Glutathione 1500 mg

▎ Glutathione Structure

Source: PubChem

Tom ntej: XCG Molecular Formula: C 10H 17N 3O 6S Molecular Luj: 307.33g / mol CAS Nr .: 70-18-8 PubChem CID: 124886 Synonyms: L-Glutathione; L-Glutathione txo; Glutathion

▎ Glutathione Kev Tshawb Fawb

Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm Glutathione yog dab tsi?

Kev tshawb pom thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm glutathione: Xyoo 1888, glutathione tau pom thawj zaug hauv cov poov xab. Xyoo 1921, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab ntxiv nws cov qauv tshuaj. Nws yog tripeptide tsim los ntawm condensation ntawm glutamic acid, cysteine, thiab glycine los ntawm peptide bonds.

Kev lees paub txog nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob muaj sia: Txij li xyoo 1930s, tib neeg tau maj mam lees paub tias glutathione muaj ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob muaj sia. Nws koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox hauv cov hlwb, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj xyuas kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ib puag ncig intracellular thiab tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem physiological xws li kev thauj mus los ntawm cov amino acid thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm enzyme kev ua haujlwm. Cov kev tshawb pom no tau tso lub hauv paus theoretical rau kev siv glutathione hauv kev kho mob.

Kev tshawb fawb txog cov peev txheej uas tau tsav los ntawm daim ntawv thov kev kho mob xav tau: Nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob zuj zus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm glutathione, nws cov peev txheej hauv kev kho mob tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog siv los kho ntau yam kab mob, xws li kab mob siab thiab kab mob qhov muag, thiab tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj antioxidant. Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau loj rau glutathione hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib mob siab rau lawv tus kheej los tshawb nrhiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ruaj khov ntawm glutathione, uas tau txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb tob ntawm nws qhov chaw.

Dab tsi yog qhov mechanism ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Glutathione?

1. Antioxidant nyhuv

Glutathione (GSH) yog ib qho antioxidant zoo uas koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv antioxidant hauv cov hlwb. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) xws li hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) thiab txo lawv mus rau cov khoom tsis zoo (Reddy V N. 1990; Sinha R, 2018). Piv txwv li, los ntawm glutathione redox voj voog, glutathione reacts nrog H₂O₂ thiab hloov mus rau hauv dej, yog li tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm oxidative puas. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, glutathione yog oxidized rau oxidized glutathione (GSSG), tab sis glutathione reductase hauv cell tuaj yeem txo GSSG rov qab mus rau GSH, tswj lub peev xwm antioxidant ntawm tes.

Glutathione tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv -SH pawg ntawm cov cell membrane, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cation thauj thiab membrane permeability. Los ntawm kev tswj xyuas qhov txo qis hauv lub xeev ntawm daim nyias nyias -SH pawg, glutathione pab tswj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cell membrane ^[1].

2. Cov nyhuv detoxification

Glutathione plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem detoxification. Nws tuaj yeem khi rau cov co toxins los tsim cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom lossis tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab txhawb nqa lawv tawm ntawm lub cev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim siab, glutathione khi rau ntau yam teeb meem tshuaj thiab raug tawm los ntawm lub cev los ntawm cov kua tsib los yog zis, tiv thaiv daim siab hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm co toxins. Lub siab yog lub ntsiab detoxification ntawm tib neeg lub cev, thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm glutathione nyob rau hauv nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev.

3. Ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob

Glutathione muaj cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nyob rau hauv macrophages, ntuj killer hlwb, thiab T hlwb, piv txwv li, nws muaj peev xwm tswj cell activation, metabolism, tsim nyog cytokine tso, redox kev ua, thiab dawb radical qib ^[2] . Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam cov kab mob thiab tswj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev. Glutathione txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev tswj cov haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb no.

Glutathione tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm redox, hloov cytokine profile ntawm Th1-hom lus teb, thiab txhim khu kev ua haujlwm ntawm T lymphocytes, yog li ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv immunomodulatory thiab antioxidant ^[2] . Th1-type cytokines feem ntau koom nrog hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob xws li kab mob, kab mob, thiab qog hlwb. Glutathione txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov sib npaug ntawm cytokines.

4. Lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua me nyuam

Glutathione plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txiv neej thiab poj niam cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg thiab nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm embryonic. Hauv txiv neej thiab poj niam gametes, GSH koom nrog kev tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative ^[3] . Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm spermatogenesis, qhov concentration ntawm glutathione maj mam txo, thiab thaum lub sij hawm oocyte maturation, lub synthesis ntawm glutathione yog tswj los ntawm gonadotropins, thiab nws cov concentration kuj hloov. Glutathione kuj tseem muaj feem xyuam rau kev tswj cov morphology ntawm meiotic spindle ntawm oocyte. Tom qab fertilization, nws plays lub luag hauj lwm zoo nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm tus txiv neej pronucleus thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub embryo thaum ntxov mus rau lub blastocyst theem. Tsis tas li ntawd, cumulus hlwb kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm glutathione.

Dab tsi yog daim ntawv thov ntawm Glutathione?

1. Kev siv dej cawv hauv daim siab

Alcoholic siab kab mob (ALD) yog ib yam kab mob loj uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev nyuaj siab oxidative hnyav. Kev haus cawv ntev ntev tuaj yeem ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab mob, ua rau lub siab puas hlwb. Glutathione (GSH), tripeptide tsim los ntawm γ-glutamylcysteineylglycine uas muaj thiol pawg, koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox thiab yog lub ntsiab dawb radical scavenger hauv hlwb. Nyob rau hauv daim siab, qhov concentration ntawm GSH kuj yog siab, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob ALD, nws endogenous theem txo, exacerbating tus mob.

Intravenous supplementation ntawm GSH tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov neeg mob ALD, tuaj yeem txhim kho daim siab ua haujlwm thiab txo cov cim fibrosis ^[4].

2. Lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ncua kev laus

Nyob rau hauv ib qho randomized, ob-dig muag, tshuaj placebo-tswj, sib npaug, peb-caj npab kawm ntawm cov poj niam noj qab haus huv, qhov ntsuas melanin thiab ultraviolet me ntsis ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab caj npab ntawm cov neeg uas noj GSH lossis GSSG feem ntau qis dua cov pab pawg placebo. Hauv qee thaj chaw, qhov wrinkles ntawm cov neeg noj GSH tau txo qis, thiab piv nrog cov placebo pab pawg, cov tawv nqaij elasticity ntawm GSH thiab GSSG pawg tau pom tias muaj kev xav nce ntxiv. Txoj kev tshawb no qhia tau hais tias glutathione muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ncua kev laus ntawm daim tawv nqaij ^[5].

2. Kev siv rau hauv tus kab mob Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) yog ib qho kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias glutathione (GSH) yuav muaj qee yam kev kho mob ntawm PD. Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau lub databases thiab meta-analysis, nws tau pom tias muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III ntawm GSH thiab pawg tswj hwm, thiab tseem muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv glutathione peroxidase. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob pawg hauv UPDRS I thiab UPDRS II cov qhab nia thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam pab pawg tau pom tias koob tshuaj (300mg vs 600mg) yog qhov cuam tshuam rau UPDRS III. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias GSH tuaj yeem txhim kho me ntsis cov qhab nia ntawm PD yam tsis tau nce qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo ^[6].

3. Daim ntawv thov hauv cov kab mob plawv

Kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv: Hauv cov kab mob plawv xws li coronary artery obstruction, hypertensive heart disease, thiab stroke, ntau cov hlab plawv pathologies ua rau lub xeev ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab thaum lawv txoj kev loj hlob, ua rau lub deterioration ntawm cov neeg mob tej yam kev mob, uas muaj feem xyuam rau tiam ntawm reactive oxygen hom (ROS) thiab reactive nitrogen hom (RNS). Txo glutathione (GSH), raws li ib qho tseem ceeb antioxidant, tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam oxidation ntawm cov tshuaj nquag. GSH yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub plawv thiab daim siab thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv los yog txo cov teeb meem ROS nyob rau hauv cov kab mob plawv ^[7].

Hauv cov kab mob plawv: Cov qib glycine qis dua yog txuam nrog cov kab mob plawv (CVD). Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias glycine deficiency txhim kho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm atherosclerosis, thaum glycine supplementation ua rau nws tsis muaj zog. DT-109 yog glycine-based compound nrog dual lipid-txo / glucose-lowering zog thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tiv thaiv atherosclerosis. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob plawv, cov nas atherosclerotic, thiab macrophages tau pom tias glycine muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob atherosclerosis, thiab glycine-based kev kho mob tuaj yeem txo atherosclerosis los ntawm cov nyhuv antioxidant ntawm inducing glutathione biosynthesis ^[8].

Source: PubMed ^[8]

4. Daim ntawv thov hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm qhov muag

Kev tiv thaiv thiab kho kab mob cataracts: Hauv ophthalmology, glutathione tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv thiab kho kab mob cataracts. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm cataracts yog ze ze rau oxidative puas nyob rau hauv lub lens. Raws li cov tshuaj antioxidant, glutathione tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm oxidative kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub lens hlwb thiab tswj lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm lub lens. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb no, qhov muag tee uas muaj glutathione tau siv los kho cov neeg mob cataract, thiab nws tau pom tias cov qib ntawm lub lens opacity ntawm cov neeg mob tau txo, thiab lawv lub zeem muag tau txhim kho rau qee yam ^[9].

Kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kho mob ntawm retinopathy: Retinopathy yog ib yam kab mob qhov muag, thiab nws qhov tshwm sim yog cuam tshuam nrog rau yam xws li oxidative stress thiab inflammatory teb. Glutathione tuaj yeem, los ntawm nws cov nyhuv antioxidant, txo cov oxidative puas ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg retinal, inhibit qhov inflammatory teb, thiab yog li tiv thaiv cov hlwb retinal. Tsis tas li ntawd, glutathione tuaj yeem txhawb kev ua haujlwm metabolic ntawm cov hlwb retinal thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm kho tus kheej ntawm retina ^[9].

5. Kev siv ntau yam sclerosis

Hauv ntau yam sclerosis, neuronal degeneration yog cuam tshuam nrog oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) yog ib qho kev xaiv kho qhov ncauj zoo uas tau raug pov thawj los txo cov kab mob kev ua haujlwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg mob rov qab-remitting ntau yam sclerosis. DMF tuaj yeem qhib qhov transcription factor nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), ua rau muaj kev nce hauv kev sib txuas ntawm lub ntsiab cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), thiab muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv vitro. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias DMF ua rau cov glutathione reductase (GSR), ua kom rov ua dua ntawm glutathione los ntawm inducing GSR ^[10].

6. Daim ntawv thov hauv Alzheimer's disease

Hauv Alzheimer's kab mob, amyloid β peptide (Aβ) yog suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua rau Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ferroptosis yog ib qho kev lees paub tshiab ntawm oxidative cell tuag uas cuam tshuam nrog AD. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txo qis kev kawm thiab kev nco hauv AD thiab cov laus nas qauv. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias TSG tiv thaiv cov kab mob neurotoxic tuag ntawm paj hlwb los ntawm Aβ los ntawm kev tswj hwm ferroptosis-txog cov proteins thiab cov enzymes hauv APP/PS1 nas, alleviates cellular oxidative stress thiab inflammatory damage, thiab txhawb kev ua kom lub GSH/GPX4/ROS thiab Keap1/Nrf2/ARE teeb liab txoj kev. Tsis tas li ntawd, TSG kuj txo cov kev qhia ntawm cov cim ntsig txog ferroptosis thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm tiv thaiv oxidative kev nyuaj siab ^[11].

7. Adjuvant kho cov kab mob ua pa

Adjuvant kev kho mob ntawm tus kab mob obstructive pulmonary (COPD): Rau cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob obstructive pulmonary, cov hlab ntsws o thiab oxidative kev nyuaj siab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob. Glutathione tuaj yeem txo cov hlab ntsws o thiab txhim kho kev ua pa los ntawm nws cov nyhuv antioxidant. Nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov dawb radicals hauv txoj hlab pa, txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab rau cov hlab ntsha epithelial hlwb, thiab yog li txo qhov mob ntawm txoj hlab ntsws. Tsis tas li ntawd, glutathione tuaj yeem tswj hwm lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ^[12].

8. Kev siv cov kab mob islet

Cov glutathione reductase thiab glutathione peroxidase tau soj ntsuam hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob islet thiab cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv tus kab mob no, qhov tsis txaus ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm oxidants rau antioxidants yuav muaj feem xyuam rau tus mob, thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tseem yuav tau kawm ntxiv ^[13].

Cov lus xaus

Raws li cov tshuaj tripeptide muaj xws li glutamic acid, cysteine, thiab glycine, glutathione plays ntau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation, detoxification, kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev xeeb tub. Txij li thaum nws qhov kev tshawb pom, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb tob zuj zus, nws daim ntawv thov muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev kho mob tau ua tsis tu ncua, qhia cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho mob lossis kev tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob xws li kab mob siab cawv, kab mob Parkinson, kab mob plawv, thiab kab mob qhov muag. Txawm hais tias daim ntawv thov cov txheej txheem hauv qee yam thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub luag haujlwm hauv qee yam kab mob tseem yuav tau tshawb nrhiav ntxiv, glutathione yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev thiab tiv thaiv thiab kho cov kab mob.

Hais Txog Tus Sau

Cov ntaub ntawv hais saum toj no yog txhua yam tshawb fawb, kho thiab sau los ntawm Cocer Peptides.

Scientific Journal Author

Rom O yog tus kws tshawb fawb ua tiav nrog ntau lub tsev kawm muaj koob npe, suav nrog Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center ntawm Shreveport, Louisiana State University System, University of Pittsburgh, thiab University of Michigan. Nws txoj haujlwm tau cuam tshuam nrog cov chaw tseem ceeb xws li Lsuhs Shreveport thiab Michigan Med, uas qhia txog nws txoj kev koom tes hauv kev kawm tseem ceeb thiab kev kho mob ib puag ncig.

Rom O txoj kev tshawb fawb nyiam nthuav dav thoob plaws ntau yam ntawm cov ncauj lus. Nws cov kev txawj ntse yog nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Kab Mob plawv & Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, thiab Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Nrog rau txoj haujlwm tsom mus rau cov cheeb tsam tsis sib xws ntawm kev kawm, nws tau pab txhawb rau kev nce qib ntawm kev paub thiab kev nkag siab hauv cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob science.is teev nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm kev sau ntawv [9].

▎ Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb

[1] Reddy V N. Glutathione thiab nws txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub lens-tus txheej txheem cej luam.[J]. Experimental Eye Research, 1990,50(6):771-778.DOI:10.1016/0014-4835(90)90127-G.

[2] Abnousian A, Vasquez J, Sasaninia K, et al. Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes nyob rau hauv lub Immune teb tiv thaiv tuberculosis [J]. Biomedicines, 2023,11(5).DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11051340.

[3] Ogunfolaju E. Glutathione[M]. 2020.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344526535_Glutathione.

[4] Ck D A. Intravenous Glutathione: A Promising Therapy for the Alcoholic Liver Disease[J]. Phau ntawv Journal of Medical Science thiab Clinical Research, 2024.

[5] Weschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, et al. Glutathione thiab nws cov teebmeem antiaging thiab antimelanogenic [J]. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 2017,10:147-153.DOI:10.2147/CCID.S128339.

[6] Wang H, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Muaj peev xwm siv glutathione los kho tus kab mob Parkinson [J]. Kev sim thiab kho tshuaj, 2021,21(2):125.DOI:10.3892/etm.2020.9557.

[7] Matuz-Mares D, Riveros-Rosas H, Vilchis-Landeros MM, et al. Glutathione Kev Koom Tes Hauv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob plawv [J]. Antioxidants, 2021,10(8).DOI:10.3390/antiox10081220.

[8] Rom O, Liu Y, Finney AC, et al. Induction ntawm glutathione biosynthesis los ntawm glycine-raws li kev kho mob mitigates atherosclerosis [J]. Redox Biology, 2022,52:102313.DOI:10.1016/j.redox.2022.102313.

[9] Ganeshpurkar A, Bhadoriya SS, Pardhi P, et al. Hauv vitro tiv thaiv kab mob cataract los ntawm Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida extract ntawm cais tshis qhov muag lens [J]. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2011,43(6):667-670.DOI:10.4103/0253-7613.89823.

[10] Hoffmann C, Dietrich M, Herrmann A, et al. Dimethyl Fumarate Induces Glutathione Recycling los ntawm Upregulation ntawm Glutathione Reductase [J]. Oxidative Medicine thiab Cellular Longevity, 2017,2017.DOI:10.1155/2017/6093903.

[11] Gao Y, Li J, Wu Q, et al. Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside ameliorates Alzheimer's kab mob hauv APP / PS1 nas ntawm glutathione peroxidase ntsig txog ferroptosis [J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2021,99:108002.DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108002.

[12] Dewan B, Shinde S. Glutathione ib qho kev kho mob zoo rau kev mob ua pa nyuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog COVID-19 Kab mob[J]. Phau ntawv Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2022.DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.jrms_777_20.

[13] Khaki L, Vaezi G, Ayatollahi A, et al. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Glutathione Reductase thiab Glutathione Peroxidase hauv cov ntshav ntawm Iranian Cov Neeg Mob nrog Alopecia Areata: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tswj[J]. Iranian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 2020,19(6):676-678.DOI:10.18502/ijaai.v19i6.4937.

Tag nrho cov kab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam muab rau ntawm lub vev xaib no tsuas yog rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm thiab cov hom phiaj kev kawm.  

Cov khoom muab rau hauv lub vev xaib no yog npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro (Latin: * hauv iav *, lub ntsiab lus hauv iav) yog ua los ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov khoom no tsis yog tshuaj, tsis tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los tiv thaiv, kho, lossis kho txhua yam mob, kab mob, lossis mob. Nws raug txwv nruj raws li txoj cai los qhia cov khoom no rau hauv tib neeg lossis tsiaj lub cev hauv txhua daim ntawv.