Kisspeptin 10mg we yu de yuz

▎ Kisspeptin Strukchɔ

▎ Kisspeptin Risach

Wetin na di risach bakgrɔn fɔ Kisspeptin?  

insay di let 20th sεnti, wit di advans in risεch pan di tכmכro mεtastas suprεsכr jin dεm, sayɛnsman dεm dכn fכ no di KiSS-1 jin insay melanoma sεl dεm we dεn yuz modifyed sכbtraktiv haybridayzεshכn insay 1996. Insay 1999, dεn bin no di rat G protin-kכpl rεsεptכr GPR54, εn insay 2001, stכdi dεm kכnfכm se di prodakt fכ di KiSS-1 jin na di εndojεnik ligand fɔ GPR54, we dɛn kɔl Kisspeptin. fכs dεn notis fכ in tכmכro mεtastas-sכpreshכn prכpati dεm, leta dεn fכnshכn se dis nyuropεptida de akt as ki apstrim rεgεdyushכn εlimεnt fכ di haypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal aks, we de ple wan kכr rol insay di nyuroεndokrin rεgεlyushכn fכ vεrbret rεprכdaktiv divεlכpmεnt. i de tek pat bak pan mכltipכl fysiolojikal prכsεs dεm lεk riprodaktiv bihayvya, mכd rεgulεshכn, growth mεtabolism, εn fכ it bihayvya. di diskכvri εn fכnshכnal risεch fכ Kisspeptin de gi imכtant tiori bεsis fכ εksplכr nyuroεndokrin rεgεdyushכn mεkanism dεm εn trit di sik dεm we rilayt.  

Wetin na di we aw Kisspeptin de wok?  

Riprodaktiv Rɛgyulatɔri Mɛkanism dɛn  

rεgulεshכn fכ di Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Aks: Kisspeptin de ple sεntri rol insay riprodaktiv rεguleshכn, fכs tru mכduleshכn fכ di HPG aks. insay mami dεm, Kisspeptin de mek di hכmon we de rilis di gonadotropin (GnRH) kכmכt. spεshal wan, Kisspeptin de aktibכt di pulsatil sekreshכn fכ GnRH sεl dεm via G protin-kכpl mεkanism dεm tru in rεsεpכta GPR54. fכ egzampl, we di pikin bigin fכ bכn, di inkrεs aktiviti fכ di haypothalamic Kisspeptin nyuron dεm de protεkt di GnRH sekreshכn, we in tכn de mek di pituitary gland sekret gonadotropin dεm (lεk fכlikul-stimulεt כmon FSH εn luteinizing כmon LH). dis כmon dεm de wok pan di gonad dεm fכ mek di gonadal divεlכp εn fכ mek di sεks כmon dεm de kכmכt, we de mek di pikin divεlכp ^{[1] .} .  

Dairekt ifekt pan di gonad dεm: apat frכm indaykt rεguleshכn fכ riprodakshכn tru di HPG aks, Kisspeptin gεt dayrekt ifekt pan di gonad dεm bak. stכdi dεm pan oocytes frכm anestrous Tan ship dεm, fכ egzampl, dεn sho se Kisspeptin de sכmtεm impruv di in vitro machכ rεt fכ Tan ship oocytes εn i de promuot oocyte machכrayshכn bay we i de upregulate jin εksprεshכn. dis sho se Kisspeptin kin tek pat dayrekt fכ rεgεl fכlikul divεlכpmεnt na di gonad dεm.  

Wetin na di we aw Kisspeptin de du tin?

intarakshכn wit כda Nyuropεptida dεm: Insay di haypothalamic arcuate nyuklios, wan klas de fכ Kisspeptin nyuron dεm we de kכ-εksprεs glutamεyt, nyurokinin B (NKB), εn dynorphin (Dyn). dis nyuron dεm de sho intamitεnt sinkrכn aktiviti fכ drεb pulsatil כmon sekreshכn ^[2] . stכdi dεm pan uman mays dεn sho se spontan sinkronizashכn fכ ARN^{KISS} nyuron dεm de dipכnt bכku pan glutamεyt transmishכn via AMPA rεsεpכta dεm εn nyurokinin B transmishכn, we inhibishכn fכ NMDA rεsεpכta dεm εn κ-opioid rεsεpכta dεm nכ gεt nכ ifekt pan sinkronizashכn rεt ^[3] . insay man mays, sinkronizashכn fכ ARN^{KISS} nyuron dεm de kכmכt frכm nia random burst nεtwכk aktvכti insay di populeshכn, we krichכl dipεnd pan lokal glutamεyt-AMPA signal, wit nyurokinin B we de εnhans glutamεyt-indyus sinkrכnayzεshכn, we di dynorphin-κ-opioid tכn insay di nεtwכk de akt lεk gεt mεkanism fכ sinkronizכn initiashכn. dis de sho komplex intarakshכn nεtwכk bitwin Kisspeptin nyuron dεm εn כda nyuropεptida dεm na nyuroεndokrin rεguleshכn, we kכlektif wan de gεvεn pulsatile hכmon sekreshכn ^[2]..

Figure 1 Histogram dεm we de sho di pasεnshכn fכ trayal dεm we kכynsidεnt kalsiכm ivent dεm apin bitwin ARN^{KISS} nyuron dεm na di bren slais כnda kכndishכn dεm we nכ stimulate εn fכlכ lכw frikכnshכn εn ay frikכnshכn stimulashכn fכ wan singl nyuron we CNQX כ nyurokinin rεsεptכr (NKR) antagonist dεm nכ de εn prεsεns.  

Sos: PubMed ^{[3] we dɛn pul am.}.

Wetin na di prɔgrɛs we klinik risach dɔn du pan Kisspeptin fɔ trit mɛtabolik sik dɛm?

Kisspeptin ɛn Tayp 2 Dayabitis Mɛlitɔs (T2DM) .  

rεgulεshכn fכ Glukoz Mεtabolism: di kכl fכm dεm fכ T2DM na insulin rεsistεns, insulin sekreshכn we nכ de kכmכt, εn di glukכs we de kכmכt na di bכdi. stכdi dεm sho se Kisspeptin kin rεgεl di glukכs mεtabolism tru mכltipכl path dεm. Na wan say, Kisspeptin kin inflɔws di insulin sɛnsitiviti; na di כda say, i kin akt pan pankrεas aylet β-sεl fכnshכn fכ afekt insulin sekreshכn.  

Kisspeptin ɛn Fat pasmak  

Rigyuleshɔn fɔ Ɛnaji Balɛns ɛn Fɔd Intake: Bɔku tɛm, fɔ fat kin gɛt fɔ du wit ɛnaji imbalans bikɔs ɔf di ɛnaji we yu de it pasmak ɛn di ridyus we yu de spɛnd ɛnaji. Kisspeptin de rεgεl εnεji bεlε εn fכ it bihayv na di sεntri nεv sεstem. we di Kisspeptin εksprεshכn inkrεs kin ridyus di it we animal dεn de it, we di εksprεshכn we dεn dכn kin inkrεs am, we de sho se Kisspeptin de wok as di ki rεgεlεt fכ di εnεji we dεn de it insay di patכjεnεsis fכ fat.  

Kisspeptin ɛn Nɔn-Alkohol Fat Liva Disizin (NAFLD) .  

di ifekt dεm pan di εpatik mεtabolism: NAFLD na wan liva sik we gεt kכlכs fכ insulin rεsistεns εn mεtabolik sεndrכm, we dεn kכl di hεpatik fεt we pasmak. Kisspeptin de tek pat pan di hεpatik mεtabolik rεguleshכn. insay animal εkspεriεns, dεn sho se Kisspeptin intavεnshכn de altεr lipid mεtabolism, inflammatory rεspכns, εn כksidεtiv strεs na di liva. i kin ridyus di hεpatik fεt akyumyuleshכn bay we i de rεgεl di aktiviti fכ di kכl εnzym dεm we de involv fכ fεt asid sεntez εn brεkdכwn. apat frכm dat, Kisspeptin kin mכdulet di hεpatik inflammatory signal path dεm fכ εliviet inflameshn εn slo NAFLD prכgreshכn.  

Kisspeptin ɛn Polisistik Ɔvari Sindrom (PCOS) .  

Dual Rεgulεshכn fכ Riprodaktiv εndokrinכlכji εn Mεtabolism: PCOS na kכmכn εndokrin εn mεtabolik dizכrd we dεn kכl כl tu di rεprכdaktiv εndokrin abnכmaliti εn glukכs-lipid mεtabolik dizכrd insay mכst pasεnshכn dεm. Kisspeptin de ple imכtant rol insay PCOS pathogenesis. sεntri, i de rεgεl di haypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal aks fכ infכlכw rεprכdaktiv εndokrinכlכji insay PCOS pasεnshכn dεm. pan tap dat, i de tek pat pan mεtabolik prכsεs dεm we involv insulin, lεptin, εn adiponectin, we sho se na di kכl tin we de mek mεtabolik disfכnkshכn na PCOS.  

Wetin na di aplikeshɔn dɛn fɔ Kisspeptin?  

Tritmɛnt fɔ di Riprodaktiv Sistɛm Disɔda  

Abnכmal Pubertal Divεlכpmεnt: Kisspeptin na implεnt fכ puberty initiashכn. stכdi dεm sho se mכtεshכn dεm na di Kisspeptin-GPR54 sistεm kin mek dεn delay di puberty כ haypogonadism. εksojen administreshכn fכ Kisspeptin kin stimulate di HPG aks fכ promuot GnRH εn gonadotropin sekreshכn, we de hכl prכmis fכ trit di pubertal divεlכpmεnt dizכrd. fכ egzampl, pan di sik pipul dεm we gεt haypogonadism bikoz fכ di Kisspeptin signal dεfekt, supliment wit Kisspeptin כ in analכg dεm kin mek di nכmal pubertal divεlכpmεnt kam bak ^{[4, 5].}.  

Ovulation Disorders: Insay di uman riprodaktiv sistεm, Kisspeptin de rεgεl di mεnstral saykl εn ovuleshכn. i gεt pכtεnshal tεrapi valyu fכ ovuleshכn dizכrd lεk PCOS. bay we i de rεgεl GnRH pulsatile sekreshכn, Kisspeptin kin mכdulet gonadotropin rilis fכ impruv fכlikul divεlכpmεnt εn ovuleshכn. klinik stכdi dεm sho se Kisspeptin de indyuz wan mכr fysiolojikal gonadotropin sekreshכn patεn in sכm ovuleshכn dizכrd pasεnshכn dεm, we de εnhans ovuleshכn sakses rεt ^{[5, 6].}.  

Fכnshכnal Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA): FHA de kכz bay abnכmal GnRH pulsatile sekreshכn na di haypothalamus. as apstrim rεgεlεtכ fכ GnRH, Kisspeptin na krichכl fכ FHA tritmεnt. stכdi dεm sho se administreshכn fכ Kisspeptin-54 to FHA pasεnshכn dεm de ifektivli stimulate gonadotropin (FSH, LH) sekreshכn, we de hכl prכmis fכ rεstכr mεnstrual saykl dεm εn fεtiliti. Dis de gi nyu strateji fɔ FHA tritmɛnt ^[6]..  

Tritmɛnt fɔ Mɛtabolik Sik dɛn  

Nɔn-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Stɔdi dɛn we dɛn jɔs du dɔn sho se we yu aktiv di Kisspeptin 1 rεsεptכr (KISS1R) signal path gεt tεrapi ifekt pan NAFLD. insay hεy-fεt it-fεd maws mכdel dεm, kכnכkכt fכ hεpatik Kiss1r de εksayz hεpatik stεatosis, we εnhans KISS1R stimulashכn de protεkt wayl-tayp mays frכm stεatosis εn rεdכks hεpatik fכbכsis insay it-indyus nכn-alkoholik stεatohεpatitis (NASH) mays dεm. mεkanik stכdi dεm sho se di hεpatik KISS1R signal de impruv NAFLD prכgreshכn bay we i de aktibכt AMPK, we na wan kכl εnεji rεgεdyushכn mכlikul, fכ ridyus lipojεnεsis. apat frכm dat, inkrεs hεpatik KISS1/KISS1R εksprεshכn εn plasma Kisspeptin lεvεl in NAFLD pasεnshכn dεm εn hεy-fεt it-fεd mays dεm de sכgεst wan kכmpεnsatri mεkanism fכ ridyus triglisεrayd sεntesis, we de mek KISS1R bi prכmis nyu tכgεt fכ NASH tritmεnt ^[7]..  

כstioporosis Tritmεnt: כstioporosis na kכmכn mεtabolik bon sik usay di rεprכdaktiv כmon dεm de ple implεnt rol fכ di bon dεm gro εn mas mεntenans. stכdi dεm sho se Kisspeptin de mek di כstioblast difrεns εn i de inhεbit di כstioklast dεm, we de gi klinik pכtεnshal fכ כstioporosis tritmεnt. di mεkanism kin involv fכ rεgεl di bon mεtabolism-rεlatεd signal path dεm, lεk di Wnt path εn RANKL-OPG sistεm, fכ promuot bon fכmeshכn, inhibit bon rεsכpshכn, inkrεs bon dεnsiti, εn impruv skel hεlth insay כstioporosis pasεnshכn dεm.  

Dɔn

pan ɔl we klinik risach pan Kisspeptin insay mɛtabolik sik tritmɛnt dɔn mek prɔgrɛs, in ifɛkt dɛn involv bɔku aspek dɛn lɛk glukɔs mɛtabolism, ɛnaji balans, ɛpatik mɛtabolism, ɛn tu rigyuleshɔn fɔ riprodaktiv ɛndokrinɔlɔji ɛn mɛtabolism.

Bɔt di pɔsin we rayt di buk

Di tin dɛn we wi dɔn tɔk bɔt ɔp, na ɔl di tin dɛn we Cocer Peptides dɔn du risach, ɛdit ɛn kɔmpilayt.

Sayɛns Jɔnal Author

Guzman, S na wan bigman we sabi bɔt mɛrɛsin ɛn layf sayɛns, we gɛt fɔ du wit sɔm big big institiushɔn dɛn lɛk di Rutgers Yunivasiti Sistɛm, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, ɛn City University of New York (CUNY) System. In risach de fos pan Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cell Biology, Riprodaktiv Bayoloji, ɛn Obstetrics & Gynecology. Dɛn risach eria ya gɛt big minin fɔ advans di tiori ɛn klinik aspek dɛm fɔ mɛrɛsin, we de sho in prɔfɛshɔnal ɛkspɛriɛns ɛn brayt inflɔɛns pan mɛdikal risach.. Guzman, S is listed in the reference of citation [7].

▎ Saytayshɔn dɛn we gɛt fɔ du wit dis

[1] Mills E, O'Byrne KT, Comninos A N. Kisspeptin as wan Bihεviכral Hכmכn[J]. Seminars in Riprodaktiv Mɛdisin, 2019,37(2):56-63.DOI:10.1055/s-0039-3400239.

[2] Han S. Y., Mɔris P. G., Kim J. C., ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. mεkanism fכ kisspeptin nyuron sinkronizashכn fכ pulsatile hכmon sekreshכn in man mays[J]. Sel Ripɔt, 2023,42(1):111914.DOI:10.1016/j.sɛlrɛp.2022.111914.

[3] Morris PG, Herbison A E. Mεkanism fכ Arkuet Kisspeptin Nyuron Sinkronizashכn in Akyu Bren Slays Fכm Fem Mays[J]. Ɛndokrinɔlɔji, 2023,164(12).DOI:10.1210/ɛndɔkr/bqad167.

[4] Sharma A. Skop fכ Kisspeptin in Nyuroεndokrin Dizכrd[J]. 2023. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu009. Di wan dɛn we de stɔdi bɔt di sik.

[5] Tsoutsouki J, Abbara A, Dhillo W. Novεl tεrapi avεnyu fכ kisspeptin[J]. Kɔrɛnt Opinion in Famakɔlɔji, 2022,67:102319.DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2022.102319.

[6] Podfigurna A, Czyzyk A, Szeliga A, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Kisspeptin Rol in Fכnshכnal Haypothalamik Amenorrhea[M]//Berga SL, Genazzani AR, Naftolin F, et al. Menstrual Saykl Rilatεd Dizכrd dεm: Volyum 7: Fכntεr in Gaynεkכlכjik εndokrinכlכji. Cham: Springer Int ɛ rnash ɔ nal Pɔblishing, 2019:27-42.DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_3.

[7] Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. tכgεt di hεpatik kisspeptin rεsεptכr de ameliכret nכnalkoholik fεt liva sik insay wan maws mכdel[J]. J ɔ rnal ov Klinik Inv ɛ stigesh ɔ n, 2022,132(10).DOI:10.1172/JCI145889.

ƆL DI ATIKUL ƐN PRODƆKT INFƆMƐSHƆN WE DƐN GI NA DIS WƐBSAYT NA FƆ ƆL FƆ DI INFƆMƐSHƆN ƐN FƆ EDYUKESHƆN.  

Di prɔdak dɛn we dɛn gi na dis wɛbsayt na fɔ in vitro risach nɔmɔ. in vitro risach (Latin: *in glas*, we min insay glas) dεn de du am ausayd mכtalman bכdi. Dɛn prɔdak ya nɔto mɛrɛsin, dɛn nɔ gɛt di aprɔval frɔm di US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ɛn dɛn nɔ fɔ yuz dɛn fɔ protɛkt, trit, ɔ mɛn ɛni mɛrɛsin, sik, ɔ sik. Di lɔ nɔ gri fɔ mek dɛn put dɛn tin ya insay mɔtalman ɔ animal bɔdi ɛni we.