Melanota 10 mg

▎ Melanotan-1 Structure

Source: PubChem

Sequence: Ser-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val Molecular Formula: C 78H 111N 21O19 Molecular Luj: 1646.8g/mol CAS Nr .: 75921-69-6 PubChem CID: 16154396 Synonyms: Afamelanotida; NDP-MSH

▎ Melanotan-1 Kev Tshawb Fawb

Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm Melanotan-1 yog dab tsi?

Melanotan-1 yog ib qho hluavtaws analog ntawm α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH yog tsim los ntawm cov hlwb tshwj xeeb hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem physiological xws li pigmentation. Txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav nws cov ntawv thov hauv ntau qhov chaw, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim Melanotan-1. Kev tshawb fawb tob ntawm α-MSH coj mus rau Melanotan-1 yug. α-MSH paub tias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj melanin, thiab Melanotan-1 tau tsim kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo dua qub thiab cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, xws li hauv daim tawv nqaij tanning thiab muaj peev xwm photoprotective teebmeem ^[1] .

Melanotan-1 yog dab tsi?

Melanotan-1 yog ib qho hluavtaws analog ntawm α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Los ntawm kev khi rau MC1R ntawm melanocytes, nws txhawb nqa melanocytes los tsim melanin. Nws tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev kho mob ntawm erythropoietic protoporphyria thiab tseem muaj peev xwm thov kev cia siab rau kev kho mob ntawm lwm yam kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Melanotan-1 muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nyhuv ntev. Nws tuaj yeem txhawb nqa melanocytes hauv lub cev tsis tu ncua los tsim melanin, yog li muab kev kho mob ntev. Piv nrog rau lwm txoj kev kho mob, Melanotan-1 tsis tas yuav tsum tau tswj xyuas ntau zaus, txo cov kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob. Hauv kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, Melanotan-1 tau pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo. Cov kev phiv tshwm sim muaj xws li mob taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav, thiab lwm yam, tab sis lawv feem ntau mob me me thiab tuaj yeem txo tau los ntawm kev kho kom zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, Melanotan-1 muaj tshuaj lom me me rau cov kabmob tseem ceeb xws li daim siab thiab ob lub raum, muab qee yam kev nyab xeeb lav rau nws daim ntawv thov kho mob.

Dab tsi yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas Melanotan-1 tiv thaiv lub hnub puas tsuaj?

Melanin nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij plays lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv absorbing ultraviolet rays thiab dawb radicals, yog li tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm ultraviolet kev puas tsuaj. Cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob ntawm cov tawv nqaij thiab yog qhov ua rau muaj ntau yam qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Lub xub ntiag ntawm melanin tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm ultraviolet rays rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov noob hloov pauv. Tom qab ntawm daim tawv nqaij raug ultraviolet rays, nws yuav ua rau muaj kev nce hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors, uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv eumelanin hauv epidermal melanocytes. Raws li ib qho analog ntawm α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem ua cov txheej txheem no thiab txhawb kev tsim cov melanin ^[2] . Los ntawm kev nce cov ntsiab lus melanin hauv daim tawv nqaij, Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm ultraviolet rays rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias tom qab siv Melanotan-1, cov tawv nqaij ua siab ntev rau ultraviolet rays yog txhim kho, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm tshav kub yog txo. Piv nrog rau cov txheej txheem tanning ib txwm muaj xws li lub hnub tanning thiab kev siv cov khoom tanning, Melanotan-1 muaj qee qhov zoo. Sun tanning yuav tsum tau raug lub hnub ntev, uas yuav ua rau cov tawv nqaij sunburn, laus, thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm daim tawv nqaij mob cancer. Kev siv cov khoom tanning tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem xws li tawv nqaij khaus thiab ua xua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Melanotan-1, los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous, tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev tsim cov tshuaj melanin thiab txo cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua ntawm Melanotan-1 hauv kev kho mob vitiligo?

Stimulating melanin ntau lawm: Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txhawb melanocytes los tsim melanin. Melanin yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj vitiligo, vim yog melanocytes puas los yog txawv txav, thaj ua rau thaj dawb tshwm rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Melanotan-1 txhawb nqa kev loj hlob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm melanocytes thiab ua kom cov synthesis ntawm melanin los ntawm kev ua kom cov kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb ^[3].

Kev tswj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob: Vitiligo yog suav tias yog ib qho kab mob autoimmune, uas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txawv txav tawm tsam melanocytes. Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswj lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo qis kev tawm tsam ntawm melanocytes. Nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, yog li txo cov tsos mob ntawm vitiligo.

Antioxidant nyhuv: oxidative kev nyuaj siab kuj plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub pathogenesis ntawm vitiligo. Melanotan-1 tej zaum yuav muaj qee yam antioxidant muaj peev xwm thiab txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab rau melanocytes. Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov dawb radicals, tiv thaiv melanocytes los ntawm kev puas tsuaj oxidative, thiab pab tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm melanocytes.

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb dab tsi txhawb cov teebmeem tshwj xeeb ntawm Melanotan-1 hauv kev kho mob ntawm erythropoietic protoporphyria?

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) yog ib yam kab mob ntawm cov kab mob porphyrin metabolic uas cov neeg mob muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv phototoxic, cuam tshuam rau lawv lub neej zoo. Raws li cov khoom sib txuas ntawm α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Melanotan-1 muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb hauv qab no los txhawb nws cov teebmeem tshwj xeeb hauv kev kho EPP:

Txhim kho lub teeb pom kev zoo: Hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, Melanotan-1 tau raug pov thawj los txhim kho lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm EPP cov neeg mob. Piv txwv li, hauv Phase III sim CUV039, kev kho mob nrog Melanotan-1 txhim kho lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm EPP cov neeg mob. Piv nrog rau cov placebo, kev kho mob nrog Melanotan-1 ua rau cov neeg mob siv sij hawm ntau dua nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj ncaj qha yam tsis muaj mob thiab nce lub sij hawm kom txog rau thaum thawj cov tsos mob ntawm phototoxicity tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo tshwm sim ^[4] .

Txhim kho lub neej zoo: Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias kev kho mob nrog Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txhim kho lub neej zoo ntawm EPP cov neeg mob. Hauv kev sim tshuaj sib txawv, tom qab tau txais kev kho mob Melanotan-1, cov neeg mob lub neej zoo tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm cov ntawv nug uas tau lees paub, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias muaj kev txhim kho hauv lub neej ^[4].

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm daim siab ua haujlwm: Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem muaj kev tiv thaiv lub siab ua haujlwm ntawm EPP cov neeg mob. Hauv kev soj ntsuam rov qab, 2933 kev kuaj mob siab ua haujlwm, 1186 protoporphyrin concentration tests, thiab 1659 Melanotan-1 implant applications ntawm 70 EPP cov neeg mob tau suav nrog. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias raws li cov hnub txij li qhov kawg ntawm Melanotan-1 implants tau nce, protoporphyrin (PPIX) concentration nce ntau (p <0.0001); thaum 365 hnub dhau los, raws li Melanotan-1 koob tshuaj tau nce, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) thiab bilirubin poob qis (p = 0.012, p = 0.0299). Qhov no qhia tau hais tias Melanotan-1 muaj kev tiv thaiv koob tshuaj ntawm lub siab ua haujlwm ntawm EPP cov neeg mob ^[5] .

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm PPIX thiab daim siab tsis ua haujlwm. Daim duab (A): Histograms (ntsuab) qhia txog kev faib cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kuaj. Cov kev sib piv ua khub rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv kuaj tau tshwm sim. Daim duab (B): Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais rau txhua qhov kev xeem, suav nrog qhov nruab nrab, SD, qhov nruab nrab, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, thiab siab tshaj plaws, tau tshwm sim.

Source: PubMed ^[5]

Lub tuam txhab Australian EpiTan tau tshawb fawb txog cov tshuaj pleev ib ce tshiab ntawm Melanotan (Ⅰ): 

Melanotan (Ⅰ) yog ib qho analog ntawm α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, siv los tiv thaiv lub hnub puas tsuaj. Nws stimulates zus tau tej cov melanin, darkens ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab yog li tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij los ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob.

Muaj peb qhov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam uas tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm Melanotan-1. Hauv thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb, 4 cov ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau kom tau txais Melanotan-1 (0.08mg / kg subcutaneous txhaj rau ib hnub), thiab lwm 4 tus neeg tau txais isotonic sodium chloride (9%) tshuaj txhaj rau 10 hnub, tom qab ntawd UV-B teeb irradiation ntawm 3 zaug ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus erythema koob tshuaj (MED) ntawm caj dab.

Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias 3 ntawm 4 tus neeg uas tau txais Melanotan-1 tau ua tiav tanning, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm sunburned hlwb nyob rau hauv irradiated caj dab cheeb tsam ntawm cov kev kawm no txo ​​los ntawm 47% (Dorr RT).

Hauv kev tshawb fawb thib ob, koob tshuaj MT-1 tau nce mus rau 0.16mg / kg ib hnub rau 10 hnub.

Thaum lub sijhawm (n = 7) lossis tom qab (n = 5) lub sijhawm tswj hwm MT-1, lub pob tw tau raug UV-B hluav taws xob (0.25 - 0.75 MED). Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov koob tshuaj ntau dua ntawm MT-1 ua rau cov tawv nqaij ntau dua (Dorr RT).Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb thib peb, 8 tus neeg tau txais kev tso cai kom tau txais ib nrab hnub ci rov qab rau 3 - 5 hnub lossis raug tshav ntuj ntxiv rau 0.16mg / kg ntawm MT-1, 5 hnub hauv ib lub lis piam rau 4 lub lis piam. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias rov qab tanning hauv pawg MT-1 tau txhim kho zoo, thiab cov nyhuv tanning no tau siv sijhawm ntev li 3 lub lis piam ntev dua li ntawm pawg tswj hwm uas tsuas yog tau txais hnub ci, thaum pawg tswj hwm xav tau 50% ntau lub hnub ci lub sij hawm kom ua tiav tib qib ntawm tanning ^[6].

Daim ntawv thov ntawm Melanotan-1 hauv kev tshawb fawb melanoma: 

Melanoma yog ib qho mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab txoj kev kho tam sim no suav nrog kev phais, xov tooj cua, tshuaj kho mob, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Raws li MCR agonist, Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm kho mob los ntawm kev tswj kev loj hlob, sib txawv, thiab apoptosis ntawm melanoma hlwb. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob thiab cuam tshuam ntawm melanoma hlwb thiab ua rau apoptosis ntawm melanoma hlwb ^[7].

Cov kab mob twg tuaj yeem siv Melanotan-1 los kho?

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP): 

Erythropoietic protoporphyria yog ib hom kab mob porphyria tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ferrochelatase qis, ua rau muaj kev sib txuam ntawm protoporphyrin hauv cov qe ntshav liab, ntshav, lub siab, thiab tawv nqaij. Cov neeg mob feem ntau rhiab heev rau lub hnub ci, thiab thaum raug tshav ntuj, lawv yuav pom cov tsos mob xws li mob tawv nqaij, khaus, erythema, thiab hlwv. Melanotan-1 txo cov tsos mob ntawm EPP cov neeg mob los ntawm kev txhawb kev tsim cov melanin hauv daim tawv nqaij thiab ua kom cov tawv nqaij tiv thaiv kab mob ultraviolet. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txo qhov zaus thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv phototoxic hauv EPP cov neeg mob thiab txhim kho lawv lub neej zoo ^[8].

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CIPA): 

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj autosomal recessive caj ces kab mob, feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, ua rau porphyrin metabolism tsis zoo. Cov neeg mob tsis tshua muaj siab rau lub teeb, thiab lawv cov tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag tau yooj yim puas. Melanotan-1 tseem tuaj yeem muab qee yam kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kab mob ultraviolet rau CIPA cov neeg mob los ntawm kev tsim cov tawv nqaij melanin thiab txo lawv cov tsos mob ^[9] .

Solar urticaria: 

Rau cov neeg mob uas muaj hnub ci urticaria, Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txhim kho daim tawv nqaij tiv thaiv kab mob ultraviolet thiab txo qhov zaus thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsos mob urticaria ^[10].

Polymorphous teeb eruption (PMLE): 

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias Melanotan-1 kuj muaj qee yam kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob PMLE, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob khaus thiab txhim kho lub neej zoo ntawm cov neeg mob ^[10].

Vitiligo: 

Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa kev rov ua dua ntawm cov neeg mob vitiligo los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm melanocytes. Txawm hais tias muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev kho mob vitiligo tam sim no, cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm ^[10].

Pob txuv: 

Cov nyhuv kho ntawm Melanotan-1 ntawm pob txuv yuav cuam tshuam rau nws txoj cai ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txo cov kab mob inflammatory. Qee cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txo cov tsos mob ntawm pob txuv thiab txhawb kev kho ntawm daim tawv nqaij ^[10].

Hailey-Hailey kab mob: 

Melanotan-1 kuj tau qhia txog qee yam kev kho mob hauv kev kho tus kab mob Hailey-Hailey. Cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim los ntawm kev rov hlwv thiab yaig ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Melanotan-1 tuaj yeem txhim kho cov tsos mob ntawm cov neeg mob los ntawm kev tswj cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim tawv nqaij ^[10].

Hauv kev xaus, raws li cov khoom sib txuas ntawm α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Melanotan-1 (melanotan I) yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws tuaj yeem nce cov ntsiab lus melanin hauv daim tawv nqaij, pab cov tawv nqaij zoo dua tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm ultraviolet rays, yog li tiv thaiv tshav kub, txo cov tawv nqaij laus, thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob qog noj ntshav. Los ntawm kev ua kom lub melanocortin receptor, Melanotan-1 txhawb kev tsim thiab kev faib tawm ntawm melanin, tsim ib lub ntuj 'tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub' los tiv thaiv cov hlwb ntawm DNA puas vim los ntawm ultraviolet rays thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm dawb radicals.

Hauv kev kho cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, Melanotan-1 kuj qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm siv tau. Rau cov teeb meem pigmentation xws li vitiligo, nws tuaj yeem txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm melanocytes thiab txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm melanin, pab ua kom cov pigmentation ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj muaj qee yam peev xwm hauv kev kho cov kab mob uas tsis sib xws pigmentation xws li melasma. Los ntawm kev tswj cov kev faib tawm thiab cov metabolism hauv melanin, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab uniformity.

Raws li cov tshuaj polypeptide, Melanotan-1 tau maj mam tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau dua thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw ntawm dermatology thiab cosmetology, muab cov kev xaiv tshiab los daws cov teeb meem ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias daim ntawv thov kev kho mob ntawm Melanotan-1 tseem xav tau kev soj ntsuam nruj. Tam sim no, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb muaj cov qauv me me thiab txwv cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb mus sij hawm ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv tsim tawm tshiab thiab kev xa tshuaj hauv zos, nws qhov kev cia siab rau kev txhais lus kho mob tau cog lus.

Hais Txog Tus Sau

Cov ntaub ntawv hais saum toj no yog txhua yam tshawb fawb, kho thiab sau los ntawm Cocer Peptides.

Scientific Journal Author

Elizabeth A. Langan yog ib tug kws kho mob dermatologist UK thiab kws tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob. Nws tuav txoj haujlwm kev kawm ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv, suav nrog cov xibfwb hauv University of Lubeck thiab University of Manchester, nrog rau cov luag haujlwm ntawm Heidelberg University thiab Queen Mary University of London. Langan ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev kho mob muaj koob npe xws li Schleswig-Holstein University Tsev Kho Mob thiab Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust. Nws tau luam tawm ntau cov ntawv hauv cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj lij xws li Dermatological Science. Nws cov chaw tshawb fawb suav nrog dermatology, tshuaj dav dav thiab sab hauv, phais, oncology, thiab kev tshawb fawb & kev sim tshuaj. Nws txoj haujlwm tau lees paub dav dav thiab tau pab txhawb rau cov kev kho mob no. Elizabeth A. Langan tau teev nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj [1].

▎ Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb

[1] Langan EA, Nie Z, Rhodes L E. Melanotropic peptides: ntau tshaj li 'Barbie drug' thiab 'sun-tan jabs'?[J]. British Journal of Dermatology, 2010,163(3):451-455.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x.

[2] Humphrey SM, Oo T, Barnetson S C. Clinical peev xwm ntawm Melanota® (NDP-α-MSH) hauv kev tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij -: tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej foundations[J]. Experimental Dermatology, 2004,13(9:578).

[3] Perez-Bootello J, Cova-Martin R, Naharro-Rodriguez J, et al. Vitiligo: Pathogenesis thiab Kev Kho Tshiab thiab Kev Kho Mob [J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023,24(24).DOI:10.3390/ijms242417306.

[4] Kim ES, Garnock-Jones K P. Afamelanotide: A Review in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria[J]. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2016,17(2):179-185.DOI:10.1007/s40257-016-0184-6.

[5] Minder A, Schneider-Yin X, Zulewski H, et al. Afamelanotide yog txuam nrog koob tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntsig txog Erythropoietic Protoporphyria [J]. Life-Basel, 2023,13(4).DOI:10.3390/life13041066.

[6] Dorr RT, Ertl G, Levine N, et al. Cov teebmeem ntawm superpotent melanotropic peptide ua ke nrog hnub ci UV hluav taws xob ntawm tanning ntawm daim tawv nqaij hauv tib neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb [J]. Archives of Dermatology, 2004,140(7):827-835.DOI:10.1001/archderm.140.7.827.

[7] Reid C, Fitzgerald T, Fabre A, et al. Atypical melanocytic naevi tom qab txhaj tshuaj melanotan.[J]. Irish Medical Journal, 2013, 106(5): 148-149. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23914578/

[8] Dominguez-Mozo MI, Toledano-Martinez E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, et al. JC tus kab mob reactivation hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob autoimmune rheumatic kho nrog rituximab [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2016,45(6):507-511.DOI:10.3109/03009742.2015.1135980.

[9] Wu V, Sykes EA, Beyea MM, et al. Approche à adopter pour la nqi zog en charge de la maladie de Ménière. Canadian Tsev Neeg Tus Kws Kho Mob Medecin De Famille Canadien, 2019,65(7:468-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31300427/

[10] McNeil MM, Nahhas AF, Braunberger TL, et al. Afamelanotide hauv Kev Kho Mob Dermatologic Disease [J]. Daim Ntawv Kho Mob Daim tawv nqaij, 2018,23(6:6-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30517779/

Tag nrho cov kab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam muab rau ntawm lub vev xaib no tsuas yog rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm thiab cov hom phiaj kev kawm.  

Cov khoom muab rau hauv lub vev xaib no yog npaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro (Latin: * hauv iav *, lub ntsiab lus hauv iav) yog ua los ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov khoom no tsis yog tshuaj, tsis tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los tiv thaiv, kho, lossis kho txhua yam mob, kab mob, lossis mob. Nws raug txwv nruj raws li txoj cai los qhia cov khoom no rau hauv tib neeg lossis tsiaj lub cev hauv txhua daim ntawv.