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1kits (Ebipipa 10) .
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▎ ku Glutathione Okunoonyereza
Kiki ekikoleddwa mu kunoonyereza ku Glutathione?
Okuzuula n’okuzuula ensengekera ya glutathione: Mu 1888, glutathione yasooka kuzuulibwa mu kizimbulukusa. Mu 1921, bannassaayansi baayongera okuzuula ensengeka y’eddagala lyayo. Ye tripeptide ekolebwa okuyungibwa kwa glutamic acid, cysteine, ne glycine okuyita mu peptide bonds.
Okutegeera emirimu gyayo emikulu mu biramu: Okuva mu myaka gya 1930, abantu bagenda bakitegeera mpolampola nti glutathione erina emirimu emikulu egy’enjawulo mu biramu. Yetaba mu nkola za redox mu butoffaali, nga kikola kinene mu kukuuma obutebenkevu bw’embeera y’obutoffaali n’okukuuma obutoffaali okuva ku kwonooneka kw’okwokya. Mu kiseera kye kimu, era kikola kinene mu nkola z’omubiri nga okutambuza amino asidi n’okulungamya emirimu gy’enziyiza. Ebizuuliddwa bino bitaddewo omusingi gw’enzikiriziganya ogw’okukozesa glutathione mu by’obusawo.
Okunoonyereza ku nsonda ezivugibwa obwetaavu bw’okukozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi: Olw’okunoonyereza ku mirimu gy’omubiri egya glutathione, omugaso gwayo oguyinza okukozesebwa mu by’obusawo gweyongedde okweyoleka. Akozesebwa okujjanjaba endwadde ez’enjawulo, gamba ng’endwadde z’ekibumba n’endwadde z’amaaso, era asobola n’okukozesebwa ng’ekirungo ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Okusobola okutuukiriza obwetaavu obw’amaanyi obwa glutathione mu nkola y’obujjanjabi, abanoonyereza baatandika okwewaayo okunoonyereza ku nsibuko ennungi era ezitebenkedde eza glutathione, ekitumbula okunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza ku nsibuko zaayo.
Enkola ya Glutathione ekola ki?
1. Ekikolwa ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde
Glutathione (GSH) kirungo ekikola obulungi ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde nga kyetaba mu nkola y’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde mu butoffaali. Kisobola okukwatagana butereevu n’ebika bya okisigyeni ebikola (ROS) nga haidrojeni perokisayidi (H2O2) ne bikendeeza ku bintu ebitali bya bulabe (Reddy V N. 1990; Sinha R, 2018). Okugeza, okuyita mu nsengekera ya glutathione redox, glutathione ekolagana ne H2O2 n’agifuula amazzi, bwe kityo n’ekuuma obutoffaali okuva mu kwonooneka okw’okwokya. Mu nkola eno, glutathione efuuka oxidized n’efuuka oxidized glutathione (GSSG), naye glutathione reductase mu katoffaali esobola okukendeeza GSSG okudda mu GSH, okukuuma obusobozi bw’obutoffaali obuziyiza obuwuka.
Glutathione era esobola okukuuma ebibinja bya -SH ku luwuzi lw’obutoffaali, ebikola kinene mu ntambula ya cation n’okuyita kw’oluwuzi. Nga ekuuma embeera ekendedde ey’ebibinja by’oluwuzi -SH, glutathione eyamba okukuuma obutebenkevu n’enkola eya bulijjo ey’oluwuzi lw’obutoffaali [1]..
2. Ekikolwa ky’okuggya obutwa mu mubiri
Glutathione akola kinene mu nkola y’okuggya obutwa mu mubiri. Kisobola okwesiba ku butwa ne kikola ebirungo ebitali bya butwa oba ebirina obutwa obutono ne kitumbula okufuluma kwabwo okuva mu mubiri. Okugeza mu kibumba, glutathione yeekwata ku bintu eby’obulabe eby’enjawulo n’afulumizibwa mu mubiri ng’ayita mu ntuuyo oba omusulo, n’akuuma obutoffaali bw’ekibumba obutakwonoonebwa butwa. Ekibumba kye kitundu ekikulu ekiggya obutwa mu mubiri gw’omuntu, era omulimu gwa glutathione mu kyo mukulu nnyo.
3. Okukwata ku baserikale b’omubiri
Glutathione alina emirimu emikulu mu butoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri. Mu macrophages, obutoffaali obutta obw’obutonde, n’obutoffaali bwa T, okugeza, esobola okulungamya okukola kw’obutoffaali, okukyusakyusa mu mubiri, okufulumya cytokine okutuufu, okukola kwa redox, n’emiwendo gya free radical [2] . Obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri bukola kinene mu kulwanyisa obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’okukuuma obulamu bw’omubiri. Glutathione ayongera ku busobozi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri mu mubiri ng’atereeza emirimu gy’obutoffaali buno.
Glutathione asobola okutebenkeza emirimu gya redox, okukyusa enkola ya cytokine okudda ku kuddamu okw’ekika kya Th1, n’okutumbula enkola ya T lymphocytes, bwe kityo n’akola omulimu omukulu ogw’okukyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde n’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde [2] . Th1-type cytokines zisinga kwenyigira mu kuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri mu butoffaali ku buwuka obuleeta endwadde nga akawuka, bakitiriya, n’obutoffaali bw’ekizimba. Glutathione ayongera ku busobozi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri mu mubiri nga atereeza bbalansi ya cytokines.
4. Omulimu mu nkola y’okuzaala
Glutathione akola kinene mu butoffaali bw’obuwuka obusajja n’obukazi obw’ebisolo ebiyonka awamu ne mu mitendera egy’olubereberye egy’okukula kw’embuto. Mu gametes z’abasajja n’abakazi, GSH yeenyigira mu kukuuma obutoffaali buno okuva ku kwonooneka okw’okwokya [3] . Okugeza, mu kiseera ky’okutondebwa kw’ensigo, obungi bwa glutathione bukendeera mpolampola, era mu kiseera ky’okukula kw’enkwaso, okusengejja kwa glutathione kufugibwa gonadotropins, era n’obungi bwayo bukyuka. Glutathione era ekwatagana n’okukuuma enkula ya meiotic spindle ya oocyte. Oluvannyuma lw’okuzaala, kikola kinene mu kutondebwa kw’ekitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa pronucleus ekisajja n’okukula kw’embuto eyasooka okutuuka ku mutendera gwa blastocyst. Okugatta ku ekyo, obutoffaali bwa cumulus nabwo bukola kinene mu kukola glutathione.
Glutathione ekozesebwa ki?
1. Okukozesebwa mu bulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku mwenge
Obulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku mwenge (ALD) bulwadde bwa maanyi obumanyiddwa olw’okunyigirizibwa okw’amaanyi okw’ekibumba. Okukozesa omwenge obutawona kiyinza okuleeta situleesi y’okwokya (oxidative stress) n’okuzimba, ne kwonoona obutoffaali bw’ekibumba. Glutathione (GSH), tripeptide ekoleddwa mu γ-glutamylcysteineylglycine erimu ekibinja kya thiol, yeetaba mu nsengekera za redox era nga ye musaala omukulu ow’ebirungo eby’eddembe mu butoffaali. Mu kibumba, obungi bwa GSH buba bungi nnyo, naye mu balwadde abalina ALD, omutindo gwayo ogw’omunda gukendeera, ne kyongera embeera eno.
Okugatta GSH mu misuwa kulaga nti kikola bulungi mu balwadde abalina ALD, okusobola okulongoosa enkola y’ekibumba n’okukendeeza ku bubonero bwa fibrosis [4]..
2. Omulimu mu kulwawo okukaddiwa
Mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu ngeri ey’ekifuulannenge, ey’emirundi ebiri, eyafugibwa placebo, eya parallel, ey’emikono esatu ku bakyala abalamu, omuwendo gwa melanin n’amabala aga ultraviolet ku maaso n’emikono gy’abantu abaali bamira GSH oba GSSG byatera okuba wansi okusinga eby’ekibinja kya placebo. Mu bitundu ebimu, enviiri z’abantu abamira GSH zakendeera nnyo, era bw’ogeraageranya n’ekibinja kya placebo, obugumu bw’olususu lw’ebibinja bya GSH ne GSSG bwalaga omuze gw’okweyongera. Okunoonyereza kuno kulaga nti glutathione alina akakwate akalungi ku kulwawo okukaddiwa kw’olususu [5]..
2. Okukozesebwa mu bulwadde bwa Parkinson
Obulwadde bwa Parkinson (PD) bulwadde bwa busimu. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti glutathione (GSH) eyinza okuba n’ekikolwa ekimu eky’obujjanjabi ku PD. Okuyita mu kunoonya okutegekeddwa mu bifo ebiwerako n’okwekenneenya meta, kyazuulibwa nti waliwo enjawulo enkulu mu bibalo mu Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III wakati wa GSH n’ekibinja ekifuga, era nga waliwo n’enjawulo nnene mu glutathione peroxidase. Wabula, tewaaliwo njawulo ya muwendo wakati w’ebibinja byombi mu bubonero bwa UPDRS I ne UPDRS II n’ebizibu ebivaamu. Okugatta ku ekyo, okwekenneenya mu bibinja ebitonotono kwalaga nti ddoozi (300mg vs 600mg) yali nsonga ekosa UPDRS III. Kino kiraga nti GSH eyinza okulongoosa katono obubonero bw’enkola y’emirimu gya PD awatali kwongera ku kubeerawo kwa bizibu [6]..
3. Okukozesebwa mu ndwadde z’emisuwa
Okwetangira endwadde z’emisuwa: Mu ndwadde z’emisuwa nga okuzibikira kw’emisuwa gy’omutima, obulwadde bw’omutima obuyitibwa puleesa, n’okusannyalala, endwadde nnyingi ez’emisuwa zikola embeera y’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress) mu kiseera ky’okukula kwazo, ekivaako embeera z’abalwadde okwonooneka, ekikwatagana n’okutondebwa kw’ebika bya oxygen ebikola (ROS) n’ebika bya nayitrojeni ebikola (RNS). Reduced glutathione (GSH), nga antioxidant enkulu, esobola okwetaba mu kulwanyisa oxidation y’ebintu ebikola. GSH ekolebwa mu mutima n’ekibumba era ya makulu nnyo mu kuziyiza oba okukendeeza ku bulabe bwa ROS mu ndwadde z’emisuwa [7]..
Mu ndwadde z’emisuwa: Emiwendo gya glycine egya wansi mu mubiri gikwatagana n’obulwadde bw’emisuwa (CVD). Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti obutaba na glycine kyongera okukula kw’obulwadde bw’emisuwa, ate okugatta glycine bunafuya. DT-109 kirungo ekisinziira ku glycine nga kirimu eby’obugagga bibiri ebikendeeza amasavu/okukendeeza glucose era nga kirina kinene eky’obukuumi ku bulwadde bw’emisuwa. Okunoonyereza ku balwadde abalina obulwadde bw’omutima, ebibe ebizimba emisuwa, ne macrophages kulaga nti glycine erina omulimu ogw’obuwuka mu kuzimba emisuwa, era obujjanjabi obwesigama ku glycine busobola okukendeeza ku kuzimba emisuwa nga buyita mu antioxidant effect of inducing glutathione biosynthesis [8]..
Ensibuko:PubMed [8] .
4. Okukozesa mu kuziyiza n’okujjanjaba endwadde z’amaaso
Okwetangira n’okujjanjaba okuzimba amaaso: Mu by’amaaso, glutathione asobola okukozesebwa mu kuziyiza n’okujjanjaba okuzimba amaaso. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti okubeerawo kw’okuzimba amaaso kukwatagana nnyo n’okwonooneka kw’okwokya (oxidative damage) mu lenzi. Nga ekirungo ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde, glutathione asobola okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okwonooneka kw’okwokya (oxidative damage) ku butoffaali bwa lenzi n’okukuuma enkola ya bulijjo eya lenzi. Okugeza, mu kunoonyereza, amatondo g’amaaso agalimu glutathione gaakozesebwa okujjanjaba abalwadde b’amaaso, era kyazuulibwa nti diguli y’obutategeera bwa lenzi bw’abalwadde yakendeera, era okulaba kwabwe kwalongooka okutuuka ku ddaala eritali limu [9]..
Okwetangira n’okujjanjaba obulwadde bw’amaaso: Obulwadde bw’amaaso bulwadde bwa maaso, era okubeerawo kwabwo kwekuusa ku bintu nga oxidative stress ne inflammatory response. Glutathione asobola, okuyita mu kikolwa kyayo eky’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde, okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okwokya kw’ebitundu by’amaaso, okuziyiza okuddamu kw’okuzimba, era bwe kityo okukuuma obutoffaali bw’amaaso. Okugatta ku ekyo, glutathione era esobola okutumbula enkola y’okukyusakyusa emmere y’obutoffaali bw’amaaso n’okutumbula obusobozi bw’amaaso okweddaabiriza [9]..
5. Okukozesebwa mu bulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis
Mu bulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis, okuvunda kw’obusimu (neuronal degeneration) kukwatagana n’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) ye nkola ennungi ey’obujjanjabi obw’omu kamwa era nga kikakasibwa nti ekendeeza ku mirimu gy’obulwadde n’okukula mu balwadde abalina obulwadde bwa multiple sclerosis obuddamu okutambula. DMF esobola okukola ensonga y’okuwandiika nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), ekivaako okweyongera mu kukola ekirungo ekikulu eky’obutoffaali obuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde bwa glutathione (GSH), era erina ekikolwa ekinene eky’okukuuma obusimu mu vitro. Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti DMF ddala ereeta glutathione reductase (GSR), eyongera okuddamu okukola glutathione nga ereeta GSR [10]..
6. Okukozesebwa mu bulwadde bwa Alzheimer
Mu bulwadde bwa Alzheimer, amyloid β peptide (Aβ) etwalibwa ng’ekimu ku bikulu ebivaako obulwadde bwa Alzheimer (AD). Ferroptosis nkola empya emanyiddwa ey’okufa kw’obutoffaali obuyitibwa oxidative cell death ekwatagana nnyo ne AD. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) ya mugaso mu kuwummuza okuyiga n’okujjukira mu bikolwa by’ebibe ebya AD n’eby’emyaka. Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti TSG eziyiza okufa kw’obutwa mu busimu obuva ku Aβ ng’etereeza obutoffaali n’enziyiza ezikwatagana ne ferroptosis mu mbeba za APP/PS1, ekendeeza ku situleesi y’obutoffaali n’okwonooneka kw’okuzimba, era etumbula okukola kw’amakubo g’obubonero aga GSH/GPX4/ROS ne Keap1/Nrf2/ARE. Okugatta ku ekyo, TSG era ekendeeza ku kwolesebwa kw’obubonero obukwatagana ne ferroptosis era eyongera ku busobozi bw’okuziyiza okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya [11]..
7. Okujjanjaba endwadde z’okussa mu ngeri ey’okuyamba
Obujjanjabi obuyamba ku bulwadde bw’amawuggwe obutawona (COPD): Ku balwadde abalina obulwadde bw’amawuggwe obutawona, okuzimba emikutu gy’empewo n’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress) nsonga nkulu eziviirako obulwadde okukula. Glutathione asobola okukendeeza ku kuzimba kw’emikutu gy’empewo n’okulongoosa enkola y’okussa ng’ayita mu nkola yaayo ey’okuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta empewo. Kisobola okuyoola obuwuka obuyitibwa free radicals mu kkubo ly’empewo, okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okunyigirizibwa kw’okwokya (oxidative stress) ku butoffaali bw’omubiri obuyitibwa epithelial cells, era bwe kityo ne kimalawo okuzimba kw’emikutu gy’empewo. Okugatta ku ekyo, glutathione era esobola okulungamya enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri n’okutumbula okuziyiza omubiri eri obuwuka obuleeta endwadde [12]..
8. Okukozesebwa mu ndwadde z’ebizinga
Glutathione reductase ne glutathione peroxidase byakeberebwa mu musaayi gw’abalwadde abalina endwadde z’ebizinga n’abalwadde ba ssukaali. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti mu bulwadde buno, obutakwatagana mu mugerageranyo gw’ebirungo ebiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde n’ebiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde buno buyinza okuba nga bwekuusa ku mbeera eno, era enkola entongole ekyalina okwongera okunoonyezebwa [13]..
Ebimaliriziddwa
Nga ekirungo kya tripeptide ekikoleddwa glutamic acid, cysteine, ne glycine, glutathione ekola emirimu emikulu egy’enjawulo mu biramu, gamba nga antioxidation, detoxification, okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri, n’okukwata ku nkola y’okuzaala. Okuva lwe yazuulibwa, ng’okunoonyereza kweyongedde, omugaso gwayo ogw’okukozesebwa mu by’obusawo gubadde gulagibwa buli kiseera, nga gulaga ebirungi ebivaamu mu kujjanjaba oba okuziyiza endwadde ez’enjawulo ng’obulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku mwenge, obulwadde bwa Parkinson, endwadde z’emisuwa n’emisuwa, n’endwadde z’amaaso. Wadde ng’enkola y’okukozesa mu bintu ebimu n’ebikwata ku mirimu gyayo mu ndwadde ezimu bikyalina okwongera okunoonyezebwa, glutathione ya mugaso nnyo mu kukuuma obulamu bw’omubiri n’okuziyiza n’okujjanjaba endwadde.
Ebikwata ku Muwandiisi
Ebintu ebyogeddwako waggulu byonna binoonyerezeddwako, birongooseddwa era ne bikung’aanyizibwa kkampuni ya Cocer Peptides.
Omuwandiisi wa Scientific Journal
Rom O munoonyereza omukugu eyeegatta ku matendekero agawerako ag’ekitiibwa, omuli Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center e Shreveport, Louisiana State University System, University of Pittsburgh, ne University of Michigan. Omulimu gwe gubadde gukwatagana n’ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Lsuhs Shreveport ne Michigan Med, ekiraga okwenyigira ennyo mu mbeera z’ebyenjigiriza n’obusawo ez’amaanyi.
Rom O by’ayagala mu kunoonyereza kukwata ku masomo ag’enjawulo. Obukugu bwe buli mu bitundu by’enkola y’emisuwa n’omutima, Hematology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, ne Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Ng’omulimu gwe gussa essira ku bitundu bino ebizibu eby’okusoma, akoze kinene mu kutumbula okumanya n’okutegeera mu matabi gano amakulu aga ssaayansi w’obusawo.is listed in the reference of citation [9].
