By Cocer Peptides 
Watanni 1 da suka gabata
DUKKANIN LABARI DA BAYANIN KYAUTATAWA DA AKE BAYAR A WANNAN SHAFIN KAWAI DOMIN WATSA BAYANI NE DA MANUFOFIN ILIMI.
Kayayyakin da aka bayar akan wannan gidan yanar gizon an yi niyya ne kawai don binciken in vitro. Binciken in vitro (Latin: *a cikin gilashi*, ma'ana a cikin gilashin gilashi) ana gudanar da shi a wajen jikin mutum. Waɗannan samfuran ba magunguna ba ne, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ba ta amince da su ba, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su don hanawa, magani, ko warkar da duk wani yanayi na likita, cuta, ko cuta. Doka ta haramta shigar da waɗannan samfuran cikin jikin mutum ko dabba ta kowace hanya.
Gabatarwa
Tare da ci gaba da ci gaban kimiyyar rayuwa, bincike kan hanyoyin tsufa ya zama mai zurfi, kuma gano ingantattun hanyoyin rigakafin tsufa ya zama wani muhimmin batu a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Telomeres, a matsayin tsarin kariya a ƙarshen chromosomes, suna da alaƙa ta kusa da tsufa na salula. Epi, ɗan gajeren peptide na roba tare da tasirin tsufa, ya ja hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da Tsawon Telomere
(1) Tsari da Ayyukan Telomeres
Telomeres sune jerin nucleotide masu maimaitawa sosai a ƙarshen chromosomes, waɗanda suka ƙunshi jerin maimaita tandem na DNA mai sauƙi da sunadaran da ke da alaƙa. Telomeres suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye mutuncin tsarin halitta da kwanciyar hankali na chromosomal. A yayin kowace rabon tantanin halitta, telomeres a hankali yana raguwa saboda iyakokin hanyoyin yin kwafin DNA. Lokacin da telomeres ya gajarta zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, ƙwayoyin sel suna shiga cikin yanayin jin daɗi ko matakin apoptosis, don haka telomeres ana kiransa da misalin agogon salula na rayuwa.
Hoto 1 Epi ya rage matakin ROS na cikin salula.
(2) Hanyoyin Tsawon Tsawon Telomere
Hanyar Telomerase
Telomerase hadadden ribonucleoprotein ne tare da aikin jujjuyawar rubutu. Yana iya amfani da nasa RNA azaman samfuri don haɗa jerin maimaita telomere da ƙara su zuwa ƙarshen chromosomes, don haka kiyaye tsayin telomere. A cikin sel na mutum na yau da kullun, aikin telomerase yana da ƙasa ko ba ya nan, kuma telomeres sannu a hankali yana raguwa tare da kowane rarraba tantanin halitta. Duk da haka, a yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta, an sake kunna telomerase, yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo su yadu har abada kuma su sami rashin mutuwa. A cikin medulloblastoma na farko na yara, wasu ƙwayoyin tumo suna sarrafa telomere elongation ta hanyar kunna telomerase. Kusan 10.7% na medulloblastomas na metastatic suna haifar da kunna telomerase ta hanyar maye gurbi na TERT da hypermethylation na UTSS, ta haka ne ke samun elongation na telomere.
Hanyar ALT
Baya ga hanyar telomerase, akwai wata hanya mai zaman kanta ta telomerase wacce aka sani da canjin tsawo na hanyar telomerase (ALT). Wannan hanyar da farko ta haifar da rashin kunnawa ATRX kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu ƙwayoyin tumor. A cikin medulloblastoma na farko na yara na yara, kusan 32.1% na lokuta sun sami haɓaka telomere ta hanyar tsarin ALT, tare da 30% na samfuran da ke nuna gogewar ATRX na nukiliya, don haka kunna hanyar ALT.
(3) Epi da Tsarin Telomere Elongation
Tasirin Epi akan Telomerase
Epi ɗan gajeren peptide ne na roba wanda ya ƙunshi amino acid huɗu (alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, da glycine), dangane da peptide Epithalamion na halitta wanda aka ciro daga pineal gland. Bincike ya nuna cewa Epi na iya rinjayar tsawon telomere ta hanyar ƙarfafa ayyukan telomerase. Rukunin masu bincike na Rasha sun fara ganowa a cikin 1980s cewa Epi na iya motsa telomerase, enzyme da ke da alhakin karewa da fadada telomeres a ƙarshen chromosomes. Ko da yake a halin yanzu babu wani tabbataccen shaida da ke nuna cewa Epi na iya tsawaita telomeres kai tsaye a cikin mutane, wasu gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa yana iya haɓaka ayyukan telomerase. Ƙara yawan ayyukan telomerase yana nufin cewa ƙarin jerin maimaita telomere za a iya haɗa su kuma a ƙara su zuwa ƙarshen chromosomes, mai yuwuwar rage yawan raguwar telomere har ma da cimma tsayin telomere.
Hoto 2 Epi ya kare aikin mitochondria a lokacin tsufa na ovulatory a vitro.
Tsarin Epi na hanyoyin sigina na ciki
Hanyoyin siginar intracellular suna samar da hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa wanda ke hulɗa don daidaita tsarin tafiyar da salula kamar girma, yaduwa, da tsufa. Epi na iya yin tasiri a kaikaice tsayin telomere ta hanyar daidaita waɗannan hanyoyin sigina. Misali, yana iya shafar hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ka'idojin sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, haɓaka hanyoyin kariya ga telomeres yayin rarraba tantanin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, a matsayin antioxidant, Epi yana rage samar da nau'in oxygen mai aiki (ROS) a cikin sel. Tarin ROS na iya haifar da lalacewar DNA, ta haka yana shafar kwanciyar hankali na telomere. Ta hanyar rage matakan ROS, Epi yana taimakawa wajen kula da tsarin al'ada da aikin telomeres, samar da yanayi mai kyau don haɓaka telomere.
(4) Shaidar Gwaji don Matsayin Epi a Tsawaitawar Telomere
Gwaje-gwajen cell in vitro
Gwaje-gwajen al'adun in vitro cell, ƙara Epi zuwa matsakaicin al'ada ya haifar da haɓaka ayyukan telomerase a wasu sel. Masu bincike sun kara Epi a cikin adadin 0.1 mM zuwa matsakaicin al'adun tantanin halitta. Bayan wani lokaci na noma, an gano cewa matakan maganganun kwayoyin halitta masu alaka da telomerase a cikin sel sun karu, yana nuna cewa Epi na iya inganta haɓaka ko kunna telomerase. Bugu da ƙari, ma'auni na tsayin telomere ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa ba tare da Epi ba, raguwar raguwar telomere a cikin rukunin gwaji ya ragu sosai, kuma a wasu sel, an sami ɗan tsayin telomere.
Gwajin dabbobi
A cikin gwaje-gwajen dabba, an ba da Epi ga dabbobin gwaji (irin su mice) ta hanyar allura ko sarrafa baki, kuma an bincika ƙwayoyin nama. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ayyukan telomerase a cikin wasu kyallen takarda (kamar hanta da kodan) an inganta su, kuma tsawon telomere ya kasance mai inganci. A cikin nazarin ƙwayoyin hanta na linzamin kwamfuta, an gano cewa berayen da aka bi da su tare da Epi suna da tasirin telomerase mafi girma a cikin ƙwayoyin hanta idan aka kwatanta da rukunin da ba a kula da su ba, kuma bayan ci gaba da lura a cikin watanni da yawa, matakin raguwar telomere a cikin ƙwayoyin hanta ya ragu sosai fiye da rukunin da ba a kula da su ba. Wannan yana kara nuna cewa Epi yana da tasiri mai kyau akan haɓakar telomere a cikin dabbobi.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da Anti-tsufa
(1) Hanyoyin Tsufa
Damuwar Oxidative da Tsufa
Yayin da shekaru ke ƙaruwa, ma'auni na redox a cikin sel yana rushewa, wanda ke haifar da tarin nau'in oxygen mai aiki (ROS). ROS suna da kaddarorin oxidative masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ke da ikon oxidizing biomolecules salon salula kamar sunadarai, lipids, da DNA, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa ga tsarin salula da aiki. Sunadaran oxidized na iya rasa ayyukansu na rayuwa na yau da kullun, oxidized lipids na iya cutar da ruwa da kwanciyar hankali na salula, kuma lalacewar DNA oxidative na iya haifar da maye gurbi da tabarbarewar salula, duk waɗannan suna haɓaka tsarin tsufa na sel da kwayoyin halitta.
Tsarin tsufa na salula da Apoptosis
Senescence cell da apoptosis abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin tsufa. Lokacin da kwayoyin halitta suka fallasa ga abubuwan damuwa daban-daban (kamar damuwa na oxidative, lalacewar DNA, da dai sauransu), sun shiga yanayin jin dadi. Halayen sel masu hankali sun haɗa da kama sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, canje-canjen rayuwa, da ɓoye takamaiman cytokines. A halin yanzu, apoptosis shine tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye homeostasis nama. Duk da haka, yayin da shekaru ke ƙaruwa, tsarin tsarin tsarin apoptosis na iya rushewa, kuma ko dai wuce kima ko rashin isasshen apoptosis na iya haifar da raguwar aikin nama, a ƙarshe yana bayyana a matsayin tsufa na kwayoyin halitta.
Telomere Shortening da Aging
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, gajarta telomere shine ɗayan mahimman alamomin tsufa. Yayin da sel ke ci gaba da rarrabuwa, telomeres a hankali suna raguwa. Lokacin da telomeres ya kai tsayi mai mahimmanci, sel suna daina rarrabuwa kuma su shiga yanayin jin daɗi. Gajartawar Telomere kuma na iya haifar da halayen amsawar lalacewar DNA a cikin sel, ƙara haɓaka tsufa na salula da apoptosis, ta haka yana tasiri ga tsarin tsufa gabaɗaya na kwayoyin halitta.
Hoto na 3 Tasirin Epi akan farkon apoptosis a cikin oocytes na tsufa bayan ovulatory.
(2) Tsarin hana tsufa na Epi
Ayyukan Antioxidant
Epi shine maganin antioxidant mai inganci tare da ƙarfin antioxidant kwatankwacin melatonin. Yana iya kai tsaye ɓata ROS a cikin sel, rage lalacewar oxidative ga kwayoyin halitta da ROS ya haifar. A cikin gwajin in vitro ta amfani da oocytes na linzamin kwamfuta, ƙara 0.1 mM Epi zuwa matsakaicin al'ada ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a matakan ROS na ciki. Ragewar ROS yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutuncin membrane na salula, aikin furotin na yau da kullun, da kwanciyar hankali na DNA, don haka jinkirta tsufa na salula. Bugu da ƙari, Epi na iya haɓaka ƙarfin antioxidant na tantanin halitta ta hanyar daidaita ayyukan tsarin enzyme antioxidant na ciki (kamar superoxide dismutase da catalase), don haka yana ƙara rage lalacewar ƙwayar cuta mai haifar da damuwa.
Daidaita aikin mitochondrial
Mitochondria su ne gidajen makamashi na sel, kuma yanayin aikin su yana da alaƙa da tsufa na salula. Tare da tsufa, aikin mitochondrial yana raguwa a hankali, yana bayyana ta hanyar rage yuwuwar mitochondrial membrane, raguwar samar da ATP, da haɓakar ROS. Epi na iya ƙara yuwuwar mitochondrial membrane da lambar kwafin DNA mitochondrial, ta haka inganta aikin mitochondrial. A cikin gwajin tsufa na in vitro ta amfani da oocytes na linzamin kwamfuta, oocytes da aka yi da Epi sun nuna mahimmancin yuwuwar yuwuwar mitochondrial membrane da haɓaka lambobin kwafin DNA na mitochondrial bayan sa'o'i 12 da 24 na tsufa idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar da ba a kula da su ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa Epi na iya kula da aikin mitochondrial na al'ada kuma ya rage tsufa na salula wanda ya haifar da tabarbarewar mitochondrial. Inganta aikin mitochondrial kuma yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ma'auni na makamashin salula, yana samar da isasshen kuzari don ayyukan ilimin lissafi na al'ada da jinkirta tsufa na salula.
Hana apoptosis
Kwayoyin apoptosis suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin tsufa. Yawan apoptosis cell yana iya haifar da raguwar nama da ayyukan gabobin. Epi yana daidaita hanyoyin siginar da ke da alaƙa da apoptosis na ciki don rage faruwar apoptosis na sel. A cikin gwajin tsufa na in vitro ta amfani da oocytes na linzamin kwamfuta, bayan sa'o'i 24 na tsufa a cikin vitro, adadin apoptosis na oocytes a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa Epi ya ragu sosai fiye da na rukunin da ba a kula da su ba. Ana iya danganta wannan ga ikon Epi don hana kunna siginar apoptosis ta hanyoyi kamar rage matakan ROS da inganta aikin mitochondrial, don haka rage apoptosis da taimakawa wajen kula da nama da aikin gabobin jiki, da jinkirta tsufa na jiki.
(3) Shaidar Gwaji na Epi's Anti-Aging Effects
Tasirin kariya akan oocytes
A cikin gwaje-gwajen da ke bincika tasirin Epi akan ingancin oocyte, an gano cewa Epi yana kare lafiyar oocytes daga lalacewa mai alaƙa da tsufa bayan haihuwa. Yayin da lokacin jima'i ya karu, ƙarfin haɓakar oocytes yana raguwa a hankali. Lokacin da aka ƙara 0.1 mM Epi zuwa matsakaicin al'ada, an kimanta ingancin oocyte bayan sa'o'i 6, 12, da 24 na al'ada. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa jiyya na Epi ya rage yawan lahani na spindle da rashin daidaituwa na ɓangarorin cortical granules, yayin da ƙara yuwuwar mitochondrial membrane da lambar kwafin DNA na mitochondrial, da rage oocyte apoptosis. Wannan yana nuna cewa Epi na iya jinkirta tsarin tsufa na in vitro na oocytes, kula da ingancinsu da yuwuwar haɓakarsu, da kuma ba da shaidar matakin salon salula na tasirin Epi na rigakafin tsufa.
Tasiri kan gabaɗayan tsufa a cikin dabbobi
A cikin gwaje-gwajen dabba, bayan gudanar da Epi na dogon lokaci ta hanyar ciyarwa ko allura, an sami gyare-gyare a yawancin alamomi masu alaƙa da tsufa a cikin beraye. Idan aka kwatanta da berayen da ba a kula da su ba, berayen da aka yi wa maganin Epi sun baje kolin girma, fur mai haske, ingantacciyar motsi, da wani takamaiman tsawon rayuwa. Binciken cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin linzamin kwamfuta ya nuna cewa lalacewar salula da matakan tsufa a cikin mahimman gabobin kamar hanta da kodan berayen da aka yi wa maganin Epi sun kasance ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da waɗanda ke cikin rukunin kulawa. Wannan yana nuna cewa Epi ba wai kawai yana nuna tasirin tsufa a matakin salula ba amma kuma yana rage saurin tsufa a matakin kwayoyin halitta, inganta lafiyar dabbobi da ingancin rayuwa.
Halayen Aikace-aikacen Epi
Aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin Filin Lafiya
Maganin Maganin Tsufa
Dangane da binciken binciken Epi a cikin telomere elongation da anti-tsufa, zai iya zama sabon magani na rigakafin tsufa. Tare da haɓaka yanayin tsufa na yawan jama'a, buƙatun magungunan rigakafin tsufa na haɓaka. Epi yana jinkirta tsufa ta salon salula ta hanyoyi da yawa, yana ba da sabbin fahimta don haɓaka jiyya da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru kamar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da cututtukan neurodegenerative. Don cututtukan neurodegenerative, Epi na iya kare neurons daga lalacewar danniya na iskar oxygen da kiyaye tsawon telomere, ta haka rage saurin tsufa da mutuwa, inganta alamun cututtuka, da haɓaka ingancin rayuwar marasa lafiya.
Inganta Lafiyar Haihuwa
A fagen maganin haihuwa, Epi yana da wani tasirin kariya akan oocytes. Yayin da mata suka tsufa, ingancin oocyte yana raguwa, yana ƙara haɗarin rashin haihuwa da rashin daidaituwa na ci gaban tayin. Epi na iya jinkirta tsufa oocyte da haɓaka ingancin oocyte, yana ba da sabbin matakan tallafi don taimakon fasahar haihuwa kamar hadi na in vitro. Ta hanyar ƙara Epi a lokacin al'adun in vitro oocyte, ana sa ran inganta ƙimar hadi da haɓakar tayin ciki, ta yadda za a ƙara yawan nasarar haifuwa da kuma taimakawa mafi yawan ma'auratan da ba su da haihuwa su cika sha'awar su na haihuwa.
Kammalawa
Epi yana nuna gagarumin yuwuwar a cikin haɓakar telomere da anti-tsufa. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wasu batutuwan da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike da ƙuduri, muhimmancinsa a cikin ka'idar kimiyya da aikace-aikacen zamantakewa ba za a iya watsi da su ba. Yayin da bincike ya ci gaba da zurfafa, an yi imanin cewa Epi zai kawo ƙarin abubuwan ban mamaki da ci gaba a fannin lafiyar ɗan adam.
Sources
[1] Teterin O, Gv S. Epi[J]. 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370060637_Epi.
[2] Yue X, Liu SL, Guo JN, et al. Epi yana ba da kariya daga lalacewa da ke da alaƙa da tsufa na ovulatory na oocytes a cikin vitro [J]. Tsufa (Albany Ny), 2022,14 (7): 3191-3202.DOI: 10.18632 / tsufa.204007.
[3] Minasi S, Baldi C, Pietsch T, et al. Telomere elongation ta hanyar madadin tsawo na telomeres (ALT) da kuma kunna telomerase a cikin medulloblastoma na farko na ƙananan yara [J]. Jaridar Neuro-Oncology, 2019,142 (3): 435-444.DOI: 10.1007 / s11060-019-03127-w.
Samfura akwai don amfani da bincike kawai:
