Motc 40mg ƒe dɔwɔwɔ

▎ Motc ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖo

▎ Motc Numekuku

Nukae nye numekuku si wowɔ le Motc?

Mitochondria, si nye lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe 'ŋusẽdɔwɔƒe', wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe homeostasis me léle ɖe asi me. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekukuwo ƒe susu nɔ kadodomɔnu siwo le mitochondria kple nucleus dome tso gbaɖegbe ke. Domenyiŋusẽfianu si le eɖokui si le mitochondria si. Le domenyiŋusẽfianu 37 siwo wonya nyuie godo la, numekuku siwo wowɔ nyitsɔ laa ɖee fia be mitochondrial DNA hã ŋlɔa peptide kpui siwo wɔa dɔ le nugbagbewo me, eye wo dometɔ ɖekae nye peptide Motc si wokpɔ tso mitochondrial me, si mitochondrial 12S rRNA nutoa ŋlɔna. Nusi ŋu woke ɖo sia keke mitochondrial domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe kekeme ɖe enu ŋutɔ, si na nukpɔsusu yeye aɖe hena nugbagbewo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ veviwo abe mitochondrial-nuklia kadodo kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ene me kɔ.

Fifia la, dɔléle sesẽ gbogbo aɖewo abe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple aklãdɔléle B si nɔa anyi didi ene dada doa go kuxi veviwo. Akpa vevi si Motc wɔna le ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ me, abe sukli ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ ene, ɖee fia be ŋutete le esi le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔlélewo dada me. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, Motc ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si mesɔ o si wokpɔ le dɔléle ƒe dɔwɔwɔ vovovowo me na numekulawo ku akpa si wòwɔna le dɔlélea ƒe gɔmedzedze, eƒe ŋgɔyiyi, kple edada me, eye wodi mɔnu yeyewo be yewoaɖu nɔnɔme siawo siwo gbɔ womate ŋu akpɔ o dzi.

Nukae nye dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu na Motc?

Dzesi Mɔ Siwo Do Ƒome Kple Metabolism Dzi Kpɔkpɔ

AICAR-AMPK Dzesimɔ ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ: Motc naa AICAR-AMPK ƒe dzesimɔa wɔa dɔ to lãmenugbagbeviwo me folate-methionine ƒe tsatsam ƒe tɔtɔ me. AMPK si wowɔ dɔ la ɖɔa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe asitɔtrɔ ɖo, abe sukli ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ kple ami ƒe oxidation dodo ɖe ŋgɔ ene. Le sukli ƒe asitɔtrɔ me la, edzia suklidɔlékui GLUT4 ƒe ʋuʋu yi lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe lãkusi me ɖe edzi, si wɔnɛ be lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe sukli ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ ƒe ŋutete dzina ɖe edzi, enaa insulin ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete nyona ɖe edzi, eye wòkpena ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ abe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒomevi 2 ene ƒe mɔxexe kple wo dada ŋu ^[1]..

Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ɖe Mɔ Bubuwo Dzi: Le AMPK mɔa godo la, Motc wɔa dɔ ɖe AKT mɔa, oxidative stress mɔ, kple mɔ siwo do ƒome kple dɔdzẽ hã dzi. Le AKT mɔa gome la, ate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ abe tsitsi, dzidziɖedzi, kple agbetsitsi dzi to mɔa ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi kpɔkpɔ me. Le oxidative stress mɔ me la, Motc ɖea lãmenugbagbeviwo me oxidative stress ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ dzi kpɔtɔna, eɖea reactive oxygen species (ROS) wɔwɔ dzi kpɔtɔna, eye wòkpɔa lãmenugbagbeviwo ta tso oxidative ƒe nugbegblẽ me. Le mɔ siwo do ƒome kple dɔdzẽ me la, etsia dɔdzẽ ƒe domenɔlawo ƒe dodo nu eye wòɖea dɔdzẽ ƒe ŋuɖoɖowo dzi kpɔtɔna. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le vevesese ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo me la, Motc ɖea dɔdzẽ ƒe domenɔla ƒe dodo le aklã ƒe megbedzo me dzi kpɔtɔna, si wɔnɛ be vevesese ƒe dzesiwo nyona ɖe edzi ^[2]..

Nɔnɔmetata 1 Motc ƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ vevitɔwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye insulin ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ, mɔxexe ɖe lolo akpa nu, lãmekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie, ƒuwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie dodo ɖe ŋgɔ, dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ nyuie, kple tsitsi hehe ɖe megbe ^{[1] .}.

Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ Ŋuti Ðoɖowɔwɔ

Nuklia Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Ðeɖefia ƒe Ðoɖowɔwɔ: Ne lãmenugbagbeviwo do go lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe nuteɖeamedzi, abe sukli ƒe mɔxexeɖenu kple oxidative stress ene la, Motc trɔna yia nucleus la me be yeaɖɔ nuklia domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ɖeɖefia si trɔna ɖe nɔnɔmewo ŋu ɖo tẽ, si wɔnɛ be lãmenugbagbeviwo me homeostasis doa ŋgɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Motc trɔa asi le domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo do ƒome kple lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ abe GLUT4, STAT3, kple IL-10 ene ƒe ɖeɖefia ŋu, si kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔ siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye sukli ƒe asitɔtrɔ kple dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ dzi. GLUT4 ƒe ɖeɖefia ƒe dzidziɖedzi doa ŋusẽ lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe sukli ƒe xɔxlɔ̃; STAT3 kpɔa gome le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzidziɖedzi, vovototodedeameme, kple dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ me; IL-10, si nye cytokine si tsia dɔdzẽ nu, ɖea dɔdzẽ ƒe ŋuɖoɖowo dzi kpɔtɔna ne eƒe ɖeɖefia dzi ɖe edzi ^[1,3]..

Ŋusẽ ƒe Tɔtrɔwo ƒe Dɔwɔnawo Dodo Ðe Ŋgɔ

Glycolysis ƒe dzidziɖedzi: Le dɔléle vovovowo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo me, abe lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si dzitodzito me ʋu ƒe sisi (CPB) hena vɛ ene la, Motc ƒe atikewɔwɔ do ŋgɔ na glycolytic ƒe sisi le aklã me ʋuka suewo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo (PMVECs) me nyona ɖe edzi. Eɖea LIRI ƒe abixɔxɔ dzi kpɔtɔna to lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe homeostasis gbugbɔgaɖoanyi kple lipid peroxidation dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ to upregulating the key glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3 me. Esia ɖee fia be Motc trɔa asi le glycolytic mɔa ŋu be wòana ŋusẽ si sɔ lãmenugbagbevi siwo le nuteɖeamedzi me, si wɔnɛ be lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie nɔa anyi ^[4]..

Lãmenugbagbeviwo Takpɔkpɔ ƒe Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi

Mitochondrial Damage Dzi Ðeɖe Akpɔtɔ: Le radiation pneumonitis (RP) ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe me la, Motc ɖe lãkusi ƒe abixɔxɔ, dɔdzẽ, kple oxidative stress dzi kpɔtɔ ŋutɔ esime wòtrɔ asi le alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis kple mitochondria ƒe gbegblẽ ŋu. Mɔnu sia bia be woadzi nuklia factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ɖe edzi eye woado eƒe nuklia ƒe ʋuʋu ɖe ŋgɔ. Nrf2 naa domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo tsia dzoxɔxɔ nu kple esiwo kpɔa lãmenugbagbeviwo ta siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo wɔa dɔ, si kpɔa mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ta. Esia ɖee fia be Motc kpɔa lãmenugbagbevi siwo gblẽ ta to mitochondriawo takpɔkpɔ kple apoptosis dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ me ^[5]..

Lãmenugbagbevi Bubuwo Takpɔkpɔ: Le numekuku siwo wowɔ tso Duchenne lãmekawo ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie (DMD) ŋu me la, wokpɔe be ŋutete ŋutɔŋutɔ le Motc si be wòaɖo taɖodzinu na lãmekawo. Enaa glycolytic flux kple ŋusẽ wɔwɔ ƒe ŋutete nyona ɖe edzi le lãmeka siwo me dystrophic me, si wɔnɛ be lãmekawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyona ɖe edzi. Gawu la, le vevesese ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo me la, Motc si wodona le titina alo le gota la ɖea vevesese ƒe seselelãme si gbɔ eme dzi kpɔtɔna to dɔdzẽ ƒe ŋuɖoɖowo kple ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ fũu akpa dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ me, si naa ahɔhɔ̃mekawo takpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedziwo ^[2,6]..

Nukae nye Motc ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo?

Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Dɔlélewo Dada:

Insulin ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete ƒe nyonyome kple mɔxexe ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nu: Motc doa ŋusẽ insulin ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete, si le vevie ŋutɔ na mɔxexe ɖe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒomevi evelia nu. Insulin ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete nye nu vevi aɖe si nana lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒomevi evelia dzea egɔme. Motc ate ​​ŋu ana insulin ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nanyo ɖe edzi to AICAR-AMPK ƒe dzesimɔa ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple lãmenugbagbeviwo me folate-methionine ƒe tsatsam dzi kpɔkpɔ me. Numekuku si Gao Y wɔ ɖee fia be edoa ƒumeŋuɖui ƒe lãmekawo ƒe sukli ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ kple eŋudɔwɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ, si sɔ kple sukli ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ ƒe mɔnu bubuwo ʋuʋu le lãmenugbagbeviwo me, si wɔnɛ be sukli ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ le ʋu me dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna ^[1]..

Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe asitɔtrɔ kple lolo akpa dzi ɖuɖu: Le ami ƒe asitɔtrɔ gome la, Motc dzia ami ɣi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzɔdzɔ ɖe edzi eye wòdoa ami ɣi ƒe blɔ ɖe ŋgɔ. Ami ɣi ɖua ŋusẽ to dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzɔdzɔ me, gake ami ɣi ƒe blɔ fia ami ɣi si dzraa ŋusẽ ɖo ƒe tɔtrɔ wòzua ami ɣi si ɖua ŋusẽ. Dɔwɔwɔ sia kpena ɖe ŋutilãa ŋu wòtrɔna ɖe vuvɔ ŋu eye vevietɔ wu la, exea mɔ na lolo akpa kple ʋumemi ƒe asitɔtrɔ ƒe kuxiwo, si naa gɔmesese yeyewo le lolo akpa nutsitsi kple edada ŋu ^{[1] .}.

Mɔxexe Ðe Lãmetsiŋusẽ Ŋuti Dɔlélewo Nu Kple Wo Dada:

Lãmetsiwo ƒe Vovototo Dodo Ðe Ŋgɔ: Numekuku siwo wowɔ le vitro ɖee fia be Motc peptide si nye gbemelãwo doa ŋusẽ myotubular wɔwɔ le amegbetɔ (LHCN-M2) kple sisiblisi (C2C12) lãmeka ƒe tɔgbui lãmenugbagbeviwo me, gake Y8F mutant peptide ya mekpɔa ŋusẽ sia o. Numekuku bubuwo ɖee fia be Motc doa ŋusẽ myotubulogenesis to nuwɔwɔ kple IL-6/Janus kinase/signal transducer kple activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mɔ dzi, si wɔnɛ be STAT3 ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna ^[7]..

Mɔxexe Ðe Lãmetsiwo ƒe Dɔmawɔmawɔ Nu: Motc ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ le ʋumenugbagbevi dzĩ me do ƒome gbegblẽ kple myostatin ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ. Motc xea mɔ na myotube atrophy si palmitate hena vɛ le C2C12 lãmenugbagbevi siwo to vovo me eye wòɖea plasma myostatin ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ dzi kpɔtɔna le mice lolo akpa siwo nuɖuɖu hena vɛ me. Exea mɔ na lãmekawo ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ to AKT ƒe phosphorylation dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ me, xea mɔ na FOXO1—si nye myostatin kple lãmekawo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu bubuwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe akpa si le dzigbe—eye wòɖɔa mTORC2 kple PTEN ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖo eye wòdzia ​​CK2 ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖe edzi be wòate PTEN ɖe to ^{[8] .}.

Tsitsi ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi: Motc ƒe ɖeɖefia ƒe tɔtrɔ do ƒome kplikplikpli kple tsitsi, eye wòɖea tsitsi ƒe ŋutete fiana. Wowɔa esia to mɔnu vovovowo dzi, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye sukli kple ami ƒe asitɔtrɔ le lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋu ƒe nyonyo, lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe mitochondrial ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dodo ɖe ŋgɔ, kple dɔdzẽ si nɔa anyi didi le ɖoɖo nu dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ. Numekuku si Gao Y kple exɔlɔ̃wo wɔ. ɖee fia be lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyuie wu naa ŋusẽ si sɔ gbɔ wu eye wòli ke wu lãmenugbagbeviwo. Mitochondria ƒe dɔwɔwɔ dodo ɖe ŋgɔ sɔ kple lãmenugbagbevi ƒe 'ŋusẽdɔwɔƒe,' dodo ɖe ŋgɔ esime dɔdzẽ ƒe ŋuɖoɖowo dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ ɖea dɔdzẽ ƒe nugbegblẽ le lãmenugbagbeviwo ŋu dzi kpɔtɔna ^{[1] .}.

Nyanuwuwuw

Abe peptide si wokpɔna tso mitochondria me ene la, Motc naa dzesimɔwo abe AMPK ene wɔa dɔ be wòaɖɔ sukli kple ami ƒe asitɔtrɔ ɖo, ado ami ɣi ƒe tɔtrɔ ɖe ŋgɔ, eye wòana insulin ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete kple lolo akpa nanyo ɖe edzi, si naa atikewɔwɔ ŋuti mɔfiame yeyewo na lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe kuxiwo. Enaa ƒumeŋuɖuiwo ƒe vovototodedeameme nyona ɖe edzi, etsia ƒumeŋuɖuiwo ƒe wɔwɔ nu, enaa ƒuwo ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ da sɔ, eye wòdoa alɔ ƒumeŋuɖuiwo ƒe lãmesẽ dzi kpɔkpɔ. Eɖɔa lãmekawo ƒe vovototodedeameme ɖo eye wòxea mɔ na atrophy, si léa ŋutete si le ame si be wòade nu lãmekawo ƒe dɔléle siwo do ƒome kple lãmekawo me ɖe asi. Motc ɖea kadodo sesẽ siwo do ƒome kple kamedede fiana: kamedede doa eƒe ɖeɖefia ɖe dzi, eye wònye domenɔla na lãmesẽmenɔnɔ ƒe viɖe siwo kamedede hena vɛ. Motc wɔa akpa aɖe hã le tsitsi kple nusiwo do ƒome kplii ƒe hehe ɖe megbe me.

Le Agbalẽŋlɔla La Ŋu

Nusiwo míeyɔ ɖe etame la katã nye esiwo ŋu Cocer Peptides wɔ numekuku le, trɔ asi le wo ŋu eye woƒo wo nu ƒu.

Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe Agbalẽŋlɔla

Ning Ran nye numekula si do ƒome kple Carlson Lãwo ƒe Atikewɔwɔ Kɔledzi le Oregon Dukɔa ƒe Yunivɛsiti. Eƒe sukudɔa ku ɖe molecule biology kple gbegɔmeɖeɖedɔdamɔnu ŋu, eye wòléa ŋku ɖe ahɔhɔ̃mekawo ƒe dɔlélewo dada ƒe mɔnuwo ŋu. Ran kpe asi ɖe agbalẽ gbogbo aɖewo ŋɔŋlɔ ŋu le magazine siwo me woto le hatiwo me, si kpe ɖe wo ŋu wose molecule ƒe nudede dɔlélewo ƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo me gɔme. Nusiwo me wòtsɔ ɖe le le numekuku me dometɔ aɖewoe nye oligonucleotides siwo wotsɔ peptide ƒo ƒui ƒe wɔwɔ kple wo zazã, kpakple peptide siwo wokpɔ tso mitochondrial me ƒe atikewɔwɔ ƒe ŋutete me dzodzro. Woŋlɔ Ning Ran ŋkɔ ɖe nyayɔyɔ ƒe numekugbalẽ me [6].

▎ Nyayɔyɔ Siwo Sɔ

[1] Gao Y, Wei X, Wei P, kple ame bubuwo. Motc Xɔa Mɔ Ðe Lãmetsiŋusẽ ƒe Dɔlélewo Nu le Dɔwɔwɔ Me. Nusiwo wotsɔ ɖɔa li lãmenugbagbeviwoe ƒe 2023; 13(1).DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010125. Eƒe lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ.

[2] Wang Z, Yang L, Xu L, Liao J, Lu P, Jiang J. Motc ƒe titina kple gotagome mɔnu ɖea vevesese ƒe seselelãme si gbɔ eme dzi kpɔtɔna le mice ƒe kpɔɖeŋu si nye dɔdzẽ ƒe vevesese me. Ahɔhɔ̃mekawo Ŋuti Numekuku 2024; 46 (2): 165-177.DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2258584.

[3] Benayoun BA, Lee C. Motc: Nucleus ƒe Ðoɖowɔla si woŋlɔ ɖe Mitochondrial me. Bioessays ƒe 2019; 41 (9): e1900046.DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900046.

[4] Shen Z, Lu P, Jin W, kple ame bubuwo. Motc Doa Glycolysis ɖe ŋgɔ to AMPK-HIF-1α-PFKFB3 Mɔ dzi be wòaɖe CPB-si Hea Aklã ƒe Abixɔxɔ Gbɔ. Amerikatɔwo ƒe Nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ si Ku Ðe Yagbɔgbɔ ƒe Lãmenugbagbeviwo Kple Molekyulãwo Ŋuti Nunya Ŋu 2025. 10.1165/rcmb.2024-0533OC.

[5] Zhang Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, kple ame bubuwo. Peptide Motc si wokpɔ tso Mitochondrial me la ɖea keklẽŋusẽ ƒe aklãdɔ dzi kpɔtɔna to Mɔnu si nɔa te ɖe Nrf2 dzi dzi. Nusiwo tsia dzoxɔxɔ nu 2024; 13. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID: 269876125. Eƒe lãmesẽnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ.

[6] Ran N, Lin C, Leng L, kple ame bubuwo. Motc doa phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ kple eƒe dɔwɔwɔ ɖe ŋgɔ le dystrophic mice me. Embo Molekyulãwo ƒe Atikewɔwɔ 2021; 13(2): e12993.DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012993.

[7] García-Benlloch S, Revert-Ros F, Blesa JR, Alis R. Motc doa lãmekawo ƒe vovototodedeameme ɖe ŋgɔ le vitro. Peptides ƒe 2022; 155: 170840.DOI: 10.1016/j.peptidewo.2022.170840.

[8] Kumagai H, Coelho A. R., Wan J., kple ame bubuwo. Motc ɖea myostatin kple lãmekawo ƒe atrophy ƒe dzesiwo dzi kpɔtɔna. Amerikatɔwo ƒe Lãmesẽŋutinunya-Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya Kple Lãmetsiŋusẽ Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ 2021; 320(4): E680-E690.DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00275.2020.

NYATAKAKAWO KPLE NUSIWO WOTSƆ ƑE NYATAKAKA SIWO KAtã WOÐO LE NYATAKAKADZRAÐOƑE SIA ME LA KPLE NYATAKAKAWO kaka KPLEE NUFIAFIA ƑE TAÐOÐOWO KO.  

Wotrɔ asi le atike siwo wona le nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia ŋu na numekuku le vitro ɖeɖeko. Wowɔa numekuku le vitro (Latingbe me: *le ahuhɔ̃e me*, si gɔmee nye le ahuhɔ̃e me) le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã godo. Atike siawo menye atikewo o, United States ƒe Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (FDA) meda asi ɖe wo dzi o, eye mele be woazã wo atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe atikewɔwɔ, dɔléle, alo dɔléle aɖeke nu, adae, alo adae o. Se de se vevie be woatsɔ atike siawo ade amegbetɔ alo lãwo ƒe ŋutilã me le mɔ ɖesiaɖe nu.