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▎ Glutathione ʻImi
He aha ke kumu noiʻi o Glutathione?
ʻO ka ʻike a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka glutathione: I ka makahiki 1888, ʻike mua ʻia ka glutathione i ka hū. I ka makahiki 1921, ua hoʻoholo hou nā kānaka ʻepekema i kona ʻano kemika. He tripeptide ia i hana ʻia e ka condensation o ka glutamic acid, cysteine, a me ka glycine ma o nā paʻa peptide.
Ka ʻike ʻana i kāna mau kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā mea ola: Mai ka makahiki 1930, ua ʻike mālie nā kānaka he ʻano hana koʻikoʻi ka glutathione i nā mea ola. Hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā hopena redox i loko o nā cell, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa o ka intracellular environment a me ka pale ʻana i nā cell mai ka pōʻino oxidative. I ka manawa like, he hana koʻikoʻi ia i nā kaʻina hana physiological e like me ka lawe ʻana i ka waikawa amino a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana enzyme. Ua kau kēia mau ʻike i kahi kumu kumu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka glutathione i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kumu i alakaʻi ʻia e nā noi noiʻi olakino: Me ka hohonu o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hana physiological o ka glutathione, ua lilo kona waiwai kūpono i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e mālama i nā maʻi like ʻole, e like me nā maʻi ate a me nā maʻi maka, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he antioxidant. I mea e hoʻokō ai i ka noi nui no ka glutathione i nā noi lapaʻau, ua hoʻomaka nā mea noiʻi e hoʻolaʻa iā lākou iho i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumu kūpono a paʻa o ka glutathione, ka mea i hāpai i ka noiʻi hohonu ma kāna mau kumu.
He aha ke ʻano o ka hana a Glutathione?
1. Ka hopena antioxidant
ʻO Glutathione (GSH) kahi antioxidant maikaʻi e komo i ka ʻōnaehana pale antioxidant i loko o nā cell. Hiki iā ia ke hana pololei me nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) e like me ka hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) a hoʻemi iā lākou i nā mea pōʻino (Reddy V N. 1990; Sinha R, 2018). No ka laʻana, ma o ka glutathione redox cycle, glutathione reacts me H₂O₂ a hoʻololi iā ia i wai, no laila e pale ai i nā cell mai ka pōʻino oxidative. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka glutathione i ka glutathione oxidized (GSSG), akā hiki i ka glutathione reductase i loko o ke kelepona ke hoʻemi i ka GSSG hoʻi i GSH, e mālama ana i ka mana antioxidant o ke kelepona.
Hiki i ka Glutathione ke pale aku i nā hui -SH ma ka membrane cell, kahi mea nui i ka lawe ʻana i ka cation a me ka membrane permeability. Ma ka mālama ʻana i ke kūlana haʻahaʻa o nā hui membrane -SH, kōkua ka glutathione e mālama i ka paʻa a me ka hana maʻamau o ka membrane cell [1].
2. Ka hopena detoxification
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Glutathione i ke kaʻina detoxification. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea ʻawaʻawa e hana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole nā mea ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa a hoʻoikaika i kā lākou excretion mai ke kino. No ka laʻana, i loko o ke ake, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka glutathione i nā mea ʻino like ʻole a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kino ma o ka bile a i ʻole ka mimi, e pale ana i nā pūpū ate mai ka pōʻino o nā toxins. ʻO ka ate ka mea nui detoxification o ke kino o ke kanaka, a he mea koʻikoʻi ke kuleana o ka glutathione.
3. Ka hopena i ka ʻōnaehana pale
He mau hana koʻikoʻi ʻo Glutathione i nā cell immune. I loko o nā macrophages, nā pūnana pepehi maoli, a me nā pūnaewele T, no ka laʻana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka cell, metabolism, hoʻokuʻu cytokine kūpono, hana redox, a me nā pae radical manuahi [2] . He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā cell immune i ka hakakā ʻana i nā pathogens a mālama i ke olakino o ke kino. Hoʻonui ʻo Glutathione i ke kino o ke kino ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana o kēia mau cell.
Hiki i ka Glutathione ke hoʻopaʻa i ka hana redox, hoʻololi i ka profile cytokine i kahi pane Th1-type, a hoʻonui i ka hana o T lymphocytes, no laila ke pāʻani nei i kahi kuleana immunomodulatory a me antioxidant [2] . Hoʻokomo nui ʻia nā cytokines Th1-type i nā pane ʻana o ka pale pale e kūʻē i nā pathogens e like me nā maʻi virus, bacteria, a me nā cell tumor. Hoʻonui ʻo Glutathione i ka hiki ke pale aku i ke kino ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke koena o nā cytokines.
4. Ke kuleana ma ka ʻōnaehana hānau
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻo Glutathione i loko o ke kāne a me ka wahine germ cell o nā mammals a i ka wā mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic. I loko o ke kāne kāne a me ka wahine gametes, pili ka GSH i ka pale ʻana i kēia mau cell mai ka pōʻino oxidative [3] . No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka spermatogenesis, e emi mālie ana ka nui o ka glutathione, a i ka wā o ka oocyte maturation, hoʻoponopono ʻia ka synthesis o ka glutathione e nā gonadotropins, a hoʻololi pū kekahi. Pili pū ʻo Glutathione i ka mālama ʻana i ka morphology o ka spindle meiotic o ka oocyte. Ma hope o ka fertilization, he hana maikaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pronucleus kāne a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka embryo mua i ka pae blastocyst. Eia kekahi, hoʻokani nui nā cell cumulus i ka synthesis o ka glutathione.
He aha nā mea hoʻohana o Glutathione?
1. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka maʻi ate ʻona
ʻO ka maʻi ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa (ALD) he maʻi koʻikoʻi i hōʻike ʻia e ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi oxidative. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona ke hoʻoulu i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative a me ka mumū, e hōʻino ana i nā pūnaʻi ate. ʻO Glutathione (GSH), kahi tripeptide i haku ʻia me ka γ-glutamylcysteineylglycine i loaʻa i kahi hui thiol, komo i nā hopena redox a ʻo ia ka mea hoʻopale radical manuahi nui i loko o nā cell. I loko o ke ake, he kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka GSH, akā i nā maʻi me ALD, e emi ana kona pae endogenous, e hoʻonui ana i ke kūlana.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Intravenous supplementation o GSH i nā hopena maikaʻi i nā poʻe maʻi me ALD, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ate a hoʻemi i nā hōʻailona fibrosis [4].
2. Ke kuleana i ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka ʻelemakule
I loko o kahi randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, ʻekolu-lima aʻo ʻana o nā kumuhana wahine olakino, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka melanin index a me nā kiko ultraviolet ma ka maka a me nā lima o nā mea lawe GSH a i ʻole GSSG ma mua o ka poʻe o ka hui placebo. Ma kekahi mau wahi, ua ho'ēmi nuiʻia nā wrinkles o nā poʻe e lawe ana i ka GSH, a ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ka hui placebo, ua hōʻike ka elasticity o kaʻili o nā hui GSH a me GSSG i ka uluʻana. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina he hopena maikaʻi ka glutathione i ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka ʻelemakule [5].
2. Hoʻohana i ka maʻi o Parkinson
ʻO ka maʻi o Parkinson (PD) kahi maʻi neurological. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e loaʻa paha i ka glutathione (GSH) kekahi hopena therapeutic ma PD. Ma o ka ʻimi hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻikepili he nui a me ka meta-analysis, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma ka Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III ma waena o GSH a me ka pūʻulu mana, a he ʻokoʻa nui hoʻi i ka glutathione peroxidase. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hui ʻelua ma nā helu UPDRS I a me UPDRS II a me nā hopena ʻaoʻao. Eia hou, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o ka subgroup i ka hopena (300mg vs 600mg) kahi mea e pili ana i ka UPDRS III. Hōʻike kēia e hiki i ka GSH ke hoʻomaikaʻi iki i nā helu kaʻa o PD me ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻana i nā hanana ʻino [6].
3. Hoʻohana i nā maʻi cardiovascular
Ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi cardiovascular: I nā maʻi cardiovascular e like me ke aʻa o ke aʻa coronary, ka maʻi hypertensive naʻau, a me ka hahau ʻana, nui nā maʻi cardiovascular e hoʻoulu i kahi kūlana o ke koʻikoʻi oxidative i ko lākou ulu ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i ka deterioration o nā kūlana o nā mea maʻi, e pili ana i ka hanauna o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) a me nā ʻano nitrogen reactive (RNS). Hoʻemi ʻia ka glutathione (GSH), ma ke ʻano he antioxidant koʻikoʻi, hiki ke komo i ka hakakā ʻana i ka oxidation o nā mea hana. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo GSH i loko o ka puʻuwai a me ka ate a he mea nui ia no ka pale ʻana a hōʻemi paha i nā hopena ROS ʻino i nā maʻi cardiovascular [7].
I nā maʻi maʻi maʻi puʻuwai: ʻO nā pae glycine kaila haʻahaʻa e pili ana me ka maʻi cardiovascular (CVD). Ua ʻike nā haʻawina e hoʻonui ka glycine deficiency i ka ulu ʻana o ka atherosclerosis, ʻoiai ʻo ka glycine supplementation e nāwaliwali iā ia. ʻO ka DT-109 kahi pūhui glycine me nā waiwai lipid-lowering/glucose-lowering ʻelua a he hopena pale koʻikoʻi i ka atherosclerosis. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi naʻau coronary, nā ʻiole atherosclerotic, a me nā macrophages he kuleana ko ka glycine i ka atherosclerosis, a hiki i ka mālama ʻana i ka glycine ke hoʻēmi i ka atherosclerosis ma o ka hopena antioxidant o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka biosynthesis glutathione [8].
Puna:PubMed [8]
4. Hoʻohana i ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi maka
Ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi cataracts: I ka ophthalmology, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka glutathione no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e pili pono ana ka hiki ʻana o ka cataracts i ka pōʻino oxidative i ka lens. Ma ke ʻano he antioxidant, hiki i ka glutathione ke hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka pōʻino oxidative ma nā cell lens a mālama i ka hana maʻamau o ka lens. No ka laʻana, i loko o kahi noiʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kulu maka i loaʻa i ka glutathione e mālama i nā maʻi cataract, a ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lens opacity o nā mea maʻi, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ko lākou ʻike i kekahi ʻano [9].
Ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka retinopathy: ʻO ka Retinopathy kahi maʻi maʻamau o ka maka, a pili kona hanana ʻana i nā mea e like me ke kaumaha oxidative a me ka pane inflammatory. Hiki iā Glutathione, ma o kāna hopena antioxidant, e hoʻemi i ka pōʻino oxidative o ka ʻiʻo retinal, keʻakeʻa i ka pane inflammatory, a pēlā e pale ai i nā cell retinal. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka glutathione ke hoʻoikaika i ka hana metabolic o nā cell retinal a hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono ponoʻī o ka retina [9].
5. Hoʻohana i ka maʻi sclerosis
I ka nui o ka sclerosis, pili ka degeneration neuronal i ke kaumaha oxidative. ʻO Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) kahi koho lapaʻau waha kūpono i hōʻike ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hana maʻi a me ka holomua ʻana i nā maʻi me ka relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Hiki i ka DMF ke ho'āla i ka helu transcription nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka synthesis o ka glutathione antioxidant cellular nui (GSH), a he hopena neuroprotective koʻikoʻi i vitro. Ua ʻike nā haʻawina e hoʻoulu ʻo DMF i ka glutathione reductase (GSR), e hoʻonui ana i ka hana hou ʻana o ka glutathione ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka GSR [10].
6. Hoʻohana i ka maʻi o Alzheimer
I ka maʻi o Alzheimer, ua manaʻo ʻia ka amyloid β peptide (Aβ) kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka maʻi o Alzheimer (AD). ʻO Ferroptosis kahi hana hou i ʻike ʻia o ka make cell oxidative e pili nui ana me AD. He pōmaikaʻi ʻo Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana ma AD a me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻiole kahiko. Uaʻike nā haʻawina e kū'ē anaʻo TSG i ka make neurotoxic o nā pūnaewele nerve i hanaʻia e Aβ ma o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i nā proteins pili i ka ferroptosis a me nā enzymes i nāʻiole APP / PS1, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kaumaha oxidative cellular a me ka pōʻino inflammatory, a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā ala hōʻailona GSH / GPX4 / ROS a me Keap1 / Nrf2 / ARE. Eia kekahi, hoʻemi ʻo TSG i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā māka e pili ana i ka ferroptosis a hoʻonui i ka hiki ke kū i ke kaumaha oxidative [11].
7. Hoʻoponopono kōkua i nā maʻi hanu
ʻO ka lāʻau kōkua o ka maʻi obstructive pulmonary maʻi (COPD): No nā poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi pulmonary obstructive mau loa, ʻo ka ʻeha o ke ea a me ke koʻikoʻi oxidative kekahi mau mea nui e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi. Hiki i ka Glutathione ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻeha o ke ea a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hanu ma o kāna hopena antioxidant. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i nā radical manuahi ma ke alaloa, e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ke koʻikoʻi oxidative i nā epithelial cell airway, a pēlā e hoʻomaha ai i ka mumū o ke ea. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka glutathione ke hoʻoponopono i ka hana immune a hoʻonui i ke kū'ē o ke kino i nā pathogens [12].
8. Hoʻohana ʻia i nā maʻi mokupuni
Ua loiloi ʻia ka glutathione reductase a me ka glutathione peroxidase i ka serum o nā maʻi me nā maʻi islet a me nā maʻi maʻi maʻi. Hōʻike nā noiʻi i kēia maʻi, hiki ke pili i ke kaulike o ka ratio o nā oxidants i nā antioxidants i ke ʻano, a ke hoʻomau nei ke ʻano kikoʻī e aʻo hou ʻia [13].
Nā hopena
Ma ke ʻano he pūhui tripeptide i haku ʻia me ka glutamic acid, cysteine, a me ka glycine, hoʻokani ʻo glutathione i nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi i nā mea ola, e like me ka antioxidation, detoxification, immune regulation, a me ka hopena i ka ʻōnaehana hānau. Mai kona ʻike ʻia ʻana, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noiʻi, ua hoʻomau mau ʻia kāna waiwai noi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e hōʻike ana i nā hopena maikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole e like me ka maʻi ate ʻona, ka maʻi Parkinson, nā maʻi cardiovascular, a me nā maʻi maka. ʻOiai ke ʻimi hou ʻia nei nā mīkini noi i kekahi mau ʻano a me nā kikoʻī o kāna mau kuleana i kekahi mau maʻi, he mea nui ka glutathione i ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino o ke kino a me ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi.
No ka mea kakau
ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.
Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema
He kanaka noiʻi koʻikoʻi ʻo Rom O i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻoihana hanohano, me ka Louisiana State University Health Science Center ma Shreveport, Louisiana State University System, University of Pittsburgh, a me ke Kulanui o Michigan. Ua hui pū ʻia kāna hana me nā hui kaulana e like me Lsuhs Shreveport a me Michigan Med, e hōʻike ana i kona komo ʻana i nā ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao a me nā ʻoihana olakino.
Loaʻa nā makemake noiʻi o Rom O ma kahi ākea o nā ʻano kumuhana. Aia kona ʻike ma nā kahua o ka Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, a me Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Me kahi ʻoihana e pili ana i kēia mau wahi paʻakikī o ke aʻo ʻana, ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka holomua o ka ʻike a me ka ʻike i kēia mau lālā koʻikoʻi o ka ʻepekema lapaʻau.
