Los ntawm Cocer Peptides 
1 month ago
Tag nrho cov kab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam muab rau ntawm lub vev xaib no tsuas yog rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm thiab cov hom phiaj kev kawm.
Cov khoom muab rau hauv lub vev xaib no yog npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro (Latin: * hauv iav *, lub ntsiab lus hauv iav) yog ua los ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov khoom no tsis yog tshuaj, tsis tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los tiv thaiv, kho, lossis kho txhua yam mob, kab mob, lossis mob. Nws raug txwv nruj raws li txoj cai los qhia cov khoom no rau hauv tib neeg lossis tsiaj lub cev hauv txhua daim ntawv.
Txheej txheem cej luam
Peptides yog ib chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm biomolecules uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb txog lub neej. Los ntawm physiological kev cai nyob rau hauv cov kab mob mus rau lub tswv yim siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries, peptides qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm thiab ntau haiv neeg.
Daim duab 1. Mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Peptides
(1) Kev txhais ntawm Peptides
Peptides yog cov tebchaw tsim los ntawm cov amino acids txuas ntawm peptide bonds. Ib daim ntawv cog lus peptide yog tsim thaum pawg carboxyl ntawm ib qho amino acid dehydrates thiab condenses nrog cov amino pawg ntawm lwm cov amino acid, yog li txuas ntau cov amino acids los tsim cov saw peptide. Thaum cov amino acids me me, nws hu ua oligopeptide; Thaum cov amino acids loj, nws hu ua polypeptide. Hauv cov kab mob muaj sia, ntau cov peptides luv luv nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, xws li tripeptides thiab tetrapeptides, tuaj yeem ua tiav cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev.
(2) Cov qauv ntawm Peptides
1. Cov Qauv Tseem Ceeb: Qhov no yog hais txog qhov sib lawv liag ntawm cov amino acids nyob rau hauv ib tug peptide saw, uas yog lub hauv paus qauv ntawm ib tug peptide thiab txiav txim seb nws tshwj xeeb thiab muaj nuj nqi. Cov amino acid sib txawv sib txawv qhia cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov haujlwm lom neeg ntawm peptides. Qee cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptides muaj cov amino acid tshwj xeeb uas ua rau lawv tshwj xeeb khi rau thiab cuam tshuam cov kab mob ntawm tes.
2. Secondary Structure: Lub hauv paus spatial qauv tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam xws li hydrogen bonds nyob rau hauv cov saw peptide, nrog rau cov qauv zoo li α-helices thiab β-cov ntawv. Cov qauv no pab ntxiv folding thiab stabilization ntawm peptide saw, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Hauv qee ntu ntawm cov protein, kev tsim ntawm α-helices txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein.
3. Tertiary qauv: Peb-dimensional spatial qauv tsim los ntawm ntxiv folding thiab coiling ntawm peptide saw raws li cov qauv thib ob. Cov qauv tertiary txiav txim siab tag nrho cov duab ntawm peptide thiab qhov raug ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov molecules. Cov qauv tertiary ntawm qee qhov kev loj hlob zoo peptides txiav txim siab lawv lub peev xwm los khi rau cov xov tooj ntawm tes tshwj xeeb receptors, yog li pib kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab cov cim sib txawv.
Daim duab 2 Tus qauv ua haujlwm ntawm PSK biosynthesis, kev taw qhia, thiab kev ua haujlwm. PSK precursors (pPSKs) tau txais tyrosine sulfation (qhia los ntawm S liab) catalyzed los ntawm TPST hauv cis-Golgi tom qab los ntawm proteolytic cleavage hauv apoplast.
Kev faib tawm ntawm Peptides
(1) Kev faib tawm los ntawm Qhov Chaw
1. Tsiaj-derived peptides: muab los ntawm tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev, xws li casein peptides muab rho tawm los ntawm cov mis nyuj, uas muaj ntau yam physiological kev ua ub no, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa calcium nqus thiab tswj kev tiv thaiv. Qhov zoo ntawm cov tsiaj-derived peptides nyob rau hauv lawv zoo compatibility nrog tib neeg lub cev, ua rau lawv yooj yim absorbed thiab siv los ntawm tib neeg lub cev.
2. Cog-derived peptides: Extracted los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, xws li soy peptides thiab nplej peptides. Cog-derived peptides muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv dav dav thiab cov nqi qis, thaum tseem muaj ntau yam kev ua ub no, xws li antioxidant thiab ntshav siab-txo cov teebmeem. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov kua peptides tuaj yeem txo qis cov roj cholesterol thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov hlab plawv.
3. Microbial-derived peptides: Ua los ntawm microbial fermentation, xws li tshuaj tua kab mob peptides tsim los ntawm qee cov kab mob. Microbial-derived peptides muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tshwj xeeb thiab nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo inhibitory ntawm cov kab mob-resistant tshuaj, tuav cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev lag luam tshuaj.
(2) Kev faib tawm los ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm
1. Bioactive Peptides: Cov peptides no muaj ntau yam kev tswj lub cev, xws li tswj cov ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib, thiab tiv thaiv kab mob. Angiotensin-hloov enzyme inhibitors (ACEI peptides) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov haujlwm ntawm angiotensin-hloov enzyme, yog li txo cov ntshav siab, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau cov neeg mob ntshav siab.
2. Antimicrobial Peptides: Cov peptides no tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lossis tua cov kab mob xws li kab mob, fungi, thiab kab mob. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej thiab muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua, xws li cuam tshuam cov cell membrane qauv ntawm cov kab mob kom ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Hauv thaj chaw biomedicine, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob peptides suav tias yog cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm los daws cov teeb meem tshuaj tua kab mob.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Peptides
(1) Kev tswj hwm lub cev muaj zog
1. Hormonal Regulation: Ntau cov tshuaj hormones peptide ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev. Insulin yog peptide hormone secreted los ntawm pancreatic beta hlwb, uas tswj cov ntshav qabzib, txhawb nqa cellular uptake thiab siv cov piam thaj, thiab tswj cov ntshav qabzib kom ruaj khov. Yog tias insulin secretion tsis txaus lossis nws txoj haujlwm tsis zoo, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntshav qabzib nce siab thiab ua rau mob ntshav qab zib.
2. Neural Regulation: Neuropeptides ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev xa cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tswj hwm hauv lub paj hlwb. Endorphins muaj cov nyhuv analgesic zoo ib yam li morphine, khi rau opioid receptors nyob rau saum npoo ntawm neurons kom txo tau qhov kev sib kis ntawm qhov mob. Neuropeptides kuj koom nrog hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem physiological xws li mus ob peb vas, pw tsaug zog, thiab qab los noj mov.
(2) Kev Koom Tes Hauv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv
1. Txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob: Qee cov peptides tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob thiab sib txawv ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, txhim kho lawv txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv li, thymosin txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm T lymphocytes, txhim kho lub cev lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab feem ntau yog siv los kho cov neeg mob uas tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob.
2. Kev tswj cov kev tso tawm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob: Peptides tuaj yeem tswj kev tso tawm ntawm ntau yam kev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, tswj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob peptides tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov tso tawm ntawm cov kab mob cytokines, ob qho tib si txhim kho lub cev cov lus teb inflammatory los tiv thaiv cov kab mob ntxeem tau thiab inhibiting cov lus teb inflammatory ntau dhau rau cov theem tom qab ntawm o kom txo cov ntaub so ntswg puas.
(3) Txhawb cov khoom siv metabolism
1. Protein metabolism: Peptides koom rau hauv cov synthesis thiab degradation ntawm cov proteins. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov protein synthesis, amino acids txuas nrog peptide bonds los tsim peptide chains, uas tom qab ntawd sib sau ua ke rau hauv cov proteins nrog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Proteases nyob rau hauv lub cev tuaj yeem hydrolyze cov proteins rau hauv peptide ntu, uas tau tawg ntxiv rau hauv cov amino acids, muab khoom noj khoom haus thiab lub zog rau lub cev.
2. Fat Metabolism: Qee cov peptides tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes koom nrog hauv cov roj metabolism, cuam tshuam cov rog synthesis thiab tawg. Qee cov peptides tuaj yeem txhawb cov fatty acid oxidation, txo cov rog hauv lub cev, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj peev xwm siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho kev rog.
Kev siv Peptides
(1) Pharmaceutical teb
1. Kev Txhim Kho Tshuaj:
Tshuaj tua kab mob: Muab qhov teeb meem loj zuj zus ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob peptides tau dhau los ua qhov hotspot hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab. Antimicrobial peptides pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo inhibitory tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas tsis tshua muaj peev xwm txhim kho. Antimicrobial peptides muab tau los ntawm Qav tawv nqaij tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lwm yam mob.
Lwm Cov Tshuaj: Cov tshuaj Peptide kuj tseem siv los kho ntau yam kab mob xws li kab mob plawv thiab ntshav qab zib. Glucagon-zoo li peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues rau kev kho mob ntshav qab zib mellitus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev ntawm GLP-1, txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin, txo qis cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav, thiab muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev pheej hmoo hypoglycemia.
2. Cov neeg nqa tshuaj: Peptides tuaj yeem ua cov neeg nqa tshuaj los txhim kho cov hom phiaj tshuaj thiab bioavailability. Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tshuaj rau peptides nrog lub hom phiaj, cov tshuaj tuaj yeem raug xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob, txo qis kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntaub so ntswg. Peptide cov neeg nqa khoom tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tshuaj solubility thiab ruaj khov, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo.
(2) Kev lag luam zaub mov
1. Kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv: Peptides muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo heev thiab yooj yim zom thiab nqus tau, ua rau lawv haum raws li cov khoom noj khoom haus fortifiers hauv cov zaub mov. Piv txwv li, ntxiv casein peptides rau cov mis mos tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov mis nyuj thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam mos thiab kev loj hlob. Rau cov neeg tshwj xeeb xws li cov neeg laus thiab cov neeg mob kho mob tom qab phais, cov khoom noj uas muaj peptide muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim absorbable high-quality protein kom tau raws li lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus.
2. Flavor Enhancement: Qee cov peptides muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tsw thiab tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho kev ntxhib los mos thiab tsw ntawm cov zaub mov. Qee cov umami-nplua nuj peptides tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov tsw ntawm umami ntawm cov zaub mov, yog li txhim kho nws qhov zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, peptides tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj tsw qab, sib koom ua ke nrog lwm cov tshuaj tsw qab kom txhawb nqa tag nrho cov khoom noj qab haus huv.
3. Preservation thiab Antimicrobial Properties: Antimicrobial peptides muaj peev xwm inhibit microbial kev loj hlob thiab siv tau raws li ntuj preservatives hauv kev lag luam zaub mov. Ntxiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptides rau zaub mov tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv nws lub txee lub neej, txo kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab txhim kho zaub mov kev nyab xeeb. Piv txwv li, koom nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptides rau hauv cov khoom noj nqaij, khoom noj siv mis, thiab lwm yam khoom noj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab pwm, yog li tswj cov zaub mov tshiab.
(3) Kev ua liaj ua teb
1. Kev tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag: cog cov tshuaj peptide cov tshuaj hormones xws li cog sulfonic peptides (PSKs) ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. PSKs tuaj yeem txhawb cov nroj tsuag kev faib tawm thiab kev loj hlob, tswj cov txheej txheem kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab ua rau cov kab mob somatic cell embryogenesis. Hauv kev tsim khoom ua liaj ua teb, kev siv exogenous ntawm PSKs lossis kev tswj hwm ntawm PSK qib hauv cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem txhim kho qoob loo thiab zoo.
2. Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob thiab Kab Mob: Cov tshuaj tua kab mob peptides tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob lom rau kab tsuag thiab kab mob hauv cov qoob loo. Piv nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab, cov tshuaj tua kab mob antimicrobial peptides muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo xws li kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig thiab cov khoom seem tsawg. Piv txwv li, qee yam kab-derived antimicrobial peptides tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob, muab kev tswj xyuas cov kab mob qoob loo zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov peptides tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm cov kab tsuag, ua tiav cov hom phiaj tswj kab tsuag.
(4) Tshuaj pleev ib ce
1. Moisturizing thiab Kho: Peptides muaj cov khoom zoo moisturizing, ua kom cov tawv nqaij noo noo thiab tswj cov tawv nqaij hydration. Qee cov peptides tuaj yeem txhawb nqa cov tawv nqaij kho thiab rov tsim dua tshiab, txhim kho cov tawv nqaij ua haujlwm. Collagen peptides tuaj yeem ntxiv collagen rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, txo qhov tsim ntawm wrinkles thiab ua rau daim tawv nqaij firmer thiab smoother.
2. Whitening thiab Anti-Aging: Qee cov peptides tuaj yeem inhibit melanin synthesis, ua tiav cov nyhuv whitening. Glutathione tuaj yeem txo melanin ntau lawm los ntawm kev txo cov melanin precursor dopaquinone. Peptides kuj muaj cov khoom antioxidant, pab tshem tawm cov dawb radicals hauv lub cev, ncua kev laus ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab ua kom lub ntsej muag hluas.
Cov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Peptide
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tam Sim No: Tam sim no, kev nce qib tseem ceeb tau ua hauv kev tshawb fawb peptide. Hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv paus, kev nkag siab ntawm peptide qauv, kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus tob. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem biotechnologies xws li genetic engineering thiab protein engineering, peptides tuaj yeem ua kom zoo thiab hloov kho, qhib qhov muaj peev xwm ntau ntxiv rau lawv daim ntawv thov. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav, kev siv peptides hauv thaj chaw xws li tshuaj, khoom noj, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb tau nthuav dav, nrog cov khoom lag luam peptide nce zuj zus nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam.
Xaus
Raws li cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm biomolecules, peptides muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb, muaj ntau hom kev faib tawm, thiab kev ua haujlwm dav. Hauv ntau thaj chaw xws li tshuaj, peptides tau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov.
Qhov chaw
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