Peptide kunnafoni fɛ 
Awirilikalo tile 21, san 2025
BƐƐRƐ KUNNAFONIW NI FƐRƐW KUNNAFONIW BƐƐ MIN BƐ NI WEBSITE KAN NA, olu BƐ KUNNAFONIW FƆLƆ DƆRƆN NI KALANSENW YE.
Fɛn minnu bɛ di nin siti in kan, olu dabɔra ɲininiw dɔrɔn kama in vitro. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli in vitro (latinkan na: *glasi kɔnɔ*, o kɔrɔ ye gilasi kɔnɔ) bɛ kɛ hadamaden farikolo kɔkan. Nin fura ninnu tɛ furaw ye, Ameriki ka dumuniko ni furako ɲɛmɔgɔso (FDA) ma sɔn u ma, wa u man kan ka kɛ ka furakɛli bana, bana walima bana si bali, k’a furakɛ, walima k’a furakɛ. A dagalen don kosɛbɛ sariya fɛ ka nin fɛn ninnu don hadamaden walima bagan farikolo la cogo o cogo.
Amino asidiw ye fɛnɲɛnamaw ye minnu kɔnɔ α-amino kulu (α-NH2) ani α-carboxyl kulu (α-COOH) bɛ sɔrɔ, ni u ka formula caman ye RCH(NH2)COOH. α-karɔbɔni atomu bɛ tali kɛ kɛrɛfɛ-cakɛda kulu kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen dɔ la (R kulu), o bɛ kɛ fɛnɲɛnamaw ka makɔrɔmolekuliw jɔcogo jɔnjɔnw ye. Asidi aminikiw 20 bɛ yen minnu bɛ farikolojɔlifɛnw dilanni na sigida la, minnu bɛ baarakɛcogo danfara sɔrɔ u kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw ka kemikaliya danfara fɛ (polarite, charge, hydrophobicity). Peptidew ye polimɛriw ye minnu bɛ dilan ni asidi aminikiw fila walima caman ye minnu sirilen don amidi jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ (-CO-NH-) ni jibɔ ye, minnu bɛ asidi aminikiw ka oligomɛri walima polimɛri fɛnw jira. Ni u bɛ tila ka kɛɲɛ ni asidi aminiki tolenw hakɛ ye, u tilalen don oligopɛtidi (tolen 2–10) ani polipɛtidi (tolen 10 ni kɔ), ni u girinya bɛ bɔ 0,2 na ka se 10 kDa ma a ka c’a la. U bɛ kɛ cɛmancɛ baarakɛyɔrɔw ye jiginni na ka bɔ asidi aminikiw monomɛriw la ka taa poroteyini makɔrɔmolekuliw la.
Jɛɲɔgɔnya ni danfara koloma minnu bɛ pepitidi ni asidi aminiki cɛ
Asidi aminikiw ye pepitiriw jɔcogo ɲɛbilaw ye ani u jɔlifɛnw, olu ye oligomɛri baarakɛtaw ye minnu bɛ sɔrɔ asidi aminikiw ka jɛɲɔgɔnya kovalɛn fɛ amidi jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ. O fila bɛ danfaraba jira molekiyɔmu hakɛ la, jɔcogo la, ani baarakɛcogo la:
Molecules (molecules) ka baarakɛcogo:
Amino asidiw ye monomɛri molekilu yɛrɛmahɔrɔnyalenw ye (molecules girinya 75–204 Da), amino ni carboxyl kulu hɔrɔnmaw bɛ minnu na ka fara kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw kan. Pepitidiw ye asidi aminikiw caman faralen ye ɲɔgɔn kan, minnu na amino ni karɔkisili kuluw ka hɔrɔnya cogoyaw bɛ bɔ amidi jɛɲɔgɔnyaw fɛ walasa ka pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnya kɔkolo (-NH-CO-) kɛ min bɛ taa ɲɛ.
Jateblaw ka gɛlɛya:
Asidi aminikiw bɛ ni jɔcogo fɔlɔ dɔrɔn de ye (kimisɛri kɛcogo), k’a sɔrɔ pepitiriw bɛ ni ɲɔgɔndan sinsinni ye (jɔyɔrɔ fɔlɔ) ani u bɛ se ka kɛ ni plastiki ye min bɛ se ka kɛ cogoya la. Pepitiri surunw bɛ yen i n’a fɔ cakɛda minnu bɛ se ka wuli, wa pepitiri janw bɛ se ka sigida filananw dilan (i n’a fɔ α-helix yɔrɔ surunw walima β-turns), hali ni u tɛ ni fɛn saba sabatilenw ye.
Baarakɛcogo ɲɛnabɔli:
Asidi aminikiw bɛ kɛ fɔlɔ i n’a fɔ fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw biyosintɛzi ni farikoloɲɛnajɛ cɛmancɛfɛnw na. Nka, pepitidiw bɛ se ka ɲɛnamaya baara kɛ k’a ɲɛsin u yɛrɛ ma, n’u ka baara bɛ bɔ asidi aminikiw sigiyɔrɔma kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw na ani u cogoya fangamaw la.
Asidi aminikiw: Peptidew ka molekiyɔmu basigilen
Asidi aminiki nafama minnu bɛ pepitiriw dilan, olu bɛ tila kulu duuru ye ka da u kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw ka kemikaliya cogoyaw kan:
Asidi aminiki alifatiki minnu tɛ polari ye : Kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda minnu bɛ ji sɔrɔ kosɛbɛ, olu bɛ cakɛda kɔnɔ ji-sɔrɔbaliya jɛɲɔgɔnyaw kɛ, o bɛ nɔ bila pepitiriw dacogo la.
Asidi aminiki minnu tɛ charge (polari) ye : Kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw la, kuluw bɛ sɔrɔ polari la i n’a fɔ hidroksili kuluw, minnu bɛ u sen don hidrɔzɛni jɛɲɔgɔnya sɔrɔli la ani bamanankan baarakɛcogo caman caman cili la (misali la, fosforilasi).
Asidi aminiki kasadimanw : Kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda minnu bɛ ni bololanɛgɛw ye minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ, olu bɛ pepitiriw di ni ultraviolet absorption properties (280 nm kɛrɛfɛ) ani molecular recognition seko ye.
Asidi aminiki asidi (asidi aspartiki, asidi glutamiki) ani Asidi aminiki basigilen (lisini, arginini): Kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw kɔnɔ, kuluw bɛ sɔrɔ minnu bɛ se ka faranfasi, o bɛ pepitiriw ka charge (sara) tilatilali, u ka isoelectric point ani u ka ji wulicogo jira.
Asidi aminikiw bɛ don ribozomu kɔnɔ ribozomu bamanankan baarakɛcogo fɛ, ka baara kɛ ni ARNm kodɔnw ye i n’a fɔ misali ani ka taa ni u ye aminoasili-tRNA fɛ. U bɛ ɲɔgɔn siri ɲɔgɔn kɔ pepitiri jɛɲɔgɔnya dilancogo fɛ, n’u sinsinni kunnafoniw bɛ latigɛ kosɛbɛ ni jamu kode ye, o bɛ kɛ pepitiri baarakɛcogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw basigi molekiyɔmu ye.
Pepitidiw jɔcogo ni u baarakɛcogo yiriwali
Pepitiriw jɔcogo jɔnjɔn ye N-terminal amino kulu ye, C-terminal carboxyl kulu ani segin-segin amide bond kɔkolo. U ka molekiyɔmuw cogoya bɛ Changé ni dɔ farala asidi aminiki tolenw hakɛ kan:
Oligopeptides (2–10 residues): U bɛ sɔrɔ kosɛbɛ i n’a fɔ conformations lineaires flexibles. Misali la, dipɛtidi karɔsini (β-alanyl-L-histidine) bɛ a sen don farikolo tangalan baara la farikolo yɔrɔw la, ani pentapɛtidi enkefalini bɛ kɛ i n’a fɔ opioïde kɔnɔfɛn min bɛ dimi dɔnni ɲɛnabɔ.
Polipɛtidi (a tolen ka ca ni 10 ye): U bɛ se ka sigida labɛncogo dɔw dilan. Misali la, ɔrimɔni min bɛ tirotropini bɔ (tripeptide, pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) bɛ sabatili sabati ni sikɛli caman cili ye, ani banakisɛfagalanw bɛ banakisɛfagalanw kɛ ni anfifili α-helisiw donli ye banakisɛw ka selilɛriw kɔnɔ.
Pepitiriw ka baarakɛcogo nafa bɛ bɔ u ka 'molecules hakɛ danma' la—ka asidi aminikiw kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw ka kemikaliya kɛcogo mara k’a sɔrɔ u bɛ se ka laɲini sirili taamasiɲɛw cili sɔrɔ, ani farikoloɲɛnajɛ labɛnni ni tolen caman jɛ-ka-baara ye.
Biosynthèse ni chimique synthèse siraw danfaralenw
Asidi aminikiw ka biyosintɛzi bɛ labɛn kosɛbɛ selilɛriw ka farikoloɲɛnajɛ siraw fɛ; misali la, glutamate bɛ sɔrɔ α-ketoglutarate amination fɛ, o ye asidi tricarboxylic cycle cɛmancɛ ye. Peptide biyosintɛzi bɛ tali kɛ ribozoma walima ribozoma tɛ sintezi fɛɛrɛw la:
-Ribosomal Synthesis : ARNm bɛ jamu kunnafoniw ta ka don ribosome kɔnɔ, ARNt bɛ bɛn kodɔnw ma yɔrɔ min na ani ka asidi aminikiw ta. Pepitidi cakɛdaw bɛ dilan ni aminoasili-tRNA sirili ye, pepitiri sirili, ani jiginni senfɛ, minnu bɛnnen don pepitiriw nafamaw ni farikolojɔlifɛnw ɲɛnabɔli ma.
Sintezi min tɛ ribozomu ye : A ka ca mikorobiyɔmuw ka farikolojɔlifɛn filananw na, asidi aminikiw bɛ lajɛ ɲɔgɔn fɛ k’a ɲɛsin anzimu caman ka ɲɔgɔn ma, o bɛ a to asidi aminikiw ka don a kɔnɔ minnu tɛ u yɛrɛ ta ye.
Fɛnɲɛnɛmafagalanw dilanni fɛɛrɛw bɛ se ka asidi aminikiw ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ senfɛ-senfɛ kulu lakanani fɛɛrɛw fɛ, minnu bɛnnen don pepitiri surunw labɛnni tigitigi ma (50 tolen). Nin fɛɛrɛ ninnu bɛ nafaw lase i n’a fɔ ɲɔgɔndan minnu bɛ se ka kɔrɔsi ani saniyaba, minnu bɛ kɛ ka caya polipɛtidi furaw dilanni na.
Kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw ni peptide baarakɛcogo ka jɛɲɔgɔnya fɛɛrɛw
Asidi aminikiw kɛrɛfɛ cakɛdaw ka jɛɲɔgɔnyaw pepitiri cakɛdaw la, olu nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ baarakɛcogo ɲɛnabɔli la:
Charge Complementation : Asidi amino asidi ni basiki tolenw bɛ sigida pepitiriw cogoyaw sabati ionw sirili fɛ.
Jifagalanw faralen ɲɔgɔn kan : Asidi aminikiw kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda minnu tɛ polari ye, olu bɛ jibɔyɔrɔw kɛ jilamaw la, o bɛ pepitiri cakɛdaw bila ka foli ka kɛ fɛn kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye.
Covalent Modifications : Serine ni threonine minnu bɛ pepitiri cakɛdaw la, olu bɛ se ka fosforilasi, ani asparagine bɛ se ka glycosylated. O bεε bεε bε bεn pepitiriw ka ji-sɔrɔli ma, u ka charge (sara) cogoyaw, ani u ka ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo caman bε Yεlεma.
Kɛrɛfɛ cakɛda suguya caman bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka pepitiriw dɛmɛ u ka se ka biyomolekuli kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw laɲini ni ɲɔgɔndan kɛcogo ye, o b’a to u bɛ kɛ baarakɛminɛn ɲumanw ye fura dilanni na walasa ka ligandi nafamaw ladege walima ka farikolojɔlifɛnw ni farikolojɔlifɛnw ka jɛɲɔgɔnyaw bali.
Daɲɛw ɲɛfɔli ni dɔnniya fɔcogo sariyaw
Kalan siratigɛ la, danfara min bɛ 'amino acides' ni 'peptides' cɛ, o bɛ tugu nin sariyakolow kɔ:
Monomɛriw ni polimɛriw: Asidi α-amino karɔbɔliki mɔlikulu yɛrɛmahɔrɔnyalenw bɛ wele ko 'asidi aminikiw,' u ka hɔrɔnya walima u sirilen cogoya mana kɛ min o min ye.
Amidi jɛɲɔgɔnya : Fɛn minnu bɛ dilan ni asidi aminiki fila walima caman ye minnu sirilen don amidi jɛɲɔgɔnya fɛ, olu bɛ wele ko 'peptides,' min bɛ sinsin u oligomɛri cogoya kan.
Baarakɛɲɔgɔnya : Ni baro bɛ kɛ asidi aminikiw cogoya kan pepitiri cakɛdaw la, 'amino asidi tolen' daɲɛ bɛ fɔ ka danfara don ni amino asidi hɔrɔnw ka kemikaliya cogoyaw ye.
Daɲɛw tali tigitigi bɛ dɛmɛ ka molekiyɔmuw ka ɲɔgɔndanw ɲɛfɔ ka jɛya ani ka ɲagami bali 'amino acids' ni 'peptides' cɛ polimerizasiyɔn hakɛ ni baarakɛcogo siratigɛ la.
