Kisspeptin 10mg

▎ Kisspeptin Structure

▎ Kisspeptin ʻImi

He aha ke kumu noiʻi o Kisspeptin?  

I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, me ka holomua o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā genes suppressor metastasis tumor, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka gene KiSS-1 i loko o nā melanoma cell me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hybridization subtractive i hoʻololi ʻia i ka makahiki 1996. I ka makahiki 1999, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻiole G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. Kisspeptin. Ua ʻike mua ʻia no kāna mau ʻano metastasis-suppressive tumor, ua ʻike ʻia kēia neuropeptide e hana ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻoponopono kiʻekiʻe o ka axis hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka hoʻoponopono neuroendocrine o ka ulu ʻana o ka vertebrate reproductive development. Hoʻokomo pū ʻo ia i nā kaʻina hana physiological e like me ke ʻano hānau hānau, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka naʻau, ka ulu ʻana o ka metabolism, a me ka hana hānai. ʻO ka ʻike a me ka noiʻi hana o Kisspeptin e hāʻawi i kahi kumu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mīkini hoʻoponopono neuroendocrine a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi pili.  

He aha ke ʻano o ka hana o Kisspeptin?  

Nā Mechanism Hoʻoponopono Hoʻohua  

Hoʻoponopono i ke Axis Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG): He koʻikoʻi ko Kisspeptin i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hānau ʻana, ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka axis HPG. I nā mammals, hoʻoulu ʻo Kisspeptin i ka huna ʻana o ka hormone hoʻokuʻu gonadotropin (GnRH). Ma keʻano kikoʻī, hoʻāla ʻo Kisspeptin i ka huna ʻana o ka pulsatile o nā cell GnRH ma o G protein-coupled mechanisms ma o kāna mea hoʻokipa GPR54. No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka wā ʻōpiopio, hoʻonui ka hana o nā neurons hypothalamic Kisspeptin e hoʻoikaika i ka huna ʻana o GnRH, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka pituitary gland e hūnā i nā gonadotropins (e like me ka follicle-stimulating hormone FSH a me ka luteinizing hormone LH). Hana kēia mau hormones i nā gonad e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o ka gonadal a me ka huna ʻana o ka hormone sex, a laila hoʻomaka i ka ulu ʻana o ka pubertal ^[1] .  

Nā hopena pololei ma nā Gonads: Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoponopono pololei ʻole o ka hana hou ʻana ma o ke koʻi HPG, loaʻa nō hoʻi ʻo Kisspeptin i nā hopena pololei ma nā gonads. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā oocytes mai nā hipa Tan anestrus, ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻo Kisspeptin i ka nui o ka oocytes in vitro o nā oocytes hipa a hāpai i ka oocyte ma o ka upregulating gene expression. Hōʻike kēia i hiki ke komo pololei ʻo Kisspeptin i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka follicular i nā gonads.  

He aha ke ʻano o ka hana a Kisspeptin?

Nā pilina me nā Neuropeptides ʻē aʻe: I loko o ka hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, aia kahi papa o nā neurons Kisspeptin e hui pū ana i ka glutamate, neurokinin B (NKB), a me ka dynorphin (Dyn). Hōʻike kēia mau neurons i ka hana synchronous intermittent e hoʻokau i ka huna ʻana o ka hormone pulsatile ^[2] . Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i nā ʻiole wahine e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o nā neurons ARN ^ {KISS} i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka glutamate ma o nā mea hoʻokipa AMPA a me ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka neurokinin B, ʻoiai ke kāohi ʻana i nā mea loaʻa NMDA a me nā mea loaʻa κ-opioid ʻaʻohe hopena i ka helu synchronization ^[3] . I nā ʻiole kāne, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā neurons ARN ^ {KISS} e kū mai ana mai ka hana ʻana o ka ʻupena i loko o ka heluna kanaka, e hilinaʻi nui ana i ka hōʻailona glutamate-AMPA kūloko, me ka neurokinin B e hoʻonui i ka glutamate-induced synchronization, aʻo ka dynorphin-κ-opioid leo i loko o ka pūnaewele e hana ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻomaka ʻana no ka synchronization. Hōʻike kēia i nā ʻoihana pili paʻakikī ma waena o nā neurons Kisspeptin a me nā neuropeptides ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻoponopono neuroendocrine, e hoʻomalu pū ana i ka huna ʻana o ka hormone pulsatile ^[2].

Kiʻi 1 Nā Histograms e hōʻike ana i ka pākēneka o nā hoʻokolohua i loaʻa ai nā hanana calcium coincident ma waena o ARN ^ {KISS} neurons i loko o ka ʻāpana lolo ma lalo o nā kūlana unstimulated a me ka hahai ʻana i ke alapine haʻahaʻa a me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka neuron hoʻokahi i ka loaʻa ʻole a me ke alo o CNQX a i ʻole neurokinin receptor (NKR) antagonists.  

Puna: PubMed ^[3].

He aha ka holomua o ka noiʻi lapaʻau ma Kisspeptin i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi metabolic?

Kisspeptin a me Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)  

Hoʻoponopono i ka Metabolism Glucose: ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o T2DM ʻo ia ka pale ʻana o ka insulin, lawa ʻole ka huna ʻana o ka insulin, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose koko. Hōʻike nā haʻawina e hiki iā Kisspeptin ke hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism glucose ma o nā ala he nui. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, hiki i ka Kisspeptin ke hoʻololi i kaʻike o ka insulin; ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hana i ka hana pancreatic islet β-cell e hoʻopilikia i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin.  

Kisspeptin a me ka momona  

Hoʻoponopono i ke kaulike o ka ikehu a me ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai: pili pinepine ka obesity me ke kaulike ʻole o ka ikehu ma muli o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka ikehu. Hoʻoponopono ʻo Kisspeptin i ke koena o ka ikehu a me ka hana hānai ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Kisspeptin hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai i loko o nā holoholona, ​​ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka ʻōlelo e hoʻonui paha ia, e hōʻike ana ʻo Kisspeptin ke lawelawe nei ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi o ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu i ka pathogenesis o ka momona.  

ʻO Kisspeptin a me ka maʻi ʻaʻa momona ʻaʻohe waiʻona (NAFLD)  

Nā hopena ma ka Hepatic Metabolism: ʻO ka NAFLD kahi maʻi ate i pili pili loa i ka pale ʻana o ka insulin a me ka maʻi metabolic, i hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o ka momona o ka hepatic. Hoʻokomo ʻo Kisspeptin i ka hoʻoponopono metabolic hepatic. I nā hoʻokolohua holoholona, ​​ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana ʻana o Kisspeptin e hoʻololi i ka metabolism lipid, nā pane inflammatory, a me ke kaumaha oxidative i loko o ke ake. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka hōʻiliʻili momona o ka ate ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana o nā enzymes nui i komo i ka synthesis a me ka haki ʻana o ka waikawa momona. Eia hou, hiki i ka Kisspeptin ke hoʻololi i nā ala hōʻailona hōʻailona hepatic e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mumū a hoʻolōʻihi i ka holomua NAFLD.  

Kisspeptin a me Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)  

ʻElua hoʻoponopono o ka Reproductive Endocrinology a me Metabolism: ʻO ka PCOS kahi maʻi endocrine maʻamau a me ka maʻi metabolic i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea ʻino endocrine reproductive a me nā maʻi metabolic glucose-lipid i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻo Kisspeptin i ka pathogenesis PCOS. Ma ke kikowaena, hoʻoponopono ia i ka axis hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal e hoʻoikaika i ka endocrinology reproductive i nā maʻi PCOS. I kēia manawa, komo ʻo ia i nā kaʻina metabolic e pili ana i ka insulin, leptin, a me adiponectin, e hōʻike ana he kumu nui ia i ka maʻi metabolic i ka PCOS.  

He aha nā mea hoʻohana o Kisspeptin?  

Lapaʻau ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi ʻōnaehana hānau  

Ka Hoʻomohala Pubertal ʻAʻole: He mea koʻikoʻi ʻo Kisspeptin no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻōpio. Hōʻike nā haʻawina e hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana Kisspeptin-GPR54 ke alakaʻi i ka lohi ʻana a i ʻole hypogonadism. Hiki i ka hoʻokele exogenous o Kisspeptin ke hoʻoulu i ka axis HPG e hāpai i ka GnRH a me ka huna ʻana o ka gonadotropin, e paʻa ana i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi ulu ulu. No ka laʻana, i nā poʻe maʻi me ka hypogonadism ma muli o nā hemahema hōʻailona Kisspeptin, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana me Kisspeptin a i ʻole kāna mau analogs ke hoʻihoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka pubertal maʻamau ^{[4, 5]}.  

Nā Maʻi Ovulation: Ma ka ʻōnaehana hānau wahine, hoʻoponopono ʻo Kisspeptin i ka menstrual cycle a me ka ovulation. Loaʻa iā ia ka waiwai therapeutic no nā maʻi ovulation e like me PCOS. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka huna ʻana o GnRH pulsatile, hiki iā Kisspeptin ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻokuʻu gonadotropin e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomohala follicular a me ka ovulation. Hōʻike nā haʻawina haukaʻi e hoʻoulu ʻo Kisspeptin i kahi ʻano huna huna gonadotropin physiological i kekahi mau maʻi maʻi ovulation, e hoʻonui ana i nā helu kūleʻa ovulation ^{[5, 6]}.  

Hana ʻia Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA): Hoʻokumu ʻia ka FHA ma muli o ka huna ʻana o GnRH pulsatile ma ka hypothalamus. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono i luna o GnRH, koʻikoʻi ʻo Kisspeptin no ka mālama FHA. Hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka hoʻohana ʻana o Kisspeptin-54 i nā maʻi FHA e hoʻoulu maikaʻi i ka gonadotropin (FSH, LH) huna, e paʻa ana i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā pōʻai menstrual a me ka momona. Hāʻawi kēia i nā hoʻolālā hou no ka mālama FHA ^[6].  

Lapaʻau ʻana i nā maʻi metabolic  

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Ua ʻike nā haʻawina hou i ka hoʻāla ʻana i ke ala hōʻailona Kisspeptin 1 (KISS1R) i nā hopena therapeutic ma NAFLD. I loko o nā ʻiole hānai momona momona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kīkē ʻana o Kiss1r hepatic steatosis, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana o KISS1R e pale i nā ʻiole ʻano hihiu mai ka steatosis a hōʻemi i ka fibrosis hepatic i nā ʻiole steatohepatitis (NASH). Hōʻike nā haʻawina mīkini e hoʻomaikaʻi ka hōʻailona KISS1R hepatic i ka holomua NAFLD ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka AMPK, kahi mole hoʻoponopono ikehu koʻikoʻi, e hōʻemi i ka lipogenesis. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia ka hōʻike KISS1 / KISS1R hepatic a me nā pae Kisspeptin plasma i nā maʻi NAFLD a me nā ʻiole momona momona momona e hōʻike i kahi hana uku e hōʻemi ai i ka synthesis triglyceride, e hana ana ʻo KISS1R i mea hoʻohiki hou no ka mālama NASH ^[7].  

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Osteoporosis: ʻO Osteoporosis kahi maʻi iwi metabolic maʻamau kahi e hana nui ai nā hormones hānau i ka ulu ʻana o ka iwi a me ka mālama nui ʻana. Hōʻike nā haʻawina e hoʻoulu ʻo Kisspeptin i ka ʻokoʻa osteoblast a keʻakeʻa i nā osteoclasts, e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke mālama i ka osteoporosis. Hiki i ka mīkini ke komo i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ala hōʻailona pili i ka iwi, e like me ke ala Wnt a me ka ʻōnaehana RANKL-OPG, e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka iwi, kaohi i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka iwi, hoʻonui i ka iwi iwi, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino iwi i nā maʻi osteoporosis.  

Ka hopena

ʻOiai ua holomua ka noiʻi lapaʻau e pili ana iā Kisspeptin i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi metabolic, ʻo kāna mau hopena e pili ana i nā ʻano he nui e pili ana i ka glucose metabolism, ke kaulike o ka ikehu, ka hepatic metabolism, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻelua o ka endocrinology reproductive a me ka metabolism.

No ka mea kakau

ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.

Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema

He haumana koʻikoʻi ʻo Guzman, S ma nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻepekema ola, pili pū me kekahi mau ʻoihana hanohano e like me ka Rutgers University System, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, a me City University of New York (CUNY) System. ʻO kāna noiʻi e pili ana i ka Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cell Biology, Reproductive Biology, a me Obstetrics & Gynecology. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau wahi noiʻi no ka holomua ʻana i nā ʻano kumu a me nā ʻano lapaʻau o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e hōʻike ana i kāna ʻoihana loea a me ka mana ākea i ka noiʻi olakino.

▎ Nā ʻōlelo pili

[1] Mills E, O'Byrne KT, Comninos A N. Kisspeptin ma ke ʻano he Hormone Kūlohelohe[J]. Seminā i ka Lapaʻau Reproductive, 2019,37(2):56-63.DOI:10.1055/s-0039-3400239.

[2] Han SY, Morris PG, Kim JC, a me al. Mechanism o ka kisspeptin neuron synchronization no ka pulsatile hormone secretion i nā ʻiole kāne [J]. Nā Hōʻike Pūnaewele, 2023,42(1):111914.DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111914.

[3] Morris PG, Herbison A E. Mechanism of Arcuate Kisspeptin Neuron Synchronization in Acute Brain Slices Mai Ka Iole Wahine [J]. Endocrinology, 2023,164(12).DOI:10.1210/endocr/bqad167.

[4] ʻO Sharma A. Ka laulā o Kisspeptin i ka maʻi Neuroendocrine [J]. 2023. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmu009.

[5] Tsoutsouki J, Abbara A, Dhillo W. Novel therapeutic avenue no kisspeptin[J]. Manaʻo o kēia manawa ma Pharmacology, 2022,67:102319.DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2022.102319.

[6] Podfigurna A, Czyzyk A, Szeliga A, et al. Ke kuleana ʻo Kisspeptin i ka Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea [M] // Berga SL, Genazzani AR, Naftolin F, et al. Nā maʻi e pili ana i ka Menstrual Cycle: Volume 7: Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019:27-42.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_3.

[7] Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, et al. ʻO ka huli ʻana i ka hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nolcoholic fatty ate maʻi i loko o kahi hoʻohālike ʻiole [J]. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2022,132(10).DOI:10.1172/JCI145889.

ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.  

ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a i ʻole maʻi. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.