Na Cocer Peptides 
1 mahina aku nei
ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.
ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a maʻi paha. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.
Nānā nui
ʻO Osteoarthritis (OA) he maʻi maʻamau maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia e ka degeneration cartilage, ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka iwi subchondral, a me nā pane ʻeha o ka synovial, e hōʻino nui ana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola o nā maʻi. Me ka wikiwiki o ka ʻelemakule o ka heluna kanaka, ke piʻi nei ka maʻi o ka OA, e kau ana i ke kaumaha ma luna o ke kaiāulu a me nā ʻohana.
Kiʻi 1 Hoʻohālikelike i nā hiʻohiʻona pathological o ka rheumatoid arthritis a me ka osteoarthritis. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāʻī ʻo Rheumatoid e kahi kaʻina inflammatory i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pane autoimmune innate, adaptive, a me stromal autoimmune.
ʻO ka pōʻino cartilage kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka holomua o OA. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻoponopono ponoʻī ʻana o ka cartilage, paʻakikī ke hoʻōla koke ʻia ka pōʻino, e alakaʻi ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā ala kūpono no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻino cartilage ua lilo i mea noiʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka OA.
ʻO Cartalax kahi lāʻau biopharmaceutical i hoʻolālā ʻia e paipai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻino ʻana i ka cartilage. ʻOkoʻa kona ʻano kikoʻī ma muli o nā kaʻina noiʻi like ʻole a me nā kaʻina hana, akā maʻamau ka nui o nā kumu bioactive, nā ʻāpana matrix extracellular, a me nā mea lawe. Ma waena o kēia mau mea, ʻo nā mea bioactive e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mea ulu-β (TGF-β) a me ka insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) e hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka proliferation cell cartilage, differentiation, a me extracellular matrix synthesis. Hāʻawi nā ʻāpana matrix extracellular e like me ka collagen a me ka hyaluronic acid i ke kākoʻo kino no nā chondrocytes a komo i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke adhesion cell, migration, a me ka transduction hōʻailona. ʻO nā mea lawe lawe e hoʻopili a hoʻokuʻu i nā mea bioactive, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i ka pae ʻeha.
ʻO ke kuleana o Cartalax i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻeha ʻeha
(1) Hoʻonui i ka Chondrocyte Proliferation a me ka Hoʻokaʻawale
ʻO nā mea bioactive i Cartalax, e like me TGF-β a me IGF-1, e hoʻāla i nā ala hōʻailona i loko o nā chondrocytes, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka holomua o ka cell cycle a hiki i nā chondrocytes ke hoʻololi mai ka pae quiescent i ka proliferative phase. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo TGF-β i nā mea hoʻokipa o ka ʻili o ke kelepona e hoʻāla i ke ala hōʻailona Smad, e hoʻoponopono ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā protein e pili ana i ke kaʻina cell cell, ma laila e hoʻolaha ai i ka synthesis DNA a me ka māhele cell i nā chondrocytes. ʻO ka IGF-1, ma kekahiʻaoʻao, keʻakeʻa i ka apoptosis chondrocyte ma o nā ala hōʻailona PI3K-Akt a me MAPK i ka wā e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻonuiʻana o nā pūnaewele, e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā chondrocytes, a me ka hāʻawiʻana i kahi kumu pūnaewele kūpono no ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka cartilage.
I ka wā o ka piʻi ʻana o ka osteoarthritis, hiki ke loli ka phenotype o nā chondrocytes, i hōʻike ʻia e ka emi ʻana o ka synthesis o nā ʻāpana matrix chondrospecific e like me ke ʻano II collagen a me nā proteoglycans, a hoʻonui i ka synthesis o ke ʻano I collagen a me ka matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), e alakaʻi ana i ka degeneration o ka cartilage tissue. Hiki iā Cartalax ke mālama i ka phenotype maʻamau o nā chondrocytes ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka transduction hōʻailona intracellular a me ka hōʻike gene, mālama i ka phenotype maʻamau o nā chondrocytes. Hiki i ka TGF-β ke hoʻonui i ka hōʻike o ka SOX9 gene, kahi kumu transcription koʻikoʻi e hāpai i ka transcription gene o ke ʻano II collagen a me proteoglycans, no laila e mālama ai i ka hiki o nā chondrocytes e synthesize i nā ʻāpana matrix kikoʻī cartilage. Hiki i kekahi mau mea i loko o Cartalax ke pale i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā MMP, e hoʻemi i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka matrix extracellular, a pale i ka pono o ka ʻiʻo cartilage.
(2) Hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism matrix extracellular
ʻO ka matrix extracellular kahi mea nui o ka ʻiʻo cartilage, i haku mua ʻia me ka collagen, proteoglycans, a me nā fiber elastic. Hoʻoikaika ʻo Cartalax i ka synthesis o kēia mau ʻāpana matrix extracellular ma ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā ala hōʻailona anabolic i loko o nā chondrocytes. Ma waho aʻe o ka TGF-β-mediated promotion type II collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, nā mea ulu ʻē aʻe i Cartalax, e like me ka fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hiki ke hana synergistically e hoʻoulu i nā chondrocytes e synthesize ʻoi aku ka extracellular matrix. Hoʻonui ka FGF i ka mana synthesis protein i loko o nā chondrocytes, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka synthesis a me ka huna ʻana o nā molela nui e like me ka collagen a me proteoglycans, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻike o ka matrix extracellular a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai biomechanical o cartilage.
I ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻeha cartilage, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka matrix extracellular he hana ikaika. ʻAʻole hoʻolaha ʻo Cartalax i ka synthesis o ka matrix extracellular akā hoʻoponopono pū i kāna kaʻina hana hou. Hoʻokō ia i kēia ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke koena ma waena o ka matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) a me kā lākou mau mea paʻa ʻiʻo (TIMPs). Kāohi ʻo Cartalax i ka hana o nā MMP, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana o ka matrix extracellular; hoʻolalelale ia i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā TIMP, e hoʻonui ana i kā lākou hopena inhibitory ma MMPs, a laila e mālama i kahi kaulike pili ma waena o ka synthesis a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka matrix extracellular, kahi i kūpono i ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka ʻiʻo cartilage.
(3) Nā hopena anti-inflammatory
ʻO nā pane inflammatory ka mea nui i ka hoʻomaka a me ka holomua o OA. Loaʻa iā Cartalax kekahi mau waiwai anti-inflammatory a hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka hōʻike o nā cytokine inflammatory. I loko o ka microenvironment inflammatory, hiki iā Cartalax ke kāohi i ka hana ʻana o nā cytokine pro-inflammatory e like me ka tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) a me interleukin-1β (IL-1β), ʻoiai e hoʻoponopono i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā cytokine anti-inflammatory e like me interleukin-10 (IL-10), a laila e hōʻoluʻolu ai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka microenvirage.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cartalax i ka mālama ʻana i ka osteoarthritis
(1) Haʻawina hoʻokolohua holoholona
I loko o nā hoʻokolohua holoholona, ua hoʻokumu nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻano holoholona OA like ʻole, e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻiole OA i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) a me ka lapeti OA kumu hoʻohālike i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka papain, e loiloi i ka pono o Cartalax i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻino o ka cartilage. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻokolohua ma hope o ke komo ʻana o Cartalax, ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi histological i nā hoʻomaikaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka maʻalahi o ka ʻili o ka cartilage hui, ka hoʻolālā kelepona, a me nā ʻāpana matrix extracellular. Ua hōʻemi nui ʻia ka helu hōʻino o ka cartilage i ka hui hoʻokolohua, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻemi maikaʻi ʻo Cartalax i ka paʻakikī o ka pōʻino cartilage.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi immunohistochemical a me ka molecular biological i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka cartilage-specific marker a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pae hōʻike o nā enzyme degradative e like me MMP i ka hui i mālama ʻia ʻo Cartalax, e hōʻoia hou ana i kāna kuleana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka cartilage a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka metabolism matrix extracellular.
(2) Hoʻomākaʻikaʻi noiʻi
ʻOiai aia ʻo Cartalax i ka ʻimi noiʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi lapaʻau mua. Hōʻike mua ʻia ʻo Cartalax no nā poʻe maʻi me ka osteoarthritis haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka poʻe i hōʻoia ʻia i ka pōʻino cartilage. No ka osteoarthritis mua, kahi e hoʻohuli ʻia ai ka pōʻino o ka cartilage, hiki iā Cartalax ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi a hoʻoponopono i ka pōʻino o ka cartilage ma o ka paipai ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka chondrocyte, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka metabolism matrix extracellular, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pane inflammatory. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cartalax ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ma hope o ke kaʻina arthroscopic a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka cartilage e hāpai i ka ho'ōla a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻiʻo cartilage.
Ka hopena
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hōʻike ʻo Cartalax i ka mana nui i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pōʻino cartilage i ka mālama ʻana i ka osteoarthritis. Mai ke ʻano o ka hiʻohiʻona hana, hoʻolaha ia i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka cartilage cell a me ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism matrix extracellular, a hana i nā hopena anti-inflammatory, a laila hoʻoponopono a pale i ka cartilage i hōʻino ʻia mai nā kihi he nui.
Nā kumu
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[5] ʻO Macfarlane E, Seibel MJ, Zhou H. Arthritis a me ke kuleana o nā glucocorticoids endogenous [J]. Iwi Iwi, 2020,8(1):33.DOI:10.1038/s41413-020-00112-2.
[6] Huang LJ, Chen W P. Astaxanthin ameliorates cartilage pōʻino i hoʻokolohua osteoarthritis [J]. Rheumatology Hou, 2015,25(5):768-771.DOI:10.3109/14397595.2015.1008724.
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