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1kits (Ebipipa 10) .
| Omuwendo: | |
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▎ Enzimba ya Sema
Ensibuko: PubChem |
Omutendera: MEHFPGP Ensengekera ya molekyu: C 37H 51N 9O 10S Obuzito bwa molekyu: g/mol Ennamba ya CAS: 80714-61-0 PubChem CID: 9811102. Omuntu w’abantu Ebigambo ebikwatagana: ACTH (4-7) |
▎ Okunoonyereza ku Sema
Sema kye ki?
Sema kirungo kya peptide ekikoleddwa era kiri mu kika kya nootropic. Ekitundu kyayo ekikulu ye analog ya thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), nga egattibwa wamu ne amino acids endala (nga valine ne leucine). Sema esobola okulongoosa emirimu gy’okutegeera ng’etereeza obusimu obutambuza obusimu (nga dopamine ne norepinephrine) mu nkola y’obusimu obw’omu makkati, omuli okutumbula okujjukira, okulongoosa okufaayo, n’obusobozi bw’okuyiga.
Sema alina okunoonyereza ku ngeri ki?
Enkulaakulana eyesigamiziddwa ku bitundutundu bya ACTH:
Sema akolebwa ekitundu kya ACTH (4 - 7) ne tripeptide Pro - Gly - Pro (PGP). ACTH, kwe kugamba, obusimu obuyitibwa adrenocorticotropic hormone, busimu obufulumizibwa enseke y’omu maaso (anterior pituitary gland) era ekola kinene mu kulungamya enkola y’ekitundu ky’omubiri ekiyitibwa adrenal cortex. Abanoonyereza beekenneenyezza ensengekera ya ACTH, ne bagiggyamu akatundu akagere (4 - 7), ne bagigatta ne tripeptide PGP okukola Sema. Enkola eno ey’okusengejja esobozesa Sema okusigaza ekitundu ku mirimu gya ACTH era n’okuba n’engeri ez’enjawulo ez’ebiramu [1]..
Okunoonyereza ku bujjanjabi bw’obulwadde bw’okusannyalala:
Obulwadde bw’okusannyalala buzibu mu nkola y’obwongo obumanyiddwa olw’okukendeera kw’obusimu obuyitibwa neurons mu ngeri etaali ya bulijjo. Okukonziba kabonero kanene ak’obulwadde bw’okusannyalala, ebiseera ebisinga buva ku buvune ku bwongo. Wadde ng’eddagala erijjanjaba obulwadde bw’okusannyalala eririwo kati lirina ebikosa ebimu, era lirina ebikosa ebimu ku bulamu. Mu mbeera eno, abanoonyereza baatandika okunoonya enkola empya ez’obujjanjabi. Nga neuropeptide, Sema peptide ekola butereevu ku busimu obw’omu makkati era terina mirimu gya busimu, kale tegenda kuleeta buzibu bubi ku bulamu. Kino kiwa ebipya ebisoboka mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bw’okusannyalala [2]..
Obujjanjabi bw’obulwadde bwa ischemic stroke:
Ischemic stroke bulwadde bwa maanyi, era olw’obungi bwayo n’omuwendo gw’abalema omungi, bulijjo bubadde businga kutunuulirwa mu kunoonyereza kw’abasawo. Sema peptide, olw’obusimu bwayo obw’okukuuma obusimu n’okukyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde, ekozesebwa mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bwa ischemic stroke. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti Sema esobola okuziyiza okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obuzimba n’okukola okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obutambuza obusimu, bwe kityo n’ekola ebikolwa eby’okukuuma obusimu ku mitendera gy’okuwandiika ne puloteyina [3, 4]..
Obulagirizi obupya obw’okujjanjaba ekiwuubaalo:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) ddagala eritera okukozesebwa okujjanjaba okwennyamira ng’oli lubuto, naye SSRIs zisobola okusalako enseke era ziyinza okukosa okukula kw’obwongo bw’omwana mu lubuto. Nga synthetic analog ya ACTH (4-10), Sema erina emirimu egyeyoleka egya nootropic ne neuroprotective. Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti Sema esobola okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka mu nneeyisa n’obusimu mu nvunza ezireetebwa okukwatibwa amangu eddagala lya fluvoxamine, ne kiwa ekirowoozo ekipya ku kujjanjaba okwennyamira [5]..
Ebirungi ebiri mu bintu ebiyitibwa peptide:
Sema kintu kya peptide ekikoleddwa nga kirina enkola ey’enjawulo ey’okukola. Kisobola okukola butereevu ku busimu obw’omu makkati, okukola obutoffaali obumu mu bwongo, n’okukola ebiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Okugeza, mu nkola y’envunza ey’obulwadde bw’okusannyalala, Sema peptide esobola okukendeeza ku mutindo gwa MDA n’okukola puloteyina ssatu ezitakolebwa mu nvunza ezirina okusannyalala [2]..
Nga peptide efugira, ebyafaayo by’okunoonyereza ku Sema bisobola okulondoolebwa edda ennyo. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti Sema alina essuubi ly’okukozesa mu buzibu bw’okujjukira, okukendeeza ku bulungibwansi bw’emirimu gy’obwongo, n’obulwadde bwa COVID oluvannyuma lw’obulwadde bwa COVID, ng’oggyeeko endwadde za somatoform ne psychosomatic [6]..
Okwekenenya enkyukakyuka mu ddaala lya puloteyina za pJNK ne pCREB mu kiseera ky’okujjanjaba ischemia ne Sema mu nsengekera z’ebitundu by’omubiri (subcortical structures) ne frontoparietal cortex y’envunza ku ssaawa 24 oluvannyuma lwa tMCAO.
Ensibuko:PubMed [4] .
Enkola y’okukola kwa Sema mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bw’okusannyalala ekosa etya mu ngeri ey’enjawulo enkola y’obwongo?
Ekikolwa ekiziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde
Sema alina eddagala eriziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Obulwadde bw’okusannyalala butera okuvaako okweyongera kw’okunyigirizibwa kw’okwokya mu bwongo, era Sema asobola okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’obwongo obuva ku situleesi y’okwokya. Oxidative stress ejja kuleeta ebika bya oxygen ebisukkiridde ebikola, nga malondialdehyde (MDA). Okunoonyereza kulaga nti Sema esobola okukendeeza ku mutindo gwa MDA mu bwongo bw’envunza ezirina ekirwadde ky’okusannyalala okutuuka ku bitundu 40.46% [2] . Nga ekendeeza ku mutindo gwa MDA, Sema esobola okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress) ku busimu obuyitibwa neurons, bwe kityo n’akuuma enkola y’obwongo.
Okusengejja obutoffaali bw’obwongo
Sema asobola okukola obutoffaali obumu mu bwongo. Mu kunoonyereza ku nvunza ezilwala ekirwadde ky’okusannyalala, oluvannyuma lw’okujjanjabwa ne Sema, puloteyina ssatu ezitakolebwa mu nvunza ezirina okusannyalala zakolebwa. Obuzito bwa molekyu za puloteyina zino buli 93.54kDa, 66.76kDa, ne 59.66kDa [2] . Ziyinza okukola emirimu emikulu mu kukuuma emirimu gy’obwongo egya bulijjo n’okuddaabiriza obusimu obuyitibwa neurons obwonooneddwa.
Enkola ku mutimbagano gw’obusimu bw’obwongo
Okuyita mu kunoonyereza mu mbeera y’okuwummula (resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging) (resting-state FMRI), kizuuliddwa nti Sema erina akakwate ku mutimbagano gw’obusimu bw’obwongo. Mu kunoonyereza ku bannakyewa abalamu, bw’ogeraageranya n’ekibinja ekifuga, ekitundu ekinene ekya rostral (intermediate anterior cortex) sub-component of the default mode network kyazuulibwa mu kibinja kya Sema [7] . Kino kiraga nti Sema ayinza okulongoosa enkola y’obwongo ng’etereeza enkolagana n’emirimu gy’omukutu gw’obusimu bw’obwongo.
Sema bwe yafukibwa buli lunaku mu nvunza ezitera okukonziba mu maloboozi okuva ku lunaku olw’omusanvu okutuuka ku lunaku olw’ekkumi n’olumu olw’obulamu, kyazuulibwa nti enkola y’okukonziba kw’amaloboozi kw’envunza yakyuka nga ziwezezza omwezi gumu, era eddagala lyombi lyali lisobola okutumbula obusimu mu hippocampal dentate gyrus. Ensengekera y’obusimu eyinza okuba nga yeekuusa ku kuyiga, okujjukira, n’okuddaabiriza emirimu gy’obwongo, ate Sema ayinza okulongoosa enkola y’obwongo ng’atumbula enkola y’obusimu.
Sema bwe yafukibwa mu bika by’ebibe bitaano eby’abalongo (okuva ku lunaku olw’okubiri okutuuka ku lunaku olw’omusanvu olw’obulamu), kyakendeeza nnyo ku buzibu bw’okukonziba mu mbeba za DBA / 2J ez’omwezi gumu gwokka [8] . Kino era kiraga nti Sema ayinza okukosa enkola y’obwongo ng’ayita mu nkola ezimu n’okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okulwala obulwadde bw’okusannyalala.
Obutakola mirimu gya busimu
Sema ye neuropeptide ekola butereevu ku busimu obw’omu makkati era nga terina mirimu gya busimu, kale tegenda kuleeta buzibu mu bulamu (Puspita R, 2018). Kino kiwa Sema ebirungi ebimu mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bw’okusannyalala, okwewala ebizibu ebiyinza okuva mu ddagala ly’ekinnansi eriweweeza ku bulwadde bw’okusannyalala.
Enkola ki entongole Sema gy’akozesa okulungamya enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri?
Okwongera ku makubo g’obubonero agakwatagana n’okuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri:
Sema esobola okutumbula ekkubo ly’obubonero bw’okulaga antigen. Okwanjula antigen nkola nkulu eri abaserikale b’omubiri okutegeera n’okukola ku antigens ez’ebweru. Nga eyongera ku kkubo lino ery’obubonero, Sema esobola okutumbula okutegeera n’okuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri eri ebintu eby’ebweru nga obuwuka obuleeta endwadde [1] . Okugatta ku ekyo, Sema era esobola okunyweza enkola ya ischemia ku kkubo ly’obubonero bwa interferon. Interferon ekola kinene nnyo mu kulungamya mu kuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri, omuli antiviral, antitumor, n’okulungamya emirimu gy’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale. Okunyweza ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa interferon nga Sema kiyamba okulongoosa emirimu gy’abaserikale b’omubiri okutwalira awamu [1]..
Okufuga enkola y’okusengejja immunoglobulin:
Sema eyongera nnyo okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obuwandiika enjegere enzito eza immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins zikola kinene mu buziyiza bw’omubiri (humoral immunity) era zisobola okwesiba mu ngeri ey’enjawulo ku antigens, bwe kityo ne zimalawo ebintu eby’ebweru nga obuwuka obuleeta endwadde. Sema atumbula okukola immunoglobulins, eziyamba okutumbula enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri mu humoral [1] ..
Okulungamya emirimu gy’obutoffaali obuziyiza endwadde:
Sema erina kinene ky’ekola ku buzaale obuwandiika enkodi za cytokines, okuddamu ku situleesi, ne puloteyina za ribosomal. Cytokines zikola kinene mu kukyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde era zisobola okulungamya okukula, okwawukana, n’okukola kw’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri. Sema etereeza emirimu gy’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri nga ekwata ku kwolesebwa kw’obuzaale buno, bwe kityo n’etereeza enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri [1]..
Seamx ekozesebwa ki?
Obujjanjabi bw’obulwadde bw’okusannyalala
Enkola ku busimu obuyitibwa neurons:
Obulwadde bw’okusannyalala buzibu mu nkola y’obwongo obumanyiddwa olw’okukendeera kw’obusimu obuyitibwa neurons mu ngeri etaali ya bulijjo. Sema peptide ye neuropeptide ekola butereevu ku busimu obw’omu makkati era nga terimu mirimu gya busimu, kale tegenda kuba na buzibu ku bulamu. Sema asobola okukendeeza ku mutindo gwa MDA mu bwongo bw’envunza ezirina ekirwadde ky’okusannyalala. MDA kiraga nti lipid peroxidation, era emiwendo gya MDA egy’amaanyi gikwatagana ne oxidative stress n’okwonooneka kw’obutoffaali. Sema asobola okukendeeza ku muwendo gwa MDA mu bwongo bw’envunza ezirina okusannyalala okutuuka ku bitundu 40.46% [9]..
Okusengejja obutoffaali obukola omubiri:
Sema era asobola okukola obutoffaali obumu mu bwongo bw’envunza ezilwala ekirwadde ky’okusannyalala. Okunoonyereza kuzudde nti Sema esobola okukola puloteyina ssatu ezaali tezaasooka kusengekebwa mu bwongo bw’envunza ezilwala okusannyalala, era obuzito bwa molekyu za puloteyina zino buli 93.54 kDa, 66.76 kDa, ne 59.66 kDa [9]..
Obujjanjabi bw’obulwadde bwa ischemic stroke
Okwongera ku biwandiiko by’obusimu obuyitibwa neurotrophin:
Sema (MET-GLU - amino acid - phenylalanine - proline - glycine - proline) peptide kirungo kya melanocortin ekikoleddwa mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bwa ischemic stroke. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti Sema esobola okutumbula okuwandiika kwa neurotrophins n’ebizikwata n’okukyusakyusa okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obukwatibwako mu kuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri. Okwekenenya ensengeka ya RNA mu nsengekera y’obutonde bwonna kulaga nti mu nkola ya transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model mu nvunza, Sema aziyiza okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obuzimba n’okukola okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obutambuza obusimu [4]..
Okulungamya okwolesebwa kwa puloteyina enkulu:
essaawa 24 oluvannyuma lwa tMCAO, upregulation ya active CREB yalabibwa mu subcortical structures, omuli okussa essira ku ischemic obuvune; MMP - 9 ne c - fos zaali downregulated mu frontoparietal cortex eriraanyewo; wansi w’ekikolwa kya Sema, active JNK nayo yali downregulated mu bitundu bino ebibiri. Okuziyiza n’okuddamu okukola mu nkola z’okuzimba n’okufa kw’obutoffaali kuyinza okuyamba ku busimu obukuuma obusimu bwa Sema ku mitendera gy’okuwandiika ne puloteyina [4]..
Okumalawo situleesi ey’amaanyi
Okukendeeza ku bulumi:
Mu nkola ya acute stress model, Sema erina akakwate akalala ku nneeyisa n’okuwulira obulumi bw’envunza. Mu nkola y’okunyigirizibwa kw’okusannyalala kw’ebigere okutambula obutasalako n’okukaka okuwuga mu mazzi agannyogoga, byombi Sema ne opioid receptor antagonist naloxone bisobola okukendeeza ku situleesi-induced analgesia (SIA) mu inescapable foot shock stress model, naye tebikosa bulumi threshold mu forced water cold water swimming stress model [10]..
Tewali kikwata ku nkyukakyuka mu nneeyisa:
Sema ne naloxone byombi tebikosa nneeyisa ya nvunza mu bikolwa ebyo waggulu eby’okunyigirizibwa okw’amaanyi [10]..
Okulongoosa okujjukira n’okussaayo omwoyo:
Sema asobola okusitula okujjukira okukola n’okufaayo kw’ebisolo n’abantu ebigezeseddwa, okwongera okuziyiza obulwadde bwa hypoxia, n’okulongoosa entambula y’omusaayi mu bwongo. Sema alongoosa nnyo okujjukira n’okufaayo kw’abantu abalamu mu mbeera z’okukola ennyo. Ng’oggyeeko ekyo, mu kiseera kino Sema akozesebwa bulungi okujjanjaba abalwadde abalina endwadde ez’enjawulo ez’obusimu obw’omu makkati. Ebiseera ebisinga, peptide eno eraga ebirungi awatali kuleeta bikolwa bibi oba ebizibu ebikwatagana n’okugiwa [11]..
Mu kumaliriza, nga ekirungo kya peptide ekikoleddwa, Sema eraga ebikolwa ebinene eby’okuwonya mu bitundu by’okusannyalala, okusannyalala kw’omusaayi, situleesi ey’amaanyi, n’okukosa okutegeera okuyita mu nkola eziwera nga okulungamya okwolesebwa kw’obusimu obuyitibwa neurotrophins (nga BDNF) n’ebikwata byabyo (TrkB), okuziyiza okuddamu kw’okuzimba, okuziyiza okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya, n’okukyusakyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde. Era kiyinza okulongoosa enkola y’obusimu okuddamu okukola, okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’obwongo, n’okutumbula okujjukira n’okussaayo omwoyo.
Ebikwata ku Muwandiisi
Ebintu ebyogeddwako waggulu byonna binoonyerezeddwako, birongooseddwa era ne bikung’aanyizibwa kkampuni ya Cocer Peptides.
Omuwandiisi wa Scientific Journal
Sudarkina OY munoonyereza alina akakwate n’ekitongole ky’okunoonyereza ekya National Research Center - Kurchatov Institute n’ettendekero lya Russian Academy of Sciences. Okunoonyereza kwe kukwata ku bintu bya ssaayansi ebiwerako, omuli Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Genetics & Heredity, ne Chemistry. Akoze kinene mu by’obulamu, Okuzaala Molekyulu, ne Molecular Plant Pathology. Omulimu gwe guzingiramu okunoonyereza ku nkola z’obuzaale, enkolagana ya molekyu, n’enkola z’ebiramu eziwanirira ebintu eby’enjawulo ebikolebwa mu biramu. Okuyita mu kunoonyereza kwe, agenderera okutumbula okutegeera kwaffe ku nkola zino enzibu n’okukola eby’okugonjoola ebiyiiya okusobola okukozesebwa mu nkola mu bulimi, eddagala, n’amakolero amalala. Sudarkina OY ewandiikiddwa mu kiwandiiko ekijuliziddwa [4].
