GLP-340 mg

▎ Ọdịdị GLP-3

Isi mmalite: PubChem

Usoro: YA⊃1;QGTFTSDYSI-L⊃2;LDKK⁴AQA⊃1;AFIEYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS⊃3; Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ: C 221H 342N 46O68 Ibu ibu: 4731 g/mol Nọmba CAS: 2381089-83-2 PubChem CID: 171390338 Ndị otu: LY3437943

▎ Nchọpụta GLP-3

Kedu ihe ndabere nyocha maka GLP-3?

Ọnụnọ nke oke oke ibu na ụdị 2 metabolism na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu, na-ebute nnukwu ihe ịma aka ahụike ọha. Ọgwụ dị otu ma ọ bụ nke abụọ nwere oke na ịdị mma yana nchekwa. Dabere na tiori nke ụkpụrụ synergistic multi-ezubere iche site na eriri afọ insulin axis, nyocha ekpughere ọrụ nkwado nke GLP-1, GIP na glucagon na usoro metabolic, na-enye ntọala usoro iwu maka ịmepụta agonists multi-receptor.

N'ịwulite na ahụmịhe mmepe ọgwụ nwere ebumnuche abụọ gara aga, ndị nyocha haziri na kachasị GLP-3 dabere na njirimara nhazi yana usoro akara nke ndị nnabata atọ a. Site n'ịgbalite GLP-1R, GIPR na GCGR n'otu oge, ọ na-enweta njikwa glycemic na mbelata ibu.

Kedu usoro eji arụ ọrụ maka GLP-3?

Nnabata Agonism

GLP-3 na-arụ ọrụ dị ka agonist nnabata atọ na-ezubere GLP-1, GCGR na GIP nnabata ^[1].

Agonism nke nnabata GLP-1: GLP-1 bụ homonụ incretin nke mkpụrụ ndụ L intestinal zoro ezo. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na ndị na-anabata GLP-1, GLP-3 na-akwalite mmepụta insulin n'ụzọ dabere na ntinye glucose. N'oge hyperglycemia, GLP-3 na-ejikọta ya na ndị na-anabata GLP-1, na-arụ ọrụ ụzọ mgbama ala nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ β-pancreatic na-ezochi insulin ma na-ebelata ọkwa glucose ọbara. Ọ na-egbochi secretion glucagon ma na-ebelata mmepụta glucose imeju, na-eme ka glucose dị n'ọbara kwụsie ike. Agonism nke nnabata GLP-1 na-egbu oge ịwụsa afọ, na-abawanye satiety, ma na-ebelata iri nri, na-enyere aka na njikwa ibu ^[2].

Ihe mgbu nke nnabata GCGR: Glucagon na-arụkarị ọrụ n'oge hypoglycemia iji bulie ọkwa glucose ọbara. Omume agonist GLP-3 na GCGR dị mgbagwoju anya. N'ime anụ ahụ adipose, ọ na-akwalite lipolysis ma na-abawanye oxidation fatty acid, si otú ahụ na-eme ka mmefu ike dịkwuo elu. N'ime imeju, oke mgbu GCGR na-agafeghị oke nwere ike ịhazi usoro dị ka gluconeogenesis, na-ebuli ọrụ metabolic hepatic. Nke a na-egbochi gluconeogenesis gabigara ókè ịkpata hyperglycemia ebe ị na-edobe nkwụsi ike nke glucose ọbara zuru oke iji gboo mkpa anụ ahụ chọrọ ^[1]..

Agonism nke nnabata GIP: GIP, homonụ incretin ọzọ, bụ mkpụrụ ndụ K na-ezobe ya na duodenum na jejunum mgbe nri gasịrị. GLP-3's GIP receptor agonism na-eme ka mmepụta insulin dịkwuo elu, na-emekọrịta ihe na GLP-1 iji melite nhazi glucose. N'aka nke ọzọ, ịgbalite GIP nnabata nwere ike imetụta metabolism lipid na nguzozi ike. Nnyocha nke Brzozowska P na-egosi na GIP na-akwalite nnabata glucose na njikọ lipid na adipocytes. Agbanyeghị, n'okpuru mmetụta GLP-3, a na-ahazi akara ngosi GIP iji kwalite ojiji ike kama ịkwalite naanị nchekwa abụba, si otú a na-enyere njikwa ibu aka ^[1].

Ihe osise 1 GLP-3 si eme ihe ^[3].

Iwu zuru oke nke Usoro Metabolic

Iwu Ọrịa shuga Energy: Site na ịgbalite ndị nnabata atọ ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, GLP-3 na-achịkwa metabolism ike zuru oke. Ọ na-akwalite lipolysis, ịba ụba acid fatty acid n'ime mitochondria maka β-oxidation na ịkwalite mmefu ike. Ọ na-ebelata lipogenesis site na igbochi nnabata nke fatty acid na njikọ triglyceride na adipocytes, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe nchekwa ike nke anụ ahụ na nguzozi mmefu iji mee ka ọ dị mfe ịbelata ibu. N'ime ọmụmụ anụmanụ dị mkpa na nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ nke Jastreboff AM, nchịkwa GLP-3 mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmefu ike ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ọdịnaya abụba anụ ahụ na isiokwu buru ibu ^[4].

Iwu shuga shuga: GLP-3 na-agbanwe glucose ọbara site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Na mgbakwunye na ntinye insulin na-akpali akpali site na GLP-1 na GIP nnabata nnabata, ọ na-emetụta metabolism nke imeju afọ site na ịhazi GCGR. Ọ na-egbochi gluconeogenesis imeju imeju, na-ebelata mmepụta glucose, ma na-eme ka nnabata glucose dị n'akụkụ anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge, si otú a na-edobe ọkwa glucose ọbara nkịtị. Nke a dị oke mkpa maka ndị ọrịa buru ibu nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga 2, na-achịkwa glucose ọbara nke ọma ma na-emeziwanye ọnọdụ ọrịa shuga ^..

Iwu Metabolic Imeju: N'ime imeju, GLP-3 ọ bụghị naanị na-emezi metabolism metabolism kamakwa na-emetụta metabolism lipid. Ọ na-ebelata njikọ na mkpokọta triglyceride imeju, na-eme ka steatosis imeju dịkwuo mma, ma na-ejide uru ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa imeju na-adịghị egbu egbu (NAFLD). N'ime ule ụlọ ọgwụ metụtara ndị na-eso ya nwere ọrịa imeju abụba na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke metụtara ọrịa abụba (MDAFLD), GLP-3 belatara ụbara abụba imeju, na-egosipụta mmetụta dị mma ya na metabolism imeju ^[5]..

 Mmetụta na Ọrụ Gastrointestinal

GLP-3 na-egbu oge mkpofu afọ site na ịgbalite ndị na-anabata GLP-1. Ịwụsa afọ ntachi nke afọ na-agbatị oge obibi nri n'ime afọ, na-emepụta satiety na-adịgide adịgide ma na-ebelata oriri na-esote. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ nwere ike imetụta secretion nke homonụ gut na motility eriri afọ, na-achịkwa mgbaze eriri afọ na usoro nnabata nri, si otú ahụ na-emetụta oke ike na ịdị arọ ahụ ^[2]..

Kedu usoro mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmetụta Agonistic GLP-3 na GLP-1, GCGR na ndị na-anabata GIP?

Mmekọrịta na Iwu Ọrịa shuga Energy

Mmefu ike na-abawanye: ịgbalite GCGR na-akwalite glycogenolysis na gluconeogenesis iji bulie ọkwa glucose ọbara. Ọ na-eme ka mmefu ike dịkwuo elu site n'ịba ụba nke lipid metabolism na igbochi iri nri site na satiety etiti. GLP-1R agonists na-akpali secretion insulin ma na-arụ ọrụ cardioprotective na neuroprotective mmetụta, na-ebelata oriri ike site na-egbu oge imefusị gastric na igbochi agụụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ịgbalite GIPR n'ime anụ ahụ adipose na-akwalite mkpokọta lipid, ịgbalite ya n'etiti ya na-ebelata oriri oriri ma na-ebelata oke ibu. GLP-3 n'otu oge na-elekwasị anya ndị nnata atọ a, na-ewepụta nha nha ọhụrụ n'etiti oriri ume na mmefu. Nke a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa mperi ume, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ịbelata ibu dị arọ.

Na-achịkwa metabolism lipid: Agonism GCGR na-akwalite metabolism lipid, ebe GIPR ịgbalite na anụ ahụ adipose na-emetụtakwa metabolism lipid. GLP-1R agonists nwere ike imetụta metabolism lipid na-apụtaghị ìhè site na usoro dị ka imeziwanye mmetụta insulin. Ha synergistic omume mma regulates abụba njikọ, ndakpọ, na iga, mbenata abụba ìgwè na mma ahu abụba nkesa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọmụmụ ihe na ndị ọrịa buru ibu gosiri na mgbe ejiri GLP-3 mee ihe ruo oge ụfọdụ, pasent abụba ahụ na-ebelata na profaịlụ lipid ka mma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, na-atụ aro mmetụta synergistic ya na ịhazi metabolism abụba ^[6]..

Mmetụta mmekọrịta dị na ụkpụrụ glucose

Ihe nzuzo insulin emelitere: GLP-1R agonists na-ebelata glucose ọbara site na ijikọ ndị na-anabata GLP-1 na ịkwalite nzuzo insulin. N'otu aka ahụ, GIP na-akpali sel β-mkpụrụ ndụ pancreatic ka ọ mepụta mmetụta nzuzo insulin yiri nke nri nri na-akpalite. GLP-3, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge GLP-1R na GIPR, na-eme ka mmepụta insulin dịkwuo elu, si otú ahụ na-ebelata ọkwa glucose ọbara n'ụzọ dị irè karị. Ọ bụ ezie na GCGR na-ejikọta ya na ọkwa glucose ọbara dị elu, mmetụta ya-dị ka ịkwalite mmefu ume ike-nwere ike itinye aka na nkwụsi ike nke glucose mgbe ọ na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-anabata ya dị ka GLP-1R. Ọzọkwa, ijikọ GLP-1 na GCGR na-ahọrọ na-egbochi ihe ize ndụ hyperglycemic nke GCGR na-ebute, na-eme ka usoro glucose dịkwuo mma ma dị irè.

Na-achịkwa Glucose Homeostasis: Mgbalite mmekọrịta nke ndị nnata atọ a gbatịrị karịa insulin naanị iji mejupụta ụkpụrụ glucose homeostasis zuru oke. Site na imetụta nnabata glucose, itinye n'ọrụ, na nchekwa n'ọtụtụ anụ ahụ gụnyere imeju, akwara, na adipose, GLP-3 na-edobe glucose ọbara n'ime oke kwụsiri ike, na-egbochi mgbanwe dị ukwuu. N'ime nyocha nke Nicholls S metụtara ụdị 2 ndị ọrịa metabolism, nchịkwa GLP-3 butere mbelata dị ukwuu na ọkwa hemoglobin glycated, na-egosi mmetụta dị mma na njikwa glycemic ogologo oge yana igosipụta mmetụta mmekọrịta nke ndị nnabata atọ ahụ n'ịchịkwa glucose homeostasis ^[6]..

Mgbalite mmekọrịta nke ụzọ ntụgharị mgbaàmà

Ụzọ nrịbama a na-ahụkarị: GLP-1R, GCGR, na GIPR bụ isi na-egosi site na protein G (Gαs). Mgbe GLP-3 na-eme ihe na ndị nnata atọ a, ọ na-agbakọta ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ụzọ mgbada ala dị ka ụzọ cAMP-PKA. Nkwalite ụzọ a na-ekekọrịta ihe na-eme ka nrụpụta mgbaàmà na ike dị mma, na-abawanye mmetụta nchịkwa na metabolism cellular na ọrụ physiological.

Na-ahazi ụzọ dị iche iche: Mgbe ị na-ekerịta ụzọ ndị nkịtị, onye nnata ọ bụla na-emekwa ka netwọk mgbaàmà pụrụ iche rụọ ọrụ. GLP-3 na-ahazi ụzọ ndị a dị iche iche na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'oge nnabata nnabata, na-eme ka usoro nhazi nke metabolic na-achịkọta ọnụ.

Usoro mmekọrịta nke ọrụ eriri afọ

Na-emetụta secretion Hormone Gastrointestinal: GLP-1R agonists na-akpali nzuzo GLP-1, ebe GIPR agonists na-achịkwa mwepụta GIP. Hormone eriri afọ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite motility eriri afọ, mgbari nri, na absorption. Site n'otu oge na-eme ka ndị na-anabata ya rụọ ọrụ, GLP-3 na-enye nhazi zuru oke nke mmepụta homonụ nke eriri afọ, si otú a na-emetụta ọrụ eriri afọ. Ọ nwere ike ibelata mmịnye nri ngwa ngwa site n'ịgbanwe ọnụego mkpofu gastric na motility nke eriri afọ, na-enyere aka n'ịdị arọ na njikwa glucose ọbara.

Imelite Gọọmenti Metabolic Gastrointestinal: Site n'ịchịkwa mmepụta homonụ nke eriri afọ, GLP-3 na-emekwa ka ọnọdụ metabolic dị n'ime eriri afọ. Ọ na-akwalite uto na metabolism nke nje bacteria bara uru ma na-emezi ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike imetụta ọnọdụ metabolic n'ozuzu nke ahụ. Na-arụ ọrụ synergistically na mmetụta na ike metabolism na ọbara glucose ụkpụrụ, ndị a usoro na-enyere aka na ọgwụgwọ mmetụta megide oke ibu na metụtara metabolic ọrịa.

Kedu ihe bụ ngwa GLP-3?

Ọgwụgwọ oke ibu

Mmetụta mbelata ịdị arọ dị mkpa: Ọtụtụ nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ na-egosi arụmọrụ GLP-3 na ọgwụgwọ oke ibu. N'ime usoro nke abụọ kpuru ìsì okpukpu abụọ, nke enweghị usoro, ebe a na-achịkwa placebo site n'aka Jastreboff AM nke metụtara ndị okenye 338, ndị sonyere na-enweta GLP-3 kwa izu na usoro dị iche iche ma ọ bụ placebo maka izu 48. Nsonaazụ gosiri na n'izu 24, otu 1mg nwetara nkezi arọ ọnwụ nke 7.2%, 4mg Nchikota otu furu efu 12.9%, 8mg Nchikota otu furu efu 17.3%, na 12mg otu furu efu 17.5%, ebe placebo otu tụfuru nanị 1.6%. N'ime izu 48, otu 1mg nwetara nkezi nha nha nke 8.7%, otu nchikota 4mg tụfuru 17.1%, otu nchikota 8mg tụfuru 22.8%, otu 12mg tụfuru 24.2%, na placebo otu furu efu 2.1%. N'ime ndị sonyere na-anata 4mg, 8mg, na 12mg GLP-3, 92%, 100%, na 100% nwetara 5% ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ka ukwuu, n'otu n'otu. 75%, 91%, na 93% nwetara 10% ma ọ bụ oke ibu ibu. na 60%, 75%, na 83% nwetara 15% ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ka ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 27%, 9%, na 2% n'ime otu placebo. Ihe omuma a gosiputara nke oma nke GLP-3 na mbelata ibu maka ndi oria buru ibu ^[4].

Ụdị ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga 2

Mmetụta nchịkwa glycemic: Ọmụmụ nke Lopez DC et al. GLP-3 na-emetụta njikwa glycemic nke ọma na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa metabolism nke 2. N'ime nnwale metụtara ndị sonyere 353, GLP-3 belatara haemoglobin glycated (HbA1c) site na 1.64% ma e jiri ya tụnyere placebo. Nke a na-egosi ịdị irè GLP-3 n'ibelata ọkwa glucose ọbara n'ụdị 2 ndị ọrịa metabolism, si otú a na-enye aka na nsonaazụ ụlọ ọgwụ ka mma ^[7]..

Uru Ngwakọta Ngwakọta: GLP-3 na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-anabata ya, na-enye uru pụrụ iche karịa ndị otu agonists na-anabata ya site na usoro agonist ya jikọtara ọnụ. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-ebelata glucose ọbara site na mkpali insulin, kamakwa na-eme ka mmetụta insulin dịkwuo elu, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ anụ ahụ nwee ike iji insulin rụọ ọrụ nke ọma maka njikwa glycemic zuru ezu. Mmetụta mbelata ibu ya na-emewanyewanye ọnọdụ metabolic na ụdị 2 ndị ọrịa metabolism, n'ihi na oke ibu bụ ihe dị oke egwu maka ọnọdụ ahụ yana mbelata ibu na-eme ka njikwa glucose ọbara ka mma ^[5]..

Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa imeju na-adịghị egbu egbu

Mbelata ọdịnaya abụba imeju: GLP-3 gosipụtara ikike ibelata abụba imeju na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa imeju na-arịa ọrịa imeju na-arịa ọrịa metabolic dysfunction (MDAFLD) na abụba imeju ≥10%. N'ime usoro nyocha, kpuru ìsì abụọ, ebe a na-achịkwa ebebo, e kenyere ndị na-eso ụzọ 98 ka ha nata injections subcutaneous kwa izu nke GLP-3 (1mg, 4mg, 8mg, ma ọ bụ 12mg) ma ọ bụ placebo maka izu 48. Nsonaazụ gosiri na n'izu 24, mgbanwe mgbanwe nke abụba imeju na-adabere na ntọala bụ -42.9% na otu 1mg, -57.0% na otu 4mg, -81.4% na 8mg otu, na -82.4% na 12mg otu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere + 0.3% na placebo otu. Nchọpụta ndị a na-egosi na GLP-3 na-ebelata nke ukwuu ọdịnaya abụba imeju, na-egosipụta uru ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa imeju na-adịghị egbu egbu ^[8]..

Imelite ọrụ metabolic imeju: GLP-3 na-eme ka ọrụ metabolic na-emeju imeju dịkwuo mma site n'ịhazi ike na metabolism lipid. Ọ na-akwalite oxidation na mmebi nke abụba imeju, na-ebelata mkpokọta abụba n'ime imeju, na-emezi nzaghachi mkpali na ọkwa nrụgide oxidative n'ime imeju, ma na-egosipụta ụfọdụ mmetụta mgbochi na ọganihu nke NAFLD, si otú ahụ na-echebe ahụike imeju ndị ọrịa.

Mmechi

Dị ka onye na-anabata ihe atọ nke GLP-1R/GIPR/GCGR, GLP-3 na-arụ ọrụ nhazi usoro metabolic site na usoro synergistic nke ọtụtụ ebumnuche. Mmetụta ya gụnyere ịgbalite GLP-1R iji gbochie agụụ na igbu oge ịpụsị afọ, si otú ahụ belata oriri ume; GIPR na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite mmepụta insulin na imeziwanye mmetụta insulin; na ịgbalite GCGR iji kwalite lipolysis na mmefu ume ka ị na-achịkwa glucose imeju na metabolism lipid iji belata mkpokọta abụba. Mmekọrịta atọ a na-enweta mmetụta zuru oke gụnyere njikwa glycemic siri ike, oke ibu dị arọ, yana mmụba lipid na abụba imeju. Isi uru ya dabere na ọgwụgwọ oke ibu, na-enweta mbelata ịdị arọ dabere na dose yana oke 48-izu ọnwụ nke 24.2%. Maka ụdị metabolism nke 2, ọ na-ebelata hemoglobin glycated nke ọma ma na-eme ka glycemia homeostasis dịkwuo mma. N'ime ọrịa imeju abụba na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke metabolic, ọ na-ebelata ọdịnaya abụba imeju nke ukwuu, na-egosipụta arụmọrụ dị ike gafee ọtụtụ nsogbu metabolic.

Banyere Onye dere ya

Ihe niile a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu bụ Cocer Peptides na-enyocha, dezie ma chịkọta ya.

Onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị

Arun J. Sanyal bụ ọkachamara n'ọrịa gbasara ọrịa imeju na onye nyocha ọkachamara na ọrịa imeju, karịsịa ọrịa imeju na-adịghị egbu egbu (NAFLD) na steatohepatitis na-adịghị egbu egbu (NASH). Ọ jikọtara ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth, ebe ọ bụ onye nkụzi kemgbe 1989. Sanyal edepụtala ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 1,000 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-eduga dịka Ọrịa shuga Cell, Nature Medicine, The New England Journal of Medicine, na The Lancet. E kwupụtala ọrụ ya ihe karịrị ugboro 104,000, na-egosipụta mmetụta dị ukwuu ọ na-enwe na ngalaba hepatology. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mba na-akwado ya kemgbe 1995 ma bụrụ onye isi nyocha nke onyinye NIH anọ na-arụ ọrụ. A matakwara Sanyal maka onye ndu ya na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ yana ntinye aka na mmepe nke usoro ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa imeju. Arun J. Sanyal ka edepụtara n'akwụkwọ ntụaka [5].

▎ Okwu ndị dị mkpa

[1] Brzozowska P, Frańczuk A, Nowińska B, Makłowicz A, Palacz KA, Lenartowicz I. GLP-3 - mgbanwe mgbanwe na-adịbeghị anya mepụtara GLP agonist - nyocha akwụkwọ. Ogo dị na egwuregwu 2024. https://api.semanticcholar.org/CorpusID:271031379.

[2] Doggrell SA. GLP-3 na-egosi nkwa na oke ibu (na ụdị 2 metabolism). Echiche ndị ọkachamara na ọgwụ nyocha 2023; 32(11): 997-1001.DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2283020.

[3] Katsi V, Koutsopoulos G, Fragoulis C, Dimitriadis K, Tsioufis K. GLP-3-Onye na-agbanwe Egwuregwu na Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Biomolecules 2025; 15 (6).DOI: 10.3390/biom15060796.

[4] Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist GLP-3 maka oke ibu - Ọnwụnwa nke agba nke abụọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ New England nke Medicine 2023; 389(6): 514-526 . DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301972.

[5] Sanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Onye na-anabata homonụ atọ GLP-3 maka ọrịa imeju steatotic metụtara ọrịa metabolic na-adịghị arụ ọrụ: nnwale nke usoro 2a enweghị usoro. Ọgwụ okike 2024; 30: 2037-2048. https://api.semanticcholar.org/CorpusID:270378167.

[6] Nicholls S, Pirro V, Lin Y, et al. GLP-3 onye na-anabata homonụ atọ na-eme ka profaịlụ lipoprotein na apolipoprotein dịkwuo mma na ndị sonyere nwere oke ibu ma ọ bụ oke ibu. Akwụkwọ akụkọ obi European 2024; 45(Mgbakwunye_1): ehae666-ehae1501.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae666.1501.

[7] Lopez DC, Pajimna JT, Milan MD, et al. 7792 arụmọrụ GLP-3 maka mbelata ibu na mmetụta Cardiometabolic ya n'etiti ndị okenye: Nleba anya usoro na Meta-Analysis. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Endocrine Society 2024; 8(Mgbakwunye_1): bvae163-bvae749.DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae163.749.

[8] Naeem M, Imran L, Banatwala U. Mwepu ike nke GLP-3: Enwere ike imeri oke ibu na oke ibu: akwụkwọ ozi. Akụkọ sayensị ahụike 2024; 7 (2): e1864.DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1864.

Akụkọ niile na ozi ngwaahịa enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.  

Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadoghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.