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▎ Enzimba ya Oxytocin
Ensibuko: PubChem |
Omutendera: CYIQNCPLG Ensengekera ya molekyu: C 43H 66N 12O 12S2 Obuzito bwa molekyu: 1007.2 g/mol Ennamba ya CAS: 50-56-6 PubChem CID: 439302. Enkola y’okukuuma eddagala lino Ebigambo ebifaanagana: Endopituitrina |
▎ Okunoonyereza ku Oxytocin
Kiki ekiva mu kunoonyereza ku Oxytocin?
Ebintu Ebisooka Okwetegereza Ebintu Ebikwatagana n’Okuzaala:
Nga edda ennyo, abantu baakiraba nti nnabaana w’abakazi yali akwatagana buli kiseera nga bazaala, era okukonziba kuno kwali kukulu nnyo mu kuzaala omwana ali mu lubuto. Kyokka mu kiseera ekyo, kyali tekitegeerekeka kintu ki ekyatabaganya okukonziba kuno. Olw’okukulaakulana kw’eddagala, abantu baatandika mpolampola okunoonyereza ku nkola z’omubiri ezikwata ku kuzaala n’okuzaala, ne bateekawo omusingi gw’okuzuula eddagala lya oxytocin oluvannyuma.
Okugezesa Ebisolo n’Okuzuula Okusooka:
Mu 1906, omukugu mu by’omubiri Omuzungu Henry Hallett Dale, bwe yali anoonyereza ku nkola y’okuzaala kw’ebisolo, yakizuula nti ebirungo ebiva mu nseke (pituitary extracts) bisobola okuvaako ebinywa ebiseeneekerevu mu nnabaana okukonziba. Okuzuula kuno kwatandika okunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza ku nkolagana eriwo wakati w’endwadde z’omubiri (pituitary gland) n’enkola y’okuzaala. Oluvannyuma, okuyita mu kugezesa okungi, bannassaayansi baayongera okuzuula nti waliwo ekintu ekimu mu nseke z’amabeere ekyalina ekikolwa eky’okutumbula okukonziba kwa nnabaana n’okufulumya amata okuva mu nseke z’amabeere.
Okwawula n’okutuuma amannya:
Mu 1953, Vincent du Vigneaud yasobola bulungi okwawula oxytocin okuva mu kitundu ky’ennyindo eky’emabega eky’ente n’azuula ensengekera yaayo ey’eddagala, nga eno ye polypeptide erimu amino asidi 9. Yaweebwa ekirabo kya Nobel mu by’obutonde mu 1955 olw’ebintu bye yakola mu by’obutonde naddala bye yakola mu kunoonyereza ku busimu obuyitibwa peptide hormones. Okuva olwo, oxytocin yamanyibwa ng’ekintu ekikakafu eky’eddagala, era ensibuko yaayo nayo yazuulibwa bulungi ng’ekitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa posterior pituitary lobe.
Okunoonyereza ku mutendera gwa Gene:
Olw’okukulaakulanya obukodyo bwa molekyu, bannassaayansi bongedde okunoonyereza mu bujjuvu enkola y’ensibuko ya oxytocin. Kyazuulibwa nti oxytocin ekolebwa obusimu obuyitibwa neurons mu paraventricular nucleus ne supraoptic nucleus ya hypothalamus. Obusimu buno bukola ekirungo ekisookerwako ekya oxytocin nga buyita mu nkola z’okuwandiika n’okuvvuunula ensengekera y’obutonde (gene transcription) n’okuvvuunula, olwo oluvannyuma lw’okulongoosa n’okukyusakyusa mu lunyiriri, oxytocin ekola ku biramu esembayo okutondebwa. Oluvannyuma lw’okusengejja, oxytocin etambuzibwa okuyita mu axons z’obusimu obuyitibwa neurons okutuuka mu neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary lobe) okuterekebwa. Omubiri bwe gunagyetaaga, gujja kufulumizibwa mu musaayi okukola ebikolwa byagwo mu mubiri.
Enkola ya Oxytocin ekola ki?
1. Enkola y’okukola ku kuzaala n’okukonziba kwa nnabaana
Enkola y’okulungamya ebikwata ku bikwata:
Ekirungo kya oxytocin receptor (OTR) kiri mu kika kya rhodopsin (Class 1) superfamily ya G protein-coupled receptors [1] . Mu kiseera ky’olubuto n’okuzaala, enkyukakyuka mu kwolesebwa kw’ebikwata, okukendeeza ku buzibu, n’obungi bwa oxytocin mu kitundu bijja kulungamya enkola yaayo. Okugeza, mu kiseera ky’okuzaala, okweyongera kw’emiwendo gya oxytocin egy’omunda kijja kwongera ku kwolesebwa kw’ebikwata oxytocin, bwe kityo ne kyongera okuwuliziganya kw’ekitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa myometrium eri oxytocin.
Okulungamya kwa Calcium Ion:
Oluvannyuma lw’okukola kwa receptor, omuddirirwa gw’ebintu ebibaawo mu bubonero bijja kutandikibwawo okusitula okukonziba kwa nnabaana, okusinga nga kwongera ku bungi bwa calcium ion (Ca⊃2; +) mu butoffaali [1] . Kuno kw’ogatta okufulumya inositol-tris-phosphate-mediated calcium store release, okuyingira kwa Ca⊃2;+ okukolebwa mu sitoowa, n’okuyingira kwa Ca⊃2;+ okukolebwa voltage. Enkyukakyuka zino mu ion za kalisiyamu zijja kuleeta okukonziba kw’obutoffaali bw’omubiri (myometrial cells), bwe kityo ne kyanguyiza okuzaala kw’omwana ali mu lubuto.
2. Enkola y’okukola ku nneeyisa y’embeera z’abantu
Okulungamya obusimu:
Oxytocin esinga kukolebwa hypothalamus era ekola kinene mu nneeyisa y’ebisolo ebiyonka mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli enneeyisa y’abazadde, okukola enkolagana mu bantu, n’okuddukanya ebibaawo mu kuddamu situleesi [2] . Kiddamu ebizibu ebireetera omuntu okunyigirizibwa era kikola kinene mu kulungamya obusimu obw’omu makkati n’obw’obwetwaze, omuli n’ebikosa emirimu gy’abaserikale b’omubiri n’emisuwa. Mu kiseera kino, kirowoozebwa nti oxytocin eyinza okukosa enneeyisa y’abantu ng’etereeza enzirukanya y’obusimu mu bwongo. Okugeza, mu nkola y’okukola enkolagana mu bantu, oxytocin eyinza okutumbula emirimu gy’obusimu obuyitibwa neurons mu bitundu by’obwongo ebitongole, okutumbula obwesige n’okuwulira ng’oli kumpi n’abalala.
3. Enkola y’Ekikolwa mu Obulumi
Okulungamya Enkola z’Eby’Omubiri:
Oxytocin asobola okumalawo okusika omuguwa n’obulumi nga tewali buzibu bulala [3] . Okunoonyereza okuliwo kati kulaga nti oxytocin eyinza okukozesa eddagala lyayo ery’obulumi ng’etereeza ekkubo ly’okutambuza obulumi mu nkola y’obusimu. Okugeza, kiyinza okuziyiza okutambuza obubonero bw’obulumi oba okulungamya emirimu gy’ebitundu mu bwongo ebikwatagana n’okutegeera obulumi n’okuddamu kw’enneewulira.
4. Enkola y’Ekikolwa mu Migraine
Okwolesebwa n’omulimu gwa Receptor:
Mu kunoonyereza ku migraine, kyazuulibwa nti oxytocin receptor (OTR) yeeyolekera nnyo mu nkola ya trigeminovascular system y’envunza [4] . Naddala mu trigeminal ganglion, OTR esinga kweyolekera mu Aδ sensory neurons ne fibers, ate omuwendo omutono ogwa OTRs mu C fiber sensory neurons co-localize ne calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). OTR era eraga mu kitundu ky’omugongo (caudal nucleus) eky’obusimu obuyitibwa trigeminal nerve. Wabula, oxytocin terina kye kikola ku kufulumya CGRP okuva mu potassium ion-induced release okuva mu trigeminal ganglia ezaawuddwamu oba trigeminal ganglion afferent fibers mu dura mater.
Okukola kw’emisuwa:
Emisuwa gy’omutwe egy’okumpi gikonziba nga giddamu oxytocin mu vitro, era okuddamu kuno kuyinza okuziyizibwa eddagala eriziyiza OTR L368899. Okugatta ku ekyo, obusimu obuziyiza endwadde bwa oxytocin bwasangibwa mu butoffaali bwa satellite glial obw’ekitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa trigeminal ganglion, naye oxytocin mRNA teyazuulibwa mu kitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa trigeminal ganglion. Nolwekyo, oxytocin etambula esinga okukosa okutambuza obulumi nga ekola ku OTRs mu trigeminal ganglion, ekiyinza okuyamba okunnyonnyola enkola y’obusimu mu migraines n’okuwa ekigendererwa ekipya eky’obujjanjabi [4]..
Ensibuko:PubMed [3] .
Oxytocin ekozesebwa ki?
1. Okukozesebwa mu by’okuzaala
Okutumbula Okuzaala:
Mu by’okuzaala, oxytocin asobola okukozesebwa okunyweza okukonziba kwa nnabaana n’okutumbula okuzaala. Ku bazaala abamu abalina obulwadde bwa nnabaana, exogenous oxytocin esobola okuyamba okutuuka ku kuzaala obulungi mu bukyala. Okugeza, mu baana abamu abazaala abalina embeera ezenjawulo, gamba nga maama okuba n’obulwadde bwa preeclampsia, sukaali mu lubuto, okukutuka kw’obuwuka nga tebunnatuuka, obwetaavu bw’okusitula okuzaala nga nnabaana tekola, n’okuggyamu olubuto mu kiseera eky’okubiri ekiteewalika oba nga tekituukiridde, oxytocin akkiriziddwa okukozesebwa nga tebannazaala ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala (FDA) . [5] ..
2. Obujjanjabi bw’Obulumi obutawona
Ku bantu abakulu abalina obulumi obutawona obw’obusimu, obw’omu kifuba, n’obw’ebinywa, okuweebwa eddagala lya oxytocin mu nnyindo kiyinza okuba n’akakwate akamu ku kulongoosa obulumi n’enkola y’emirimu. Mu kugezesebwa okwafugibwa placebo, okuzibe emirundi esatu, okuddirira, okusalako mu ssomo, abalwadde beewa dose ssatu ez’enjawulo ez’okufuuyira mu nnyindo okwa oxytocin (24IU, 48IU, ne placebo) emirundi ebiri olunaku okumala wiiki 2. Ebisookerwako ebyavaamu byali obulumi n‟okuyingirira okwekuusa ku bulumi, ate eby‟okubiri byali bikola emirimu gy‟enneewulira, obuzibu mu tulo, n‟endowooza okutwalira awamu ey‟enkyukakyuka. Okwekenenya ekigendererwa ky’okujjanjaba kujja kwekenneenya oba obulumi n’enkola y’omubiri bijja kulongooka oluvannyuma lw’okujjanjabibwa [6]..
3. Effect ku Sarcopenic Obesity mu Bakadde
Mu bantu abakadde, oxytocin eyinza okuba n’ekikolwa eky’obujjanjabi ku mugejjo gwa sarcopenic. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial eyakolebwa ku bantu abakulu 21 (67.5 ± 5.4 years old), abagejjulukuka (30 - 43 kg/m²), nga batudde (less than 2 strenuous exercises per week), era nga batambula mpola (less than 1m/s, nga surrogate marker for sarcopenia) kwalaga nti intranasal administration of oxytocin (24IU, emirundi 4 olunaku okumala wiiki 8) yagumiikiriza bulungi awatali buzibu bwonna obw’amaanyi. Oxytocin yayongera nnyo ku mubiri gwonna omugejjo kkiro 2.25, nga kiraga enjawulo nnene bw’ogeraageranya ne placebo (P <.01), era yalina omuze gw’okukendeeza amasavu. Era yakendeeza nnyo ku plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ne -19.3mg/dL (P =.023). Wabula tewaaliwo nkyukakyuka nnene mu buzito bw’omubiri, obubonero bw’okwagala okulya, glucose mu musaayi, plasma high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, oba obubonero bw’okwennyamira [7]..
4. Effect mu Migraine
Okunoonyereza okwakakolebwa kuzudde nti oxytocin alina ekikolwa ekiziyiza omutwe omuzito n’okulumwa omutwe. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti ekirungo kya oxytocin receptor (OTR) kyeyolekera nnyo mu nkola ya trigeminovascular system y’envunza. Mu trigeminal ganglion (TG), okwolesebwa kwa OTR kwasangibwa naddala mu A-delta sensory neurons n’obuwuzi obusinga obungi. OTR era eraga mu kitundu ky’omumwa ekiyitibwa caudal nucleus eky’obusimu obuyitibwa trigeminal nerve, nga kino kye kigendererwa eky’omu makkati ekya TG afferent fibers. Omuwendo omutono ogw’obusimu obuwulira obuwuzi bwa C mu TG bulaga OTR era ne bukwatagana ne neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Wabula, oxytocin terina kye kikola ku kufulumya CGRP okuva mu potassium ion-induced release okuva mu TG oba TG afferent fibers ezaawuddwamu mu dura mater. Mu vitro, ekigendererwa ekirala ekya TG eky’okumpi, omusuwa gw’omutwe, gukonziba mu kuddamu oxytocin, era okuddamu kuno kuyinza okuziyizibwa OTR antagonist L368899. Oxytocin immunoreactivity yasangibwa mu butoffaali bwa TG satellite glial cells, naye oxytocin mRNA teyazuulibwa mu TG. N’olwekyo, oxytocin etambula esinga okukola ku OTRs mu TG, bwe kityo n’ekosa okutambuza obulumi [4]..
5. Ebikosa Entambula y’olubuto n’emirimu gy’okufulumya amazzi
Oxytocin (OT) eraga ebikolwa ebingi ebiyinza okukolebwa mu kulungamya entambula y’olubuto n’emirimu gy’ekyama. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti OT esobola okulongoosa obuzibu bw’okutambula kw’olubuto obuva ku ddagala eriziyiza ebizimba erya vincristine (VCR), omuli okukendeeza ku kutambula kw’olubuto n’okukendeeza ku kuddamu kw’ebitundu by’ekyenda ekinene ebyawuddwamu okusikirizibwa kw’ekifo ky’amasannyalaze. Exogenous OT pretreatment esobola okulongoosa ennyo okuziyiza okutambula kw’olubuto n’ekyenda nga VCR n’okwonooneka kw’obusimu obuyitibwa myenteric neurons. Okugatta ku ekyo, OT era esobola okulung’amya okufulumya amazzi mu lubuto n’okutambula kw’olubuto. Nga ekola hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neural circuit, esobola okuziyiza stress-induced okulwawo okufulumya olubuto n’ebizibu by’okutambula, n’okwongera ku gastric tone n’okutambula [8] . Mu nsonga z’okuzimba ekyenda, akabonero ka OT/OTR kalina ekikolwa ekifuga ku peristalsis y’ekyenda. Ekiseera ky’okuyita mu lubuto eky’ebibe OTR knockout (OTRKO) kya mangu okusinga eky’ebibe eby’ekika ky’omu nsiko, era OT esobola okuziyiza enkola y’obusimu bw’omu lubuto (ENS)-dependent colonic migrating motor complex generated in vitro [9] . Mu nsonga z’emirimu gy’okufulumya eby’omu lubuto, OT etereeza okuyita kw’omubiri gw’ekyenda n’okukula kw’obutoffaali, ekola kinene mu kulabirira omusulo gw’ekyenda, era erina ekikolwa eky’obukuumi ku bulwadde bw’olubuto [9] . Ebivudde mu kunoonyereza kuno biraga nti akabonero ka OT/OTR kakola kinene mu mirimu egy’enjawulo egy’omu lubuto, omuli okutambula kw’olubuto, emirimu gy’ekyama, n’okukuuma omubiri.
Mu kumaliriza, Oxytocin etumbula okukonziba kw’ebinywa ebiseeneekerevu ebya nnabaana n’okufulumya amata okuva mu nseke z’amabeere mu nkola y’okuzaala, ate mu kiseera kye kimu n’atereeza enneeyisa y’abantu, enneewulira, n’okuddamu ku situleesi mu nkola y’obusimu. Okugatta ku ekyo, oxytocin era etereeza entambula y’olubuto n’emirimu gy’okufulumya, alongoosa obuzibu bw’okutambula kw’olubuto obuva ku ddagala eriweweeza ku bulwadde, atumbula okufulumya amazzi mu lubuto, aziyiza okufulumya asidi mu lubuto, era akola kinene ku mabwa g’omu lubuto n’obulwadde bw’olubuto. Enkola yaayo ey’emirimu mingi egifuula okuba n’okukozesebwa okukulu mu kuzaala, okukyusakyusa emmere.
Ebikwata ku Muwandiisi
Ebintu ebyogeddwako waggulu byonna binoonyerezeddwako, birongooseddwa era ne bikung’aanyizibwa kkampuni ya Cocer Peptides.
Omuwandiisi wa Scientific Journal
Yang L munoonyereza akwatagana ne Huazhong University of Science & Technology. Okunoonyereza kwe kukwata ku bintu ebikulu ebiwerako omuli Neurosciences & Neurology, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Research & Experimental Medicine, Oncology, ne Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. Akoze kinene mu bintu bino ng’ayita mu mirimu gye egy’okusoma n’okunoonyereza. Yang L awandiikiddwa mu kiwandiiko ekijuliziddwa mu kiwandiiko ekijuliziddwa [3].
