, olu bɛ sɔrɔ ka caya fɛnɲɛnama misɛnninw na i n’a fɔ banakisɛw ni ɲɛgɛnw, wa a bɛ se ka kɛ asidi aminikiw la minnu tɛ u yɛrɛ ta ye i n’a fɔ D-amino acides, misali la, banakisɛfagalan Mycobacterium avium peptide.
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS): In vitro artificial peptide synthesis technology, ka tɛmɛn amino acides lakananenw sirili ɲɔgɔn kan resin tabaga kan, ka tɛmɛn deprotection, condensation reaction fɛ walasa ka peptide cakɛda janya dɔɔni dɔɔni, min bɛnnen don pepitiri sintezi surun ma.
