GLP-1 20mg

▎ Kūlana GLP-1

▎ ʻImi GLP-1

He aha ke kumu noiʻi o GLP-1?

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o GLP-1 mai ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hopena physiological o GLP-1. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka poʻe ʻepekema e exendin-4 i loko o ka lizard saliva e hoʻomohala i ka agonist receptor GLP-1 mua. No ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi koho lapaʻau lōʻihi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻo GLP-1 ma o ka hoʻololi kemika o ke kaulahao peptide GLP-1, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kaulahao momona momona e hoʻolōʻihi i kona hapalua ola. I ka holomua ʻana o ka noiʻi, ʻike ʻia kona hiki ke hoʻemi i ke kaumaha a me ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi cardiovascular.

He aha ke ʻano o ka hana a GLP-1?

Hoʻoponopono i ka insulin a me ka huna ʻana o ka glucagon: 

Ma ke ʻano he agonist receptor GLP-1 (GLP-1 RA), hoʻoulu ʻo GLP-1 i nā pancreatic β-cells e hūnā i ka insulin i ka wā e kāohi ana i nā cell α mai ka huna ʻana i ka glucagon. Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, i ka wā e piʻi ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose i ke koko, hoʻopaʻa ʻo GLP-1 i nā mea loaʻa GLP-1, e hoʻāla ana i nā ala hōʻailona o lalo e hoʻolalelale i nā cell β e hoʻokuʻu i ka insulin, e hoʻonui ai i ka lawe ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka glucose i ke kino, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā pae glucose koko. Ma ka pale ʻana i ka huna ʻana o ka glucagon a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka glucose hepatic, hoʻopaʻa hou ia i nā pae glucose koko. Ma lalo o nā kūlana physiological maʻamau, mālama ke kino i nā pae glucose koko paʻa ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaulike ma waena o ka insulin a me ka glucagon. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo GLP-1 i nā hopena o GLP-1, e hoʻonui ana i kēia kaʻina hoʻoponopono ^[1,2].

Kiʻi 1 Nā hopena pili i ka maʻi diabetes a me ka momona o GLP-1 ^[3].

Ka pale ʻana i ka gluconeogenesis hepatic: 

Kāohi ʻo GLP-1 i ke kaʻina hana gluconeogenesis hepatic. ʻO Gluconeogenesis ke ala e hoʻohua ai ke ake i ka glucose i ka wā hoʻokē ʻai a i ʻole ka pōloli, e mālama ana i ka paʻa o ka glucose i ke koko ke haʻahaʻa nā pae glucose koko. Eia nō naʻe, i nā kūlana pathological e like me ka maʻi maʻi, hiki i ka gluconeogenesis ke lilo i mea ikaika loa, e alakaʻi ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose koko. Hana ʻo GLP-1 i nā ala hōʻailona kūpono e hōʻemi i ka ʻōlelo a i ʻole ka hana o nā enzyme gluconeogenesis nui, a laila e hoʻemi ana i ka hana glucose hepatic a kōkua i ka hoʻokele glucose koko ^[1].

Nā hopena i ka maʻi diabetes a me ka makemake: 

Loaʻa i ka GLP-1 nā hopena hoʻoponopono i ka maʻi diabetes a me ka ʻai. Hoʻemi ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, hiki paha ma ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena e hoʻohuli i nā kikowaena hoʻoponopono makemake, hoʻoulu i ka manaʻo o ka piha a hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hoʻohui hou, he liʻiliʻi ka hopena o GLP-1 i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻoi aku ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono kaumaha ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ikehu, e kōkua ana i ka pohō kaumaha no nā maʻi obese. I nā hoʻokolohua, hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea maʻi e hoʻohana ana i ka GLP-1 i ka emi ʻana o ka makemake a me ka pohō kaumaha ma hope ^[1,4].

Nā hana hiki ke hana ma ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular: Hiki i ka GLP-1 ke hoʻokō i nā hopena maikaʻi ma ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular ma o nā mīkini he nui. Ma ka lima hoʻokahi, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka glucose koko a me ke kaumaha o ke kino, a laila e hoʻēmi i ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e nā maʻi metabolic i ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hana pololei ʻo GLP-1 i nā ʻiʻo cardiovascular, e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana endothelial vascular, e hōʻemi ana i nā pane inflammatory a me ke kaumaha oxidative, hoʻopaʻa i nā pā atherosclerotic, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka hopena o nā maʻi cardiovascular. Hōʻike ka noiʻi a Cigrovski hiki i ka GLP-1 ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o nā cell endothelial vascular i ka huna ʻana i ka nitric oxide, hoʻonui i ka vasodilation, a pale i ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular ^[5].

Nā hopena pololei i ka hana naʻau: 

Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hopena inotropic maikaʻi i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka maʻi ma luna o ka trabecula atrial kanaka me ka hoʻonui ʻole i ka manaʻo o ka arrhythmias. Hiki paha kēia hopena mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ reuptake, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana atrial, a paʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi no ka hōʻoluʻolu o nā hōʻailona i nā maʻi maʻi puʻuwai. I nā hoʻokolohua e pili ana, hōʻike ʻia nā trabeculae atrial i hōʻike ʻia i ka GLP-1 i hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ikaika contractile me ka piʻi ʻole o ka arrhythmias ^[6].

He aha nā mea hoʻohana o GLP-1?

No ka maʻi diabetes type 2: 

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GLP-1 e mālama i ka maʻi diabetes type 2. Inā hāʻawi ʻia ma ka waha a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokele subcutaneous, hoʻohaʻahaʻa pono ia i nā pae hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ^[1].

No ka mālama ʻana i ka momona: 

Hōʻike ka GLP-1 i ka pono nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka momona. Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau i ka poʻe maʻi obese i mālama ʻia me GLP-1 e loaʻa i ke kaumaha nui, i hui pū ʻia me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pūhaka, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻāpana koko, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae HbA1c, a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā profile lipid (e laʻa, hoʻemi ʻia ka kolamu holoʻokoʻa, lipoprotein cholesterol haʻahaʻa, a me nā triglycerides, a hoʻonui i ka lipoprotein cholesterol kiʻekiʻe). ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kona hopena kaumaha ma mua o nā placebos a me nā lāʻau hoʻohaʻahaʻa kaumaha ʻē aʻe, e hālāwai ana i nā kūlana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka EMA a me FDA no nā lāʻau hoʻemi kaumaha, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi koho lapaʻau hou no nā maʻi obese ^[1,2].

Hoʻemi ʻia ka pilikia o ka maʻi cardiovascular: 

No ka poʻe mākua me ka maʻi diabetes type 2 a me ka maʻi puʻuwai i ʻike ʻia, hiki i ka GLP-1 ke hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka maʻi maʻi cardiovascular. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e like me ka SUSTAIN 6 a me PIONEER 6 i ka haʻahaʻa a me ka palekana o ka subcutaneous a me ka waha GLP-1 i ke olakino cardiovascular, a ua hōʻoia hou ka hoʻokolokolo SELECT i kona mau pono kūpono i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hopena cardiovascular, e kōkua ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o nā hanana cardiovascular ^[1].

Nā hopena pale o ka renal: 

I loko o kahi hoʻohālike ʻiole o ka ʻeha renal ischemia-reperfusion, ua hōʻike ʻo GLP-1 i nā hopena pale pale. Hoʻemi ia i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā molekole inflammatory e like me ka tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) a me kāna mea loaʻa, interleukin-6 (IL-6), hoʻemi i ka hana F8 prostaglandin, hoʻonui i ka pae PI3K a me AKT i loko o ka ʻiʻo renal, a hoʻēmi i ka hōʻeha renal, e manaʻo ana he hiki ke loaʻa i ka GLP-1 ka hopena therapeutic no ka hōʻeha ʻeha ʻeha ^[7].

Ka hopena

Ma ke ʻano he agonist receptor GLP-1, mālama pono ʻo GLP-1 i nā pae glucose koko i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi diabetes type 2 ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka insulin a me ka huna ʻana o ka glucagon, kaohi ʻana i ka gluconeogenesis hepatic, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka maʻi diabetes a me ka makemake, ʻoiai e hōʻemi nui ana i ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka poʻe momona. Loaʻa iā ia nā hopena pale cardiovascular, hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka maʻi cardiovascular, a pale i nā puʻupaʻa. Loaʻa iā ia nā hopena therapeutic i ka hōʻeha ʻeha ʻeha, nephropathy maʻi maʻi, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.

No ka mea kakau

ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.

Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema

Aia ʻo Hegner, P. ma ke Kulanui o Regensburg ma Kelemānia a he nui kona ʻano noiʻi. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular a me ka cardiology, kahi e ʻimi ai ʻo ia i nā hana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi cardiovascular; biochemistry a me molecular biology, e kālele ana i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻokō molecular biological a me biochemical reactions a me nā kaʻina hoʻoponopono; ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ka loiloi pono; a me ka ʻōnaehana hanu a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau a i loko, e kālele ana i ka ʻike a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi hanu a me nā kūlana olakino maʻamau. He ʻepekema ʻo ia me nā holomua ma nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Hegner P ma ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi [6].

▎ Nā ʻōlelo pili

[1] Oleszczuk R, Kozińska I, Gras-Ozimek J, et al. GLP-1 no ka mālama ʻana i ka momona [J]. Nūpepa o ka Hoʻonaʻauao, Ola a me Haʻuki, 2022. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245423376.

[2] Christou GA, Katsiki N, Blundell J, et al. ʻO GLP-1 ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau antiobesity [J]. Nā Manaʻo Obesity, 2019,20(6):805-815.DOI:10.1111/obr.12839.

[3] Kurtzhals P, Flindt Kreiner F, Singh Bindra R. ʻO ke kuleana o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi diabetes mellitus type 2: Manaʻo ma GLP-1 [J]. diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2023,203.DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110881.

[4] Chao AM, Tronieri JS, Amaro A, et al. GLP-1 no ka mālama ʻana i ka momona [J]. Nā ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau cardiovascular, 2023,33(3):159-166.DOI:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.12.008.

[5] Cigrovski BM, Strollo F. GLP-1-nā hualoaʻa hopu maka[J]. World Journal of diabetes, 2023,14(4):424-434.DOI:10.4239/wjd.v14.i4.424.

[6] Hegner P, Seitz S, Schopka S, et al. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo GLP-1 i ka hana contractile i ka atrium kanaka kaʻawale [J]. European Heart Journal, 2024,45(Supplement_1):ehae666-ehae3729.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae666.3729.

[7] Tiba AT, Qassam H, Hadi N R. GLP-1 i loko o ka renal ischemia-reperfusion hōʻeha i nāʻiole [J]. J Med Life, 2023,16(2):317-324.DOI:10.25122/jml-2022-0291.

ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.  

ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana i lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama a hoʻōla i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a i ʻole maʻi. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.