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1kits (Ebipipa 10) .
| Omuwendo: | |
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▎ Ensengekera ya Glutathione
Ensibuko: PubChem |
Omutendera: XCG Ensengekera ya molekyu: C 10H 17N 3O 6S Obuzito bwa molekyu: 307.33g/mol Ennamba ya CAS: 70-18-8 PubChem CID: 124886. Enkola y’okukuuma eddagala lino Ebigambo ebifaanagana: L-Glutathione |
▎ Okunoonyereza ku Glutathione
Kiki ekikoleddwa mu kunoonyereza ku Glutathione?
Okuzuula n’okusalawo ensengekera ya glutathione
Glutathione yasooka kuzuulibwa mu kizimbulukusa mu 1888. Mu 1921, bannassaayansi baayongera okuzuula ensengeka y’eddagala lyayo. Glutathione ye tripeptide ekolebwa okuyungibwa kwa glutamic acid, cysteine, ne glycine okuyita mu peptide bonds.
Okutegeera emirimu gyayo emikulu mu biramu
Okuva mu myaka gya 1930, abantu bagenda bakitegeera mpolampola nti glutathione alina emirimu emikulu egy’enjawulo mu biramu. Yetaba mu nkola za redox mu butoffaali, nga kikola kinene mu kukuuma obutebenkevu bw’embeera y’obutoffaali n’okukuuma obutoffaali okuva ku kwonooneka kw’okwokya. Mu kiseera kino, era kikola emirimu emikulu mu nkola z’omubiri nga okutambuza amino asidi n’okulungamya emirimu gy’enziyiza. Ebizuuliddwa bino bitaddewo omusingi gw’enzikiriziganya ogw’okukozesa glutathione mu by’obusawo.
Okunoonyereza ku nsonda zaayo nga kuvugirwa obwetaavu bw’okukozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi
Olw’okunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza ku mirimu gy’omubiri gya glutathione, omugaso gwayo oguyinza okukozesebwa mu by’obusawo gweyongedde okweyoleka. Akozesebwa okujjanjaba endwadde ez’enjawulo, gamba ng’endwadde z’ekibumba n’endwadde z’amaaso, era asobola n’okukola ng’ekirungo ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Okusobola okutuukiriza obwetaavu obw’amaanyi obwa glutathione mu nkola y’obujjanjabi, abanoonyereza batandise okussa essira ku kunoonyereza ku nsibuko ennungi era ezitebenkedde eza glutathione, ekivuddeko okunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza ku nsibuko zaayo.
Enkola ya Glutathione ekola ki?
Ekikolwa ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde
Glutathione (GSH) kirungo ekikola obulungi ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde nga kyetaba mu nkola y’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde mu butoffaali. Kisobola okukwatagana butereevu n’ebika bya okisigyeni ebikola (ROS) nga haidrojeni perokisayidi (H2O2) ne bikendeeza ku bintu ebitali bya bulabe [1, 2] . Okugeza, okuyita mu nsengekera ya glutathione redox, glutathione ekolagana ne H2O2 n’agifuula amazzi, bwe kityo n’ekuuma obutoffaali okuva mu kwonooneka okw’okwokya. Mu nkola eno, glutathione efuuka oxidized n’efuuka oxidized glutathione (GSSG), naye glutathione reductase mu katoffaali esobola okukendeeza GSSG okudda mu GSH, okukuuma obusobozi bw’obutoffaali obuziyiza obuwuka. Okugatta ku ekyo, glutathione era esobola okukuuma ebibinja bya -SH ku luwuzi lw’obutoffaali, ebikola kinene mu ntambula ya cation n’okuyita kw’oluwuzi. Nga ekuuma embeera ekendedde ey’ebibinja by’oluwuzi -SH, glutathione eyamba okukuuma obutebenkevu n’enkola eya bulijjo ey’oluwuzi lw’obutoffaali [1]..
Ekikolwa ky’okuggya obutwa mu mubiri
Glutathione akola kinene mu nkola y’okuggya obutwa mu mubiri. Kisobola okwesiba ku butwa ne kikola ebirungo ebitali bya butwa oba ebirina obutwa obutono, ne kibanguyira okubifulumya mu mubiri. Okugeza mu kibumba, glutathione yeekwata ku bintu eby’obulabe eby’enjawulo era n’afulumizibwa okuyita mu ntuuyo oba omusulo, n’ekuuma obutoffaali bw’ekibumba obutayonoonebwa obutwa. Ekibumba kye kitundu ekikulu ekiggya obutwa mu mubiri gw’omuntu, era omulimu gwa glutathione mu kyo mukulu nnyo.
Okukosa abaserikale b’omubiri
Glutathione alina emirimu emikulu mu butoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri. Okugeza, mu macrophages, obutoffaali obutta obw’obutonde, n’obutoffaali bwa T, esobola okulungamya okukola kw’obutoffaali, okukyusakyusa mu mubiri, okufulumya cytokine okutuufu, okukola kwa redox, n’emiwendo gya free radical [3] . Obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri bukola kinene mu kulwanyisa obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’okukuuma obulamu bw’omubiri. Glutathione ayongera ku busobozi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri mu mubiri ng’atereeza emirimu gy’obutoffaali buno. Glutathione asobola okutebenkeza emirimu gya redox, okukyusa cytokine profile okudda ku Th1-type response, n’okutumbula enkola ya T lymphocytes, bwe kityo n’akola kinene mu kulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri n’okuziyiza antioxidant [3] . Th1-type cytokines zisinga kwenyigira mu kuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri okutambulizibwa obutoffaali ku buwuka obuleeta endwadde nga akawuka, bakitiriya, n’obutoffaali bw’ekizimba. Glutathione ayongera ku busobozi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri mu mubiri nga atereeza bbalansi ya cytokines.
Ebikosa enkola y’okuzaala
Glutathione akola kinene mu butoffaali bw’obuwuka obusajja n’obukazi obw’ebisolo ebiyonka awamu ne mu mitendera egy’olubereberye egy’okukula kw’embuto. Mu gametes z’ekisajja n’ez’ekikazi, GSH yeenyigira mu kukuuma obutoffaali buno okuva ku kwonooneka okw’okwokya [4] . Okugeza, mu kiseera ky’okutondebwa kw’ensigo, obungi bwa glutathione bukendeera mpolampola, ate mu kiseera ky’okukula kw’enkwaso, okusengejja kwa glutathione kufugibwa gonadotropins, era n’obungi bwayo bukyuka. Glutathione era ekwatagana n’okukuuma enkula ya meiotic spindle ya oocyte. Oluvannyuma lw’okuzaala, kikola kinene mu kutondebwa kw’ekitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa pronucleus ekisajja n’okukula kw’embuto eyasooka okutuuka ku mutendera gwa blastocyst. Okugatta ku ekyo, obutoffaali bwa cumulus nabwo bukola kinene mu kukola glutathione.
Ensibuko:PubMed [9] .
Glutathione ekozesebwa ki?
Okukozesebwa mu bulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku mwenge
Obulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku mwenge (ALD) bulwadde bwa maanyi obumanyiddwa olw’okunyigirizibwa okw’amaanyi okw’ekibumba. Okukozesa omwenge obutawona kiyinza okuleeta situleesi y’okwokya (oxidative stress) n’okuzimba, ne kwonoona obutoffaali bw’ekibumba. Glutathione (GSH), tripeptide ekoleddwa mu γ-glutamylcysteineglycine era nga erimu ekibinja kya sulfhydryl, yeetaba mu nsengekera za redox era nga ye nkola enkulu efuuwa free radical scavenger mu butoffaali. Mu kibumba, obungi bwa GSH buba bungi nnyo, naye mu balwadde abalina ALD, omutindo gwayo ogw’omunda gukendeera, ne kyongera embeera eno. Okugatta GSH mu misuwa kulaga ebirungi mu balwadde abalina ALD, nga kisobola okulongoosa enkola y’ekibumba n’okukendeeza ku bubonero bwa fibrosis [5]..
Omulimu mu kulwawo okukaddiwa
Mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu ngeri ey’ekifuulannenge, ey’emirundi ebiri, eyafugibwa placebo, eya parallel, ey’emikono esatu ku bakyala abalamu, omuwendo gwa melanin n’amabala aga ultraviolet ku maaso n’emikono gy’abantu abaali bamira GSH oba GSSG byatera okuba wansi okusinga eby’ekibinja kya placebo. Mu bitundu ebimu, enviiri z’abantu abamira GSH zakendeera nnyo, era bw’ogeraageranya n’ekibinja kya placebo, elasticity y’olususu lw’ebibinja bya GSH ne GSSG yalaga omuze gw’okweyongera. Okunoonyereza kuno kulaga nti glutathione alina akakwate akalungi ku kulwawo okukaddiwa kw’olususu [6]..
Okukozesa mu bulwadde bwa Parkinson
Obulwadde bwa Parkinson (PD) bulwadde bwa busimu. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti glutathione (GSH) eyinza okuba n’ekikolwa ekimu eky’obujjanjabi ku PD. Okuyita mu kunoonya okutegekeddwa mu bifo ebiwerako n’okwekenneenya meta, kyazuulibwa nti waliwo enjawulo enkulu mu bibalo mu Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III wakati wa GSH n’ekibinja ekifuga, era nga waliwo n’enjawulo nnene mu glutathione peroxidase. Wabula tewaaliwo njawulo nnene mu bibalo wakati w’ebibinja byombi mu bubonero bwa UPDRS I ne UPDRS II awamu ne mu bikolwa eby’obubi. Okugatta ku ekyo, okwekenneenya mu bibinja ebitonotono kwalaga nti ddoozi (300mg vs. 600mg) yali nsonga ekosa UPDRS III. Kino kiraga nti GSH eyinza okulongoosa katono obubonero bw’enkola y’emirimu gya PD awatali kwongera ku kubeerawo kwa bizibu [7]..
Okukozesebwa mu ndwadde z’emisuwa
Okwetangira endwadde z’emisuwa
Mu ndwadde z’emisuwa nga okuzibikira kw’emisuwa gy’omutima, obulwadde bw’omutima obuyitibwa puleesa, n’okusannyalala, endwadde z’emisuwa nnyingi zireeta embeera y’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress) mu kiseera ky’okukula kwazo, ekivaako embeera z’abalwadde okwonooneka, ekikwatagana n’okukola ebika bya oxygen ebikola (ROS) n’ebika bya nayitrojeni ebikola (RNS). Reduced glutathione (GSH), nga antioxidant enkulu, esobola okwetaba mu kuziyiza oxidation y’ebintu bino ebikola. GSH ekolebwa mu mutima n’ekibumba era ya makulu nnyo mu kuziyiza oba okukendeeza ku bulabe bwa ROS mu ndwadde z’emisuwa [8]..
Mu ndwadde z’emisuwa
Emiwendo gya glycine egya wansi mu mubiri gikwatagana n’endwadde z’emisuwa n’emisuwa (CVD). Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti obutaba na glycine kiyinza okutumbula enkula y’obulwadde bw’emisuwa, ate okugatta glycine kiyinza okubunafuya. DT-109, ekirungo ekisinziira ku glycine nga kirimu eby’obugagga bibiri ebikendeeza amasavu/okukendeeza glucose, kirina kinene eky’obukuumi ku bulwadde bw’emisuwa. Okunoonyereza ku balwadde abalina obulwadde bw’omutima, ebibe ebizimba emisuwa, ne macrophages kulaga nti glycine akola omulimu ogw’obuwuka mu kuzimba emisuwa, era obujjanjabi obwesigama ku glycine busobola okukendeeza ku kuzimba emisuwa nga buyita mu antioxidant effect of inducing glutathione biosynthesis [9]..
Okukozesa mu kuziyiza n’okujjanjaba endwadde z’amaaso
Okwetangira n’okujjanjaba endwadde z’amaaso
Mu by’amaaso, glutathione asobola okukozesebwa mu kuziyiza n’okujjanjaba okuzimba amaaso. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti okubeerawo kw’okuzimba amaaso kukwatagana nnyo n’okwonooneka kw’okwokya (oxidative damage) mu lenzi. Nga ekirungo ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde, glutathione asobola okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okwonooneka kw’okwokya (oxidative damage) ku butoffaali bwa lenzi n’okukuuma enkola ya bulijjo eya lenzi. Okugeza, mu kunoonyereza, okukozesa amatondo g’amaaso agalimu glutathione okujjanjaba abalwadde b’amaaso kyatunuuliddwa okukendeeza ku ddaala ly’obutategeera bulungi lenzi n’okulongoosa okulaba okutuuka ku kigero ekimu [10]..
Okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba obulwadde bw’amaaso
Obulwadde bw’amaaso bulwadde bwa maaso obutera okulabika, era okubeerawo kwabwo kwekuusa ku bintu nga oxidative stress ne inflammatory response. Glutathione asobola, okuyita mu kikolwa kyayo eky’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde, okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okwokya kw’ebitundu by’amaaso, okuziyiza okuddamu kw’okuzimba, era bwe kityo okukuuma obutoffaali bw’amaaso. Okugatta ku ekyo, glutathione era esobola okutumbula enkola y’okukyusakyusa emmere y’obutoffaali bw’amaaso n’okutumbula obusobozi bw’amaaso okweddaabiriza [10]..
Okukozesa mu bulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis
Mu bulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis, okuvunda kw’obusimu (neuronal degeneration) kukwatagana n’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) nkola nnungi ey’obujjanjabi obw’omu kamwa era kikakasiddwa nti ekendeeza ku mirimu gy’obulwadde n’okukula mu balwadde abalina obulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis obuddamu. DMF esobola okukola ensonga y’okuwandiika (transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) (NRF2), ekivaako okweyongera mu kusengejja ekirungo ekikulu eky’obutoffaali obuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde bwa glutathione (GSH) era erina ekikolwa ekinene eky’okukuuma obusimu mu vitro. Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti DMF ddala ereeta glutathione reductase (GSR), eyongera okuddamu okukola glutathione nga ereeta GSR [6]..
Okukozesebwa mu bulwadde bwa Alzheimer
Mu bulwadde bwa Alzheimer, amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) etwalibwa ng’ekimu ku bikulu ebivaako obulwadde bwa Alzheimer (AD). Ferroptosis nkola ya oxidative cell death mechanism empya emanyiddwa nga ekwatagana nnyo ne AD. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) ya mugaso mu kuwummuza okuyiga n’okujjukira mu bikolwa by’ebibe ebya AD n’eby’emyaka. Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti TSG eziyiza okufa kw’obutwa mu busimu obuva ku Aβ ng’etereeza obutoffaali n’enziyiza ezikwatagana ne ferroptosis mu mbeba za APP/PS1, ekendeeza ku situleesi y’obutoffaali n’okwonooneka kw’okuzimba, era etumbula okukola kw’amakubo g’obubonero aga GSH/GPX4/ROS ne Keap1/Nrf2/ARE. Okugatta ku ekyo, TSG era ekendeeza ku kwolesebwa kw’obubonero obukwatagana ne ferroptosis era eyongera ku busobozi bw’okuziyiza okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya [11]..
Obujjanjabi obuyamba ku ndwadde z’okussa
Obujjanjabi obuyamba ku bulwadde bw’amawuggwe obutawona (COPD) .
Ku balwadde abalina obulwadde bw’amawuggwe obutawona, okuzimba emikutu gy’empewo n’okunyigirizibwa kw’omukka (oxidative stress) nsonga nkulu eziviirako obulwadde buno okukula. Glutathione asobola okukendeeza ku kuzimba kw’emikutu gy’empewo n’okulongoosa enkola y’okussa ng’ayita mu nkola yaayo ey’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta empewo. Kisobola okuyoola obuwuka obuyitibwa free radicals mu kkubo ly’empewo, okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okunyigirizibwa kw’okwokya (oxidative stress) ku butoffaali bw’omubiri obuyitibwa epithelial cells, era bwe kityo ne kimalawo okuzimba kw’emikutu gy’empewo. Okugatta ku ekyo, glutathione era asobola okulungamya enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri n’okutumbula okuziyiza omubiri eri obuwuka obuleeta endwadde [12]..
Okukozesebwa mu ndwadde z’ebizinga
Mu balwadde abalina endwadde z’ebizinga n’abalwadde ba sukaali mu musaayi, glutathione reductase ne glutathione peroxidase bye byakeberebwa. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti mu bulwadde buno, obutakwatagana mu mugerageranyo gw’ebirungo ebiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde buno buyinza okuba nga bwekuusa ku mbeera eno [13]..
Nga ekirungo kya tripeptide ekikolebwa asidi wa glutamic, cysteine, ne glycine, glutathione akola emirimu emikulu egy’enjawulo mu biramu, gamba ng’okukola kw’obutwa obuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde, okuggya obutwa mu mubiri, okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri, n’okukwata ku nkola y’okuzaala. Okuva lwe yazuulibwa, olw’okunoonyereza okweyongera, omugaso gw’okukozesebwa kwayo mu by’obusawo gubadde gulagibwa buli kiseera, nga gulaga ebirungi ebivaamu mu kujjanjaba oba okuziyiza endwadde ez’enjawulo, omuli obulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku mwenge, obulwadde bwa Parkinson, endwadde z’emisuwa n’emisuwa, n’endwadde z’amaaso. Wadde ng’enkola z’okukozesebwa okumu n’ebikwata ku bikolwa byayo mu ndwadde ezimu bikyalina okwongera okunoonyezebwa, glutathione ya makulu nnyo mu kukuuma obulamu bw’omubiri n’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba endwadde.
Ebikwata ku Muwandiisi
Ebintu ebyogeddwako waggulu byonna binoonyerezeddwako, birongooseddwa era ne bikung’aanyizibwa kkampuni ya Cocer Peptides.
Omuwandiisi wa Scientific Journal
Rom O munoonyereza omukugu eyeegatta ku matendekero agawerako ag’ekitiibwa, omuli Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center e Shreveport, Louisiana State University System, University of Pittsburgh, ne University of Michigan. Omulimu gwe gubadde gukwatagana n’ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Lsuhs Shreveport ne Michigan Med, ekiraga okwenyigira ennyo mu mbeera z’ebyenjigiriza n’obusawo ez’amaanyi.
Rom O by’ayagala mu kunoonyereza kukwata ku masomo ag’enjawulo. Obukugu bwe buli mu bitundu by’enkola y’emisuwa n’omutima, Hematology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, ne Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Ng’omulimu gwe gussa essira ku bitundu bino ebizibu eby’okusoma, akoze kinene mu kutumbula okumanya n’okutegeera mu matabi gano amakulu aga ssaayansi w’obusawo.is listed in the reference of citation [9].
