By Cocer Peptides 
1 ọnwa gara aga
Edemede na ozi ngwaahịa niile enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.
Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadoghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ, ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.
Nchịkọta
Peptides bụ klas dị mkpa nke biomolecules nke na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na ngalaba sayensị ndụ. Site na usoro physiological n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na ngwa bara uru n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, peptides na-egosipụta nnukwu ikike na ụdị dị iche iche.
Ọgụgụ 1. Usoro nke omume nke peptides antimicrobial.
Echiche bụ isi nke Peptides
(1) Nkọwa nke Peptides
Peptides bụ ngwakọta nke amino acids jikọtara site na njikọ peptide. A na-emepụta njikọ peptide mgbe otu carboxyl nke otu amino acid na-akpọnwụ ma na-ejikọta amino acid nke ọzọ amino acid, si otú a na-ejikọta ọtụtụ amino acid ka ọ ghọọ peptide yinye. Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino acid dị ntakịrị, a na-akpọ ya oligopeptide; mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke amino acid buru ibu, a na-akpọ ya polypeptide. N'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọtụtụ peptides dị mkpụmkpụ nwere ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ, dị ka tripeptides na tetrapeptides, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ physiological kpọmkwem.
(2) Ọdịdị nke Peptides
1. Nhazi nke izizi: Nke a na-ezo aka n'usoro amino acid dị na agbụ peptide, nke bụ ntọala ntọala nke peptide ma na-ekpebi ụdị ya na ọrụ ya. Usoro amino acid dị iche iche na-enye ihe pụrụ iche kemịkalụ na ihe omume ndu na peptides. Ụfọdụ peptides antimicrobial nwere usoro amino acid a kapịrị ọnụ nke na-enyere ha aka ijikọ kpọmkwem ma mebie akpụkpọ ahụ nke nje bacteria.
2. Ọdịdị nke abụọ: Ọdịdị oghere mpaghara nke e mepụtara site na mmekọrịta dị ka hydrogen bonds n'ime eriri peptide, gụnyere ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka α-helices na β-sheets. Ihe owuwu ndị a na-enyere aka n'ihu mpịakọta na nkwụsi ike nke yinye peptide, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na ọrụ ya. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ protein, nhazi nke α-helices na-eme ka nkwụsi ike na arụ ọrụ nke protein ahụ dịkwuo elu.
3. Ọdịdị nke atọ: Ọdịdị oghere nke akụkụ atọ nke a na-emepụta site na mpịakọta ọzọ na mkpuchi nke agbụ peptide dabere na nhazi nke abụọ. Ihe owuwu nke atọ na-ekpebi ụdị peptide n'ozuzu ya na mkpughe nke saịtị arụ ọrụ, nke dị mkpa maka mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọdịdị nke atọ nke ụfọdụ peptides na-eto eto na-ekpebi ike ha ijikọ na ndị na-anabata elu cell, si otú ahụ na-ebute uto cell na akara dị iche iche.
Ọgụgụ 2 Ụdị na-arụ ọrụ nke PSK biosynthesis, akara na ọrụ. PSK precursors (pPSKs) na-enweta tyrosine sulfation (nke na-egosi site na-acha uhie uhie S) nke TPST na-eme na cis-Golgi na-esote proteolytic cleavage na apoplast.
Nhazi nke Peptides
(1) Nhazi site na Isi mmalite
1. peptides sitere n'anụmanụ: nke sitere na anụ ahụ anụ na mmiri nke anụ ahụ, dị ka casein peptides ewepụtara na mmiri ara ehi, nke nwere ihe omume dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ, gụnyere ịkwalite nnabata calcium na ịchịkwa mgbochi. Uru nke peptides sitere n'anụmanụ na-adabere na nkwekọ ha dị mma na ahụ mmadụ, na-eme ka ahụ mmadụ banye ngwa ngwa ma jiri ya mee ihe.
2. peptides sitere na osisi: A na-esi na osisi amịpụta, dịka peptides soy na peptides ọka wit. peptides sitere na osisi nwere uru nke isi mmalite akụrụngwa zuru oke yana ọnụ ala dị ala, ebe ha nwekwara ihe omume dị iche iche dị ndụ, dị ka antioxidant na mbelata ọbara mgbali. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na peptides soy nwere ike belata ọkwa cholesterol ma baara ahụike obi.
3. peptides sitere na microbial: Emepụtara site na gbaa ụka microbial, dị ka peptides antimicrobial nke ụfọdụ nje na-emepụta. peptides sitere na microbial nwere usoro mgbochi nje pụrụ iche ma na-egosipụta mmetụta mgbochi dị mma na nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ, na-ejide uru dị na mpaghara ọgwụ.
(2) Nhazi site na Ọrụ
1. Bioactive Peptides: Ndị peptides ndị a nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ nchịkwa physiological, dị ka ịchịkwa ọbara mgbali, shuga ọbara, na mgbochi. Angiotensin-na-agbanwe enzyme inhibitors (ACEI peptides) nwere ike igbochi ọrụ nke angiotensin-na-agbanwe enzyme, si otú ahụ na-ebelata ọbara mgbali, ma nwee mmetụta ọgwụgwọ dị ukwuu maka ndị ọrịa nwere ọbara mgbali elu.
2. Antimicrobial Peptides: Ndị peptides ndị a nwere ike igbochi ma ọ bụ gbuo ụmụ nje dị ka nje bacteria, fungi, na nje. Ha na-adị na okike ma nwee usoro omume pụrụ iche, dị ka ịkpaghasị usoro akpụkpọ ahụ cell nke microorganisms iji nwee mmetụta antimicrobial. N'ihe gbasara biomedicine, a na-ewere peptides antimicrobial dị ka ọgwụ nwere ike ịgwọ nsogbu mgbochi nje.
Ọrụ nke Peptides
(1) Nhazi nke ọrụ anụ ahụ
1. Usoro Hormonal: Ọtụtụ hormones peptide na-arụ ọrụ nchịkwa dị mkpa n'ime ahụ. Insulin bụ homonụ peptide nke mkpụrụ ndụ beta nke pancreatic na-emepụta, nke na-achịkwa ọkwa glucose ọbara, na-akwalite nnabata sel na ojiji nke glucose, ma na-edobe ọkwa glucose ọbara kwụsiri ike. Ọ bụrụ na mmepụta insulin ezughi oke ma ọ bụ ọrụ ya adịghị mma, ọ nwere ike ibute ọkwa glucose ọbara dị elu ma bute ọrịa shuga.
2. Neural Regulation: Neuropeptides na-ekere òkè na nnyefe ozi na nhazi n'ime usoro ụjọ ahụ. Endorphins nwere mmetụta analgesic dị ka morphine, na-ejikọta ndị na-anabata opioid n'elu neurons iji belata nnyefe nke mgbaàmà mgbu. Neuropeptides na-ekerekwa òkè n'ịchịkwa usoro anụ ahụ dị ka ọnọdụ, ụra, na agụụ.
(2) Isonye na Immune Regulation
1. Ịkwalite Ọrụ Cell Immune: Ụfọdụ peptides nwere ike ịkpalite mmụba na ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na-eme ka ọrụ ha dịkwuo mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, thymosin na-akwalite ntozu okè na ọdịiche nke T lymphocytes, na-eme ka ọrụ nchebe nke sel nke anụ ahụ dịkwuo elu, ma na-ejikarị na-agwọ ndị ọrịa nwere ọrụ mgbochi ọrịa.
2. Na-achịkwa ihe nzuzo nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe: Peptides nwere ike ịhazi ihe nzuzo dị iche iche site na mkpụrụ ndụ na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na-ejigide nguzozi nke mgbochi. Ụfọdụ peptides antimicrobial nwere ike ịhazi nzuzo nzuzo nke cytokines na-egbuke egbuke, ma na-eme ka mmeghachi omume nke anụ ahụ na-agbachitere megide mbuso agha pathogen na igbochi mmeghachi omume mkpali dị ukwuu na njedebe nke mbufụt iji belata mmebi anụ ahụ.
(3) Na-akwalite metabolism nke ihe onwunwe
1. Protein metabolism: Peptides na-ekere òkè na njikọ na mmebi nke protein. N'oge njikọ protein, amino acid na-ejikọta peptide bonds iji mepụta agbụ peptide, bụ nke a na-agbakọta na protein nwere ọrụ ụfọdụ. Proteases n'ime ahụ nwere ike hydrolyze protein n'ime akụkụ peptide, nke na-agbajikwa n'ime amino acid, na-enye nri na ume maka ahụ.
2. Fat Metabolism: Ụfọdụ peptides nwere ike ịhazi ọrụ nke enzymes na-etinye aka na abụba metabolism, na-emetụta njikọ abụba na nkwụsị. Ụfọdụ peptides nwere ike ịkwalite oxidation fatty acid, na-ebelata mkpokọta abụba n'ime ahụ, ma nwee ike ịnwe ngwa na mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ oke ibu.
Ngwa nke Peptides
(1) Ubi ogwu
1. Mmepe ọgwụ:
Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa: N'iburu n'uche okwu na-arịwanye elu nke nguzogide ọgwụ nje, peptides antimicrobial aghọwo ebe na-ekpo ọkụ na mmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ. Antimicrobial peptides na-egosipụta mmetụta mgbochi dị mma megide nje bacteria dị iche iche na-eguzogide ọgwụ ma nwee usoro omume pụrụ iche nke na-adịkarịghị etolite nguzogide. Ihe peptides antimicrobial sitere na akpụkpọ frog egosila nsonaazụ na-ekwe nkwa na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa anụ ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ.
Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ: A na-ejikwa ọgwụ peptide na-agwọ ọrịa dị iche iche dịka ọrịa obi na ọrịa shuga. Glucagon-dị ka peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga nwere ike iṅomi mmetụta physiological nke GLP-1, na-akwalite mmepụta insulin, na-ebelata ọkwa glucose ọbara, ma nwee ohere nke obere hypoglycemia.
2. Ndị na-ebu ọgwụ: Peptides nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ndị na-ebu ọgwụ iji kwalite nlebara anya ọgwụ na bioavailability. Site na ijikọ ọgwụ na peptides nwere ihe ezubere iche, enwere ike ibunye ọgwụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na saịtị nke ọrịa ahụ, na-ebelata mmebi nke anụ ahụ nkịtị. Ndị na-ebu Peptide nwekwara ike melite solubility na nkwụsi ike ọgwụ, na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ dịkwuo mma.
(2) Ụlọ ọrụ nri
1. Nkwalite ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ: Peptides nwere ezigbo ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ ma na-agbari ngwa ngwa ma na-etinye uche ya, na-eme ka ọ dị mma dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ na nri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgbakwunye casein peptides na usoro nwa ọhụrụ nwere ike ịkwalite uru nri nke usoro ahụ ma kwalite uto na mmepe nwa ọhụrụ. Maka ndị mmadụ pụrụ iche dị ka ndị agadi na ndị ọrịa na-emezigharị ahụ mgbe ịwachara ahụ gasịrị, nri nwere peptide nwere ike inye protein dị elu nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ngwa ngwa iji gboo mkpa nri ha.
2. Nkwalite ụtọ ụtọ: Ụfọdụ peptides nwere ekpomeekpo pụrụ iche ma nwee ike iji mee ka ọdịdị na ụtọ nke nri dịkwuo mma. Ụfọdụ peptides bara ụba nke umami nwere ike ime ka ụtọ umami nke nri dịkwuo mma, si otú ahụ meziwanye àgwà ya. Na mgbakwunye, peptides nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eme ka ekpomeekpo ụtọ, na-emekọrịta ihe na ogige ekpomeekpo ndị ọzọ iji bulie profaịlụ ụtọ nri n'ozuzu ya.
3. Nchekwa na Njirimara Antimicrobial: Antimicrobial peptides nwere ikike igbochi uto microbial na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nchekwa eke na ụlọ ọrụ nri. Ịgbakwunye peptides antimicrobial na nri nwere ike ịgbatị ndụ ya, belata ojiji nke ihe nchekwa kemịkal, ma kwalite nchekwa nri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, itinye peptides antimicrobial n'ime ngwaahịa anụ, ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, na nri ndị ọzọ nwere ike igbochi uto nke nje bacteria na ebu, si otú a na-eme ka nri dị ọhụrụ.
(3) Ọrụ ugbo
1. Usoro nhazi nke ihe ọkụkụ: Hormone peptide sitere na osisi dị ka osisi sulfonic peptides (PSKs) na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na uto osisi, mmepe, na mgbochi. Ndị PSK nwere ike ịkwalite nkewa na uto mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ, na-ahazi usoro ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ, ma kpalite embryogenesis somatic cell. N'ime mmepụta ugbo, itinye PSK ma ọ bụ iwu ọkwa PSK n'ime osisi nwere ike ịkwalite mkpụrụ na ịdị mma.
2. Mgbochi Ọrịa na Ọrịa: Enwere ike iji peptides antimicrobial mee ihe dị ka ọgwụ nje na-egbu nje maka nje na igbochi ọrịa na ihe ọkụkụ. E jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụ peptides na-egbu egbu na-enye uru dị ka enyi gburugburu ebe obibi na obere ihe fọdụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ peptides antimicrobial nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-enweta nwere ike igbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, na-enye njikwa nke ọma nke ọrịa ihe ọkụkụ. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ peptides nwere ike ịkpaghasị uto, mmepe na mmeputakwa nke ụmụ ahụhụ, na-enweta ebumnobi nchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ.
(4) Ihe ịchọ mma
1. Moisturize na Ndozi: Peptides nwere ezigbo ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị mma, na-abawanye ọdịnaya mmiri anụ ahụ ma na-edobe hydration akpụkpọ ahụ. Ụfọdụ peptides nwekwara ike ịkwalite nrụzi mkpụrụ ndụ akpụkpọ anụ na ịmaliteghachi, na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma. Collagen peptides nwere ike imeju collagen na akpụkpọ ahụ, na-ebelata nhazi nke wrinkles na ime ka akpụkpọ ahụ sie ike ma dị nro.
2. Ịcha ọcha na mgbochi ịka nká: Ụfọdụ peptides nwere ike igbochi njikọ nke melanin, na-enweta mmetụta na-acha ọcha. Glutathione nwere ike ibelata mmepụta melanin site na ibelata melanin precursor dopaquinone. Peptides nwekwara mmetụta antioxidant, na-enyere aka ikpochapụ radicals n'efu n'ime ahụ, na-egbu oge ịka nká akpụkpọ ahụ, na ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịdị ntorobịa.
Ọnọdụ nyocha Peptide ugbu a
Ọnọdụ nyocha ugbu a: Ugbu a, enweela ọganihu dị ukwuu na nyocha peptide. N'ime nchọpụta bụ isi, nghọta nke nhazi peptide, ọrụ, na usoro nke ime ihe na-aga n'ihu. Site na teknụzụ biotechnologies dị elu dị ka injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na injinịa protein, peptides nwere ike ịmekọrịta nke ọma ma gbanwee ya, na-emepe ohere ndị ọzọ maka ngwa ha. Na nyocha etinyere n'ọrụ, ojiji nke peptides na mpaghara dịka ọgwụ, nri, na ọrụ ugbo na-agbasawanye, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba nke ngwaahịa sitere na peptide na-abanye n'ahịa.
Mmechi
Dị ka klas dị mkpa nke biomolecules, peptides nwere ihe owuwu pụrụ iche, nhazi ọkwa dị iche iche na ọrụ sara mbara. N'ọtụtụ mpaghara dị ka ọgwụ, peptides egosila uru ngwa bara uru.
Isi mmalite
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