Na Cocer Peptides 
ukwezi gushize
INGINGO ZOSE N'AMAKURU Y’IBICURUZWA BITANZWE KURI URU RUBUGA BISANZWE KUBONA AMAKURU N'INTEGO Z'UBUREZI.
Ibicuruzwa byatanzwe kururu rubuga bigenewe gusa mubushakashatsi bwa vitro. Mu bushakashatsi bwa vitro (Ikilatini: * mu kirahure *, bisobanura mu bikoresho by'ibirahure) bikorwa hanze y'umubiri w'umuntu. Ibicuruzwa ntabwo ari imiti, ntabwo byemejwe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge (FDA), kandi ntigomba gukoreshwa mu gukumira, kuvura, cyangwa gukiza indwara iyo ari yo yose y’ubuvuzi, indwara, cyangwa indwara. Birabujijwe rwose n'amategeko kwinjiza ibyo bicuruzwa mumubiri wabantu cyangwa inyamaswa muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose.
Incamake
Peptide nicyiciro cyingenzi cya biomolecules igira uruhare runini mubumenyi bwubuzima. Kuva muburyo bwa physiologique mubinyabuzima kugeza mubikorwa bifatika mubikorwa bitandukanye, peptide yerekana imbaraga nini zitandukanye.
Igishushanyo 1. Uburyo bwibikorwa bya peptide yica mikorobe.
Amahame remezo ya Peptide
(1) Ibisobanuro bya Peptide
Peptide ni ibice byakozwe na aside amine ihujwe na peptide. Umubumbe wa peptide ukorwa mugihe carboxyl groupe ya acide amine acide imwe kandi igahuzwa nitsinda rya amino ryindi aside amine, bityo igahuza aside amine nyinshi kugirango ibe urunigi rwa peptide. Iyo umubare wa aside amine ari muto, byitwa oligopeptide; iyo umubare wa acide amine ari munini, byitwa polypeptide. Mu binyabuzima bizima, peptide nyinshi ngufi zifite imirimo yihariye, nka tripeptide na tetrapeptide, zirashobora gukora neza imirimo yihariye ya physiologiya.
(2) Imiterere ya Peptide
1 . Urutonde rwa aside amine itandukanye itanga imiti itandukanye nibikorwa bya biologiya kuri peptide. Peptide zimwe na zimwe zirwanya mikorobe zifite aside amine zikurikirana zibafasha guhuza no guhagarika ingirabuzimafatizo za bagiteri.
2 . Izi nzego zifasha mukuzenguruka no gutuza urunigi rwa peptide, bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa byarwo. Mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya poroteyine, ishingwa rya α-helices ryongerera imbaraga ibikorwa bya poroteyine.
3. Imiterere ya gatatu: Imiterere-yimiterere-yimiterere itatu igizwe no gukomeza kuzunguruka no gufunga urunigi rwa peptide rushingiye kumiterere ya kabiri. Imiterere ya kaminuza igena imiterere rusange ya peptide no kwerekana imbuga zikora, zikaba ari ingenzi cyane mu mikoranire nizindi molekile. Imiterere ya gatatu yibintu bimwe na bimwe bikura peptide igena ubushobozi bwabo bwo guhuza na selile yihariye yakira, bityo bigatangira gukura kwakagari nibimenyetso bitandukanye.
Igishushanyo 2 Icyitegererezo cyakazi cya PSK biosynthesis, ibimenyetso, nibikorwa. PSK ibanziriza (pPSKs) ihura na tirozine sulfation (yerekanwa na S itukura) itangizwa na TPST muri cis-Golgi ikurikirwa na proteolytic clavage muri apoplast.
Itondekanya rya Peptide
(1) Gutondekanya Inkomoko
1 . Ibyiza bya peptide ikomoka ku nyamaswa biri mu guhuza neza n'umubiri w'umuntu, bigatuma byinjira kandi bigakoreshwa n'umubiri w'umuntu.
2. Peptide ikomoka ku bimera: Yakuwe mu bimera, nka peptide ya soya na peptide y ingano. Peptide ikomoka ku bimera ifite ibyiza byo gukwirakwiza ibikoresho fatizo n’ibiciro biri hasi, mu gihe ifite n'ibikorwa bitandukanye by’ibinyabuzima, nka antioxydeant ningaruka zo kugabanya umuvuduko wamaraso. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko peptide ya soya ishobora kugabanya urugero rwa cholesterol kandi ikagirira akamaro ubuzima bwumutima.
3. Peptide ikomoka kuri mikorobe: Yakozwe binyuze muri fermentation ya mikorobe, nka peptide ya mikorobe ikorwa na bagiteri zimwe. Peptide ikomoka kuri mikorobe ifite uburyo bwihariye bwo kurwanya mikorobe kandi ikagaragaza ingaruka nziza zo guhagarika bagiteri zidashobora kurwanya imiti, zifite agaciro gashoboka mu rwego rwa farumasi.
(2) Gutondekanya kubikorwa
1 . Angiotensin-ihindura enzyme inhibitori (ACEI peptide) irashobora guhagarika ibikorwa bya enzyme ihindura angiotensin, bityo bikagabanya umuvuduko wamaraso, kandi bikagira ingaruka zikomeye zo kuvura abarwayi bafite hypertension.
2. Peptide yica mikorobe: Iyi peptide irashobora kubuza cyangwa kwica mikorobe nka bagiteri, ibihumyo, na virusi. Zibaho muri kamere kandi zifite uburyo bwihariye bwibikorwa, nko guhungabanya imiterere yimikorere ya selile ya mikorobe kugirango bigire ingaruka mikorobe. Mu rwego rwa biomedicine, peptide ya mikorobe ifatwa nk'imiti ishobora gukemura ibibazo byo kurwanya antibiyotike.
Imikorere ya Peptide
(1) Amabwiriza yimikorere ya Physiologique
1.Gutegekanya imisemburo: imisemburo myinshi ya peptide igira uruhare runini mumubiri. Insuline ni imisemburo ya peptide isohoka mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya beta, igenga urugero rwa glucose mu maraso, igatera gufata selile no gukoresha glucose, kandi ikagumana urugero rwa glucose mu maraso. Niba insuline isohoka idahagije cyangwa imikorere yayo ikaba idasanzwe, irashobora gutuma glucose yiyongera kandi igatera diyabete.
2. Amabwiriza agenga imitsi: Neuropeptide igira uruhare mu guhererekanya amakuru no kugenzura muri sisitemu y'imitsi. Endorphine igira ingaruka zidasanzwe zisa na morphine, zihuza reseptor ya opioid hejuru ya neuron kugirango igabanye kwanduza ibimenyetso byububabare. Neuropeptides nayo igira uruhare mugutunganya imikorere yumubiri nkimyumvire, ibitotsi, no kurya.
(2) Uruhare mugutegeka indwara
. Kurugero, thymosine iteza imbere gukura no gutandukanya lymphocytes T, byongera imikorere yumubiri wumubiri, kandi bikunze gukoreshwa mukuvura abarwayi bafite imikorere mibi yumubiri.
2 . Peptide zimwe na zimwe zirwanya mikorobe zirashobora kugenga ururenda rwa cytokine ikongora, byombi bikongerera umubiri imbaraga zo gukingira indwara ziterwa no gutera indwara ziterwa na virusi ndetse no guhagarika ibisubizo bikabije bikabije mugihe cyanyuma cyo gutwika kugirango bigabanye kwangirika kwinyama.
(3) Guteza imbere metabolism yibintu
1. Poroteyine metabolism: Peptide igira uruhare mu guhuza no kwangirika kwa poroteyine. Mugihe cya sintezamubiri ya poroteyine, aside amine ihujwe na peptide kugirango ibe urunigi rwa peptide, hanyuma igateranirizwa muri poroteyine zifite imirimo yihariye. Poroteyine zo mu mubiri zirashobora hydrolyze poroteyine mu bice bya peptide, bigacika mo aside aside amine, bigatanga imirire n'imbaraga z'umubiri.
2 . Peptide zimwe zishobora gutera aside irike, kugabanya ibinure mu mubiri, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwo kwirinda no kuvura umubyibuho ukabije.
Porogaramu ya Peptide
(1) Umwanya wa farumasi
1. Guteza imbere ibiyobyabwenge:
Imiti igabanya ubukana: Urebye ikibazo kigenda cyiyongera cyo kurwanya antibiyotike, peptide yica mikorobe yabaye ihuriro mu iterambere ry’imiti mishya ya mikorobe. Peptide yica mikorobe yerekana ingaruka nziza zo kubuza kurwanya bagiteri zitandukanye zidashobora kurwanya imiti kandi zifite uburyo bwihariye bwibikorwa bidashoboka ko byoroha. Peptide yica mikorobe ikomoka ku ruhu rwibikeri yerekanye ibisubizo bitanga umusaruro mukuvura indwara zuruhu nibindi bihe.
Ibindi biyobyabwenge: Imiti ishingiye kuri peptide nayo ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye nk'indwara z'umutima n'imitsi na diyabete. Glucagon imeze nka peptide-1 (GLP-1) igereranya yo kuvura diyabete irashobora kwigana ingaruka zifatika za GLP-1, igatera imisemburo ya insuline, igabanuka rya glucose yamaraso, kandi ikagira inyungu nke za hypoglycemia.
2. Abatwara ibiyobyabwenge: Peptide irashobora kuba nk'abatwara ibiyobyabwenge kugirango bongere ibiyobyabwenge hamwe na bioavailable. Muguhuza imiti na peptide ifite intego yibiyobyabwenge, imiti irashobora kugezwa neza aho indwara yanduye, bikagabanya kwangirika kwinyama zisanzwe. Abatwara peptide barashobora kandi kunoza imiti no gushikama, bikongera imbaraga zo kuvura.
(2) Inganda zikora ibiribwa
. Kurugero, kongeramo peptide ya peptide kumata y'uruhinja birashobora kongera agaciro k'imirire ya formula kandi bigatera imbere gukura kw'abana no gukura. Ku baturage badasanzwe nk'abasaza ndetse na nyuma yo kubagwa abarwayi basubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, ibiryo bikungahaye kuri peptide birashobora gutanga poroteyine nziza yo mu rwego rwo hejuru byoroshye kugira ngo babone ibyo bakeneye mu mirire.
2. Kongera uburyohe: peptide zimwe zifite uburyohe budasanzwe kandi zirashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere uburyohe nibiryo byibiribwa. Peptide zimwe na zimwe zikungahaye kuri umami zirashobora kuzamura umami uburyohe bwibiryo, bityo bikazamura ubwiza bwayo. Byongeye kandi, peptide irashobora gukora nkibintu byongera uburyohe, igahuza nibindi bivanga uburyohe kugirango izamure uburyohe bwibiribwa muri rusange.
3. Kubungabunga no Kurwanya Indwara ya mikorobe: peptide ya mikorobe ifite ubushobozi bwo kubuza imikurire ya mikorobe kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nkibintu byangiza ibidukikije mu nganda zibiribwa. Kongera peptide ya mikorobe yibiryo birashobora kongera igihe cyayo cyo kuramba, kugabanya ikoreshwa ryimiti igabanya ubukana, no kongera umutekano wibiribwa. Kurugero, kwinjiza peptide yica mikorobe mubicuruzwa byinyama, ibikomoka ku mata, nibindi biribwa birashobora kubuza neza gukura kwa bagiteri no kubumba, bityo bikagumya gushya ibiryo.
(3) Umurima w'ubuhinzi
. PSKs irashobora guteza imbere igabana ry'uturemangingo no gukura, kugenga imikorere yimyororokere, no gutera intanga ngore. Mu musaruro w’ubuhinzi, gukoresha uburyo bwa PSK cyangwa kugena urwego rwa PSK mubihingwa birashobora kongera umusaruro wibihingwa nubwiza.
2. Kurwanya ibyonnyi nindwara: peptide yica mikorobe irashobora gukoreshwa nkimiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko no kurwanya indwara mubihingwa. Ugereranije n’imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko, peptide yica mikorobe itanga ibyiza nko kubungabunga ibidukikije n’ibisigisigi bike. Kurugero, udukoko tumwe na tumwe twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko dushobora kubuza imikurire y’indwara ziterwa n’ibimera, bigatanga uburyo bunoze bwo kurwanya indwara z’ibihingwa. Byongeye kandi, peptide zimwe zishobora guhungabanya imikurire, iterambere, n’imyororokere y’udukoko, kugera ku ntego zo kurwanya udukoko.
(4) Amavuta yo kwisiga
1. Kuvomera no gusana: Peptide ifite imiterere myiza yubushuhe, kongera ububobere bwuruhu no gukomeza uruhu. Peptide zimwe zishobora kandi guteza imbere ingirabuzimafatizo zuruhu no kuvugurura, byongera imikorere yinzitizi yuruhu. Peptide ya kolagen irashobora kuzuza kolagen mu ruhu, bikagabanya iminkanyari kandi bigatuma uruhu rukomera kandi rworoshye.
2. Kwera no Kurwanya Gusaza: Peptide zimwe na zimwe zirashobora kubuza synthesis ya melanin, bikagera ku ngaruka yera. Glutathione irashobora kugabanya umusaruro wa melanin mugabanya melanin precursor dopaquinone. Peptide kandi ifite antioxydeant, ifasha kurandura radicals yubusa mumubiri, gutinda gusaza kwuruhu, no gukomeza kugaragara mubusore.
Imiterere Yubu Yubushakashatsi bwa Peptide
Imiterere yubushakashatsi bugezweho: Kugeza ubu, intambwe igaragara imaze guterwa mubushakashatsi bwa peptide. Mu bushakashatsi bwibanze, gusobanukirwa imiterere ya peptide, imikorere, nuburyo bwibikorwa bikomeje kwiyongera. Binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere nka injeniyeri ya geneti na protein yubuhanga, peptide irashobora guhuzwa neza kandi igahinduka, ikingura byinshi bishoboka kubikoresha. Mu bushakashatsi bwashyizwe mu bikorwa, ikoreshwa rya peptide mu buvuzi nk’ubuvuzi, ibiryo, n’ubuhinzi riragenda ryiyongera, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri peptide byiyongera ku isoko.
Umwanzuro
Nka cyiciro cyingenzi cya biomolecules, peptide ifite imiterere yihariye, ibyiciro bitandukanye, nibikorwa byinshi. Mubice byinshi nkubuvuzi, peptide yerekanye agaciro gakomeye ko gukoreshwa.
Inkomoko
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