Semaglutid 5mg

▎ Hoʻolālā Semaglutid

▎ ʻImi Semaglutid

He aha ke kumu noiʻi o Semaglutid?

ʻO Semaglutid kahi kanaka glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, nona ka papa o nā lāʻau agonist receptor GLP-1. ʻO GLP-1 kahi hormone kūlohelohe maoli i hūnā ʻia e nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin a kāohi i ka huna ʻana o ka glucagon e hoʻoponopono i nā pae glucose koko. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Semaglutid i loaʻa mai ka noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i nā hana physiological o GLP-1. He pōkole ka hapalua o ke ola o GLP-1 i loko o ke kino, ma kahi o 1-2 mau minuke, no ka mea, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā enzymes dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) i ke kino. No ka lanakila ʻana i kēia palena, ua hoʻololi nā ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka GLP-1, e hoʻolauna ana i nā hoʻololi o ka waikawa amino kikoʻī a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pūʻulu pale e hoʻoikaika i kona kūʻē ʻana i nā enzyme DPP-4, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ka hana i loko o ke kino ^[1] . Ma ke ʻano o Semaglutid, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka alanine ma ke kūlana 8 e ka α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka paʻa o ka lāʻau akā hoʻonui pū i kona ikaika paʻa me nā mea hoʻokipa GLP-1 ^[2] . Hoʻohui ʻia kahi kaulahao ʻaoʻao momona momona i ka C-terminus o Semaglutid, i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi koena lysine ma o γ-glutamine, e hoʻonui hou i ka hapalua o ke ola o ka lāʻau a ʻae ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia i hoʻokahi pule i hoʻokahi pule a i ʻole lawe waha ʻia i hoʻokahi lā ^[1] . Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia ʻo Semaglutid ma muli o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka GLP-1 maoli, e manaʻo ana e hāʻawi i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā maʻi me ke ʻano 2 metabolism ^{[1, 2]} . Ma o kēia mau optimizations structural, ʻaʻole wale ʻo Semaglutid e mālama i ka hana physiological o GLP-1 akā hoʻomaikaʻi nui hoʻi i kāna mau waiwai pharmacokinetic, e lilo ana i agonist receptor GLP-1 lōʻihi o ka waiwai koʻikoʻi. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Semaglutid, e lawe mai ana i nā koho lapaʻau hou no nā maʻi me ke ʻano 2 metabolism. Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano o ka GLP-1 maoli, ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka palena o kona hapalua ola pōkole a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa o ka lāʻau a me ka lōʻihi o ka hana.

He aha ke ʻano o ka hana a Semaglutid?

ʻO Semaglutid kahi glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist lōʻihi, a ua hoʻokō nui ʻia kāna ʻano hana ma o kēia mau ʻano:

Hoʻoponopono i ka glucose koko:

ʻO Semaglutid kahi mea hou GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA). ʻO kāna hana mua ʻo ia ka pale ʻana i ka makemake meaʻai ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka ʻai, e hōʻemi ana i ka makemake no nā meaʻai momona momona, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kikowaena hānai hypothalamic e hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai. Hoʻonui ia i ka māʻona, hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ʻōpū, a hoʻemi i ka motility o ka ʻōpū, a laila e loaʻa ai ka pohō kaumaha. Hoʻonui kēia hoʻemi kaumaha i ka ʻike insulin a kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pae glucose koko ^[3] . Hoʻokomo ʻo Semaglutid i ka pohō kaumaha i nā rodents ma o nā ala neural puʻupuʻu. Hōʻike nā haʻawina e hana ia ma ka lolo, septal nucleus, a me ka hypothalamus akā ʻaʻole ia e hele i ka pale koko-lolo. Akā, pili ia me ka lolo ma o nā ʻāpana circumventricular a me nā wahi ventricular-proximal. Hoʻoulu ʻo Semaglutid i ka c-Fos ma nā ʻāpana lolo he ʻumi, me nā wahi hindbrain i kuhikuhi pololei ʻia a me nā ʻāpana lua e like me ka nucleus parabrachial lateral me ka ʻole o ka pilina GLP-1R. Hōʻike nā loiloi ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻāla ʻana e pili ana i nā neurons parabrachial nucleus lateral e kāohi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka meaʻai, pēlā e hoʻoponopono ai i ka glucose koko ^[4] .

Hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻōpū:

Hana ʻo Semaglutid i nā mea loaʻa GLP-1 i ka ʻōpū, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ala nerve vagus e hoʻololi i ka motility gastrointestinal. Hoʻopaʻa ia i nā ʻokiʻoki antral, hoʻoikaika i ka haʻalulu pyloric sphincter, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai o ka ʻōpū, hoʻopaneʻe i ke komo ʻana o ka duodenal a pale i ka piʻi ʻana o ka glucose koko postprandial, e alakaʻi ana i nā pae paʻa ^[5] . Hoʻohui ʻia, pili ʻo Semaglutid i nā kikowaena GLP-1 kikowaena, ʻoi loa i ka hypothalamic arcuate a me ka paraventricular nuclei. Kāohi ia i nā mea hoʻoulu ʻai e like me ka neuropeptide Y (NPY) a me ka agouti-related protein (AgRP), ʻoiai e hoʻāla ana i nā neurons proopiomelanocortin (POMC) e hoʻoikaika i ka alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) huna ^[5] . Hoʻoulu kēia mau hana i ka māʻona, hoʻemi i ka pōloli, a hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha a hoʻomaikaʻi pololei ʻole i ka mana glucose koko.

Ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi cardiovascular:

Hoʻokumuʻo Semaglutid i ka hoʻokuʻuʻana o ka nitric oxide (NO) a me nā mea vasodilators mai nā pūnaewele endothelial vascular, e hoʻonui i ka vasodilation a me ke kahe o ke koko. Hoʻopaʻa pū ia i ka mumū a me ke kaumaha oxidative, e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino endothelial a me ka pilikia atherosclerosis. Ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka ʻai a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, kōkua ia i ka hoʻēmi kaumaha, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka metabolism lipid, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā triglycerides a me ka lipoprotein cholesterol haʻahaʻa (LDL-C), a hoʻonui i ka lipoprotein cholesterol kiʻekiʻe (HDL-C). Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopōmaikaʻi i ke kahe koko ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hemodynamics renal a me ka hana neuroendocrine, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maʻi hypertension a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumu pilikia o ka maʻi cardiovascular ^[6] .

Semaglutid a me ka hoʻoponopono transcriptional o WAT i ka hoʻololi BAT a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o BAT.

Puna: PubMed ^[13]

Nā hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi a me ka noiʻi

I ka ʻōlelo o ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā kemika a me ka optimization, i ka wā o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o semaglutide, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ala o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka albumin e hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ka hana o ka lāʻau. Ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hui maikaʻi ʻana o nā ʻakika momona a me nā loulou, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka albumin i ka wā e mālama ana i ka pono ma ka GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) (Knudsen LB, 2019).

Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka semaglutide. ʻO Semaglutid kahi glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) me ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hapalua o ke ola, e ʻae ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule subcutaneous injection. He mea kupaianaha kona hopena kaumaha. I nā poʻe maʻi me ke ʻano 2 metabolism (T2DM), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele subcutaneous o ka semaglutide i kēlā me kēia pule ma mua o nā GLP-1RA i kēlā me kēia pule. Ma kahi ho'āʻo hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka dosis II no nā maʻi obese me ka ʻole o T2DM, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele subcutaneous o ka semaglutide i hoʻokahi lā i kēlā me kēia lā ma mua o ka placebo a me ka liraglutide 3.0mg i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka pohō kaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka semaglutide i kēia noiʻi ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ka maʻamau no nā lāʻau anti-obesity i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka European Medicines Agency (EMA) a me ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), me ka ʻole o nā pilikia palekana, e hōʻike ana i kēlā me kēia lā subcutaneous injection o semaglutide hiki ke lilo i lāʻau hoʻemi kaumaha e hiki mai ana ^[7] .

Hiki i ka Semaglutid ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana cardiac a hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi cardiovascular. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻāʻo STEP-HFpEF, kahi kiʻekiʻe antidiabetic glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist semaglutide i hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā hōʻailona o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka naʻau me ka haʻihaʻi ejection mālama ʻia (HFpEF) a hoʻemi i nā pae N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Ua hoʻāʻo ka haʻawina i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka semaglutide ma luna o ka trabeculae a me ke kanaka pono a ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ka semaglutide i ka ʻeha o ke kanaka atrial trabeculae ma mua o ʻekolu manawa i ke ʻano o ka hopena, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano o ka arrhythmias. Loaʻa paha kēia hopena ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake. Hiki i nā maʻi maʻi ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana atrial a no laila e hōʻoluʻolu i nā hōʻailona ^[8] .

Ke aʻo ʻia nei ʻo Semaglutid no ka mālama ʻana i ka steatohepatitis non-alcoholic (NASH). Ua hāʻawi nui kāna hoʻolālā noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mana glucose koko, ke kaumaha, ke koko koko, nā lipids, ka hana β-cell, a me ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular i nā maʻi me ke ʻano 2 metabolism. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hoʻopuka waha o semaglutide ke hāʻawi i nā pono hou aku i nā mea maʻi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana ^[9] .

Nāʻokoʻa i nā hopena kaumaha o Semaglutid ma waena o nā poʻe

Nā hopena hoʻemi kaumaha i nā mākua me ka maʻi maʻi cardiovascular e kū nei, ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka momona me ka ʻole o ka metabolism: 

Ma ka ho'āʻo o ka hopena cardiovascular SELECT, ua hoʻemi ka semaglutide i nā hanana cardiovascular adverse nui (MACE) e 20% ma 17,604 mau mākua me ka maʻi cardiovascular e noho nei, ke kaumaha a me ka momona, a ʻaʻohe metabolism ^[10] . I loko o kēia loiloi i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia, ua nānā nā mea noiʻi i nā hopena o ka semaglutide ma ke kaumaha, nā hopena anthropometric, palekana, a me ka hoʻomanawanui e ka baseline body mass index (BMI). ʻO ka poʻe maʻi e loaʻa ana i ka semaglutide i loaʻa i ka pohō kaumaha ma mua o 65 mau pule, e hoʻomau ana a hiki i 4 mau makahiki. Ma nā wiki 208, ua alakaʻi ka semaglutide i ka hoʻemi nui ʻana o ke kaumaha (-10.2%), ka ʻāʻī o ka pūhaka (-7.7 cm), a me ka ratio pūhaka-a-kiʻekiʻe (-6.9%) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi placebo (-1.5%, -1.3 cm, a me -1.0%; ʻO nāʻano o ke kino, a me nā'āpana'āpana i pili i ka liʻiliʻi o nā hanana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi No kēlā me kēia māhele BMI (<30, 30 i <35, 35 i <40, a me ≥40 kg / m²), ua emi iho ka nui o ka hopena o ka semaglutide (nā hanana ma 100 kanaka-makahiki: 43.43,43. vs. 50.48, 49.66, 52.73, a me 60.85 no ka placebo).

Nā hopena o ke kaumaha i nā poʻe obese a i ʻole ke kaumaha ʻole me ka Metabolism:  

Ua loiloi ʻia kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana i ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o ka semaglutide i nā poʻe momona a momona ʻole me ka metabolism ^[11] . Hoʻopili kēia loiloi i nā hopena mai nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau he nui, e hōʻike ana i ka hopena o semaglutide i ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha, nā ʻāpana metabolic, a me nā hopena olakino holoʻokoʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike e pili ana ka semaglutide me ka nui o ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā metric olakino pili i ka momona, e hōʻike ana i kona hiki ke koho i kahi koho lapaʻau koʻikoʻi no nā maʻi obese. 

Nā hopena o ke kaumaha i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻole (nā hōʻike mai nā RCT he nui): 

Eha randomized controlled trials (RCTs) e pili ana i ka poʻe maʻi me ka baseline paona o 96-105 kg i loiloi ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule 2.4 mg subcutaneous semaglutide me nā ʻano hana ola (aʻoaʻo, ʻai, hana kino) no ka pohō kaumaha ^[12] . Hoʻokahi RCT i loko o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻole (N = 1,961) i hōʻike i ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha o 15% (15 kg) vs. 2% (3 kg) me kahi placebo ma hope o 68 mau pule (he nui ka helu helu). ʻO ka hapa o nā maʻi e loaʻa ana i ka ≥5% ka pohō kaumaha he 86% vs. 32% (helu e pono ai e mālama i [NNT] = 2), a me ≥10% pohō kaumaha he 69% vs. 12% (NNT = 2). Hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha ma ka ~ 60 pule. Loaʻa nā hanana ʻino (AEs) i ka 74% vs. 48% (helu pono e hōʻeha [NNH] = 3). ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana ma muli o nā AE he 7% vs. 3% (NNH = 25). Uaʻikeʻia nā hopena likeʻole ma kekahi RCT me ka hana ola kino (N = 611): hoʻokomoʻia ka semaglutide i ka 16% (17 kg) vs. 6% (6 kg) ke kaumaha kaumaha. Ma kahi RCT-exploration RCT i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻole (N = 1,210), ʻo 2.4 mg semaglutide i kēlā me kēia pule, 1.0 mg semaglutide, a i ʻole placebo i hāʻawi ʻia i nā poho kaumaha o 10%, 7%, a me 3% ma hope o 68 mau pule. He 69% (2.4 mg), 57% (1.0 mg), a me 29% (placebo) ka nui o ka loa'a ≥5% pohō kaumaha. No ka 2.4 mg vs. 1.0 mg, NNT = 9. Ua like nā profiles AE ma waena o nā doses. I loko o kahi RCT mālama kaumaha (N = 803), loaʻa i nā poʻe maʻi maʻi ʻole ka 2.4 mg semaglutide i kēlā me kēia pule no nā wiki 20, a laila ua randomized e hoʻomau i ka semaglutide a i ʻole e hoʻololi i kahi placebo. Ma hope o nā pule he 48, ua nalowale nā ​​mea hoʻohana semaglutide i ka 8% vs. 

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo semaglutide kahi agonist receptor GLP-1 me ka waiwai noiʻi multi-domain. I ka mālama ʻana i ka metabolism, hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i nā mea loaʻa GLP-1 e hoʻoikaika i ka huna ʻana o ka insulin a keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka glucagon, ka mālama pono ʻana i nā pae glucose koko a hāʻawi i kahi koho lapaʻau koʻikoʻi no nā maʻi me ke ʻano 2 metabolism. Ma ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka momona, hiki i ka semaglutide ke hōʻemi nui i ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu ma o nā hana e like me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻai waena a me ka lohi ʻana o ka ʻōpū, e kōkua ana i ka poʻe maʻi obese e lilo i ke kaumaha a hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūlana metabolic. Hoʻohui, hōʻike ʻo semaglutide i nā manaʻo noi no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi cardiovascular, a ʻo kona hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kumu pilikia cardiovascular e hāʻawi i kahi ala hou e hōʻemi ai i ka hanana o nā hanana cardiovascular. ʻO ka puka ʻana o semaglutide ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi wale i nā ʻano lapaʻau no nā maʻi pili akā lawe pū kekahi i ka manaolana hou no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola a me ke olakino.

No ka mea kakau

ʻO nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei ua noiʻi ʻia, hoʻoponopono ʻia a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e Cocer Peptides.

Mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema

He mea noiʻi ʻo Hegner P ma ke Kulanui o Regensburg. ʻO kāna hana e pili ana i ka Chemistry, Cardiovascular System, a me Cardiology. Ma Chemistry, ʻimi ʻo ia i nā hopena e pili ana i ke olakino cardiovascular. Ma nā haʻawina ʻo Cardiovascular System, ʻimi ʻo ia i nā hana o ka naʻau a me ka moku, e ʻimi ana i nā ʻike therapeutic. ʻO kāna noiʻi Cardiology e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi puʻuwai, ka ʻike, a me ka mālama ʻana.

He mea nui nā haʻawina a Hegner. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia kāna mau ʻike kemika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau cardiovascular hou. ʻO kāna hana ma ka puʻuwai a me nā mīkini moku ua hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā maʻi cardiovascular. Ma ke kino, ua hoʻomaikaʻi kāna noiʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi puʻuwai, e hoʻonui ana i nā kūlana o ka mālama maʻi. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Hegner multidisciplinary i ka lāʻau lapaʻau cardiovascular, hāʻawi i ka manaʻolana no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kaumaha maʻi a me nā hopena maʻi maikaʻi aʻe. Ua helu ʻia ʻo Hegner P ma ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi [8].

▎ Nā ʻōlelo pili

[1] Memon A, Tehrim M, Kumari B. Semaglutid: wanaʻao hou no ka maʻi maʻi maʻi [J]. Nūpepa o ka Hui Lapaʻau Pakistan, 2023,73(3):721.DOI:10.47391/JPMA.7558.

[2] Ma H, Huang W, Wang X, et al. Nā ʻike hoʻolālā i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o GLP-1R e kahi agonist mole liʻiliʻi [J]. Noiʻi Pūnaewele, 2020,30(12):1140-1142.DOI:10.1038/s41422-020-0384-8.

[3] ʻO Kim HS, Jung CH. Oral Semaglutid, ka mea hoʻohana mua ʻo Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist: Hiki paha ke lilo i Bullet Magic no ka Metabolism Type 2? [J]. Ka Nupepa International of Molecular Sciences, 2021,22(18).DOI:10.3390/ijms22189936.

[4] Gabery S, Salinas CG, Paulsen SJ, et al. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻo Semaglutid i ke kaumaha o ke kino i nā rodents ma o nā ala neural puʻupuʻu [J]. Jci Insight, 2020,5(6).DOI:10.1172/jci.insight.133429.

[5] Katsurada K, Yada T. Nā hopena neural o ka glucagon-like peptide-1 i loaʻa i ka ʻōpū a me ka lolo a me kāna agonist receptor [J]. Nūpepa o ka Metabolism Investigation, 2016,7:64-69.DOI:10.1111/jdi.12464.

[6] Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Colhoun HM, et al. Nā hopena Semaglutid ma nā hopena o ka maʻi maʻi i ka poʻe me ke kaumaha a me ka momona (SELECT) kumu a me ka hoʻolālā [J]. Puʻuwai Puʻuwai ʻAmelika, 2020,229:61-69.DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2020.07.008.

[7] Christou GA, Katsiki N, Blundell J, et al. ʻO Semaglutid ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau antiobesity [J]. Nā Manaʻo Obesity, 2019,20(6):805-815.DOI:10.1111/obr.12839.

[8] Hegner P, Seitz S, Schopka S, et al. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Semaglutid i ka hana contractile i ka atrium kanaka kaʻawale [J]. Puʻuwai ʻEulopa, 2024,45.DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae666.3729.

[9] Knudsen LB, Lau J. ʻO ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Liraglutide a me Semaglutid [J]. Nā palena i ka Endocrinology, 2019,10.DOI:10.3389/fendo.2019.00155.

[10] Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, et al. ʻO nā hopena kaumaha lōʻihi o ka semaglutide i ka momona me ka ʻole o ka metabolism i ka hoʻokolokolo SELECT [J]. Nature Medicine, 2024,30(7):2049-2057.DOI:10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7.

[11] Alanazi M, Alshahrani JA, Aljaberi AS, et al. Ka hopena o Semaglutid i nā kānaka me ka momona a i ʻole ke kaumaha me ka ʻole o ka Metabolism [J]. Cureus Journal of Medical Science, 2024,16(8).DOI:10.7759/cureus.67889.

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ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā ʻike huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele pūnaewele wale nō no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao.  

ʻO nā huahana i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēia pūnaewele i manaʻo wale ʻia no ka noiʻi in vitro. Hana ʻia ka noiʻi in vitro (Latin: *i ke aniani*, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka ipu aniani) ma waho o ke kino kanaka. ʻAʻole kēia mau huahana he lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana, mālama, a hoʻōla paha i kekahi maʻi olakino, maʻi, a maʻi paha. Ua pāpā loa ʻia e ke kānāwai ke hoʻokomo i kēia mau huahana i loko o ke kino kanaka a holoholona paha ma kekahi ʻano.