By Cocer Peptides 
Watanni 1 da suka gabata
DUKKANIN LABARI DA BAYANIN KYAUTATAWA DA AKE BAYAR A WANNAN SHAFIN KAWAI DOMIN WATSA BAYANI NE DA MANUFOFIN ILIMI.
Kayayyakin da aka bayar akan wannan gidan yanar gizon an yi niyya ne kawai don binciken in vitro. Binciken in vitro (Latin: *a cikin gilashi*, ma'ana a cikin gilashin gilashi) ana gudanar da shi a wajen jikin mutum. Waɗannan samfuran ba magunguna ba ne, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ba ta amince da su ba, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su don hanawa, magani, ko warkar da kowane yanayi na likita, cuta, ko cuta. Doka ta haramta shigar da waɗannan samfuran cikin jikin mutum ko dabba ta kowace hanya.
Bayanin Melanotan-II
Melanotan-II (MT-II) shine na roba α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analog na ajin melanocortin agonists. MT-II ba a amfani da shi kawai don dalilai masu alaƙa da tanning; a fagen bincike na likitanci, ana bincikar shi don aikace-aikacen da za a iya amfani da su wajen magance yanayi kamar tabarbarewar mazakuta.
Hoto 1 Tsarin Melanotan-II.
Melanotan-II Tsarin Aiki
MT-II da farko yana aiwatar da tasirin sa ta hanyar hulɗa tare da masu karɓar melanocortin (MCRs). Iyalin mai karɓar melanocortin sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan) kamar MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, da MC5R. MT-II shine agonist mai karɓar melanocortin mara zaɓi wanda zai iya ɗaure da kunna MCRs da yawa.
A cikin fata, MT-II yana ɗaure zuwa MC1R akan saman melanocytes, yana kunna adenylate cyclase, wanda ke haɓaka matakan AMP (cAMP) na cyclic, ta haka yana kunna furotin kinase A (PKA). PKA tana kunna ma'aunin rubutu mai alaƙa da microphthalmia (MITF) ta hanyar phosphorylation. MITF shine maɓalli mai mahimmancin rubutu a cikin haɗin melanin, Yana haɓaka maganganun kwayoyin halitta irin su tyrosinase, furotin da ke da alaƙa da tyrosinase-1 (TRP-1), da furotin da ke da alaƙa da tyrosinase-2 (TRP-2), waɗanda enzymes ne da ke cikin haɗin melanin, a ƙarshe yana haifar da haɓaka launin fata da samun tasirin tanning.
A cikin tsarin jin tsoro, MT-II kuma yana rinjayar wasu tsarin neuroendocrine. Yana iya tayar da tsarin oxytocin na tsakiya. Nazarin ya nuna cewa allurar cikin MT-II mai mahimmanci yana haifar da bayyanar Fos a cikin manyan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na tsakiya na suprachiasmatic (SON) da tsakiya na tsakiya (PVN) na hypothalamus, amsa da za a iya ragewa ta hanyar allurar intracerebroventricular na melanocortin antagonist SHU-9119. Rikodi na Electrophysiological ya nuna cewa allurar MT-II ta jijiya tana ƙara yawan harbe-harbe na jijiyoyi na oxytocin a cikin SON amma baya haifar da sakin oxytocin dendritic a cikin SON. Saboda binciken da ya gabata yana nuna cewa aikace-aikacen kai tsaye na melanocortin agonists yana hana supraoptic tsakiya (SON) oxytocin neurons, sakamakon MT-II na ciki na iya zama aƙalla tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki a kaikaice, mai yuwuwa ta hanyar kunna bayanai daga kwakwalwar caudal, inda MT-II kuma yana ƙara yawan maganganun Fos.
Bugu da ƙari, MT-II yana da wasu hanyoyin aiwatar da aiki akan metabolism na makamashi da thermoregulation. A cikin gwaje-gwajen linzamin kwamfuta, allurar intraperitoneal na MT-II yana haifar da mahimmanci kuma mai wucewa hypometabolism / hypothermia. Wannan abin al'ajabi yana ɓacewa a cikin Kit W-sh/W-sh berayen da ba su da sel mast, yana nuna cewa ƙwayoyin mast ɗin suna da mahimmanci ga MT-II-induced hypothermia. MT-II na iya tayar da ƙwayoyin mast ta hanyar MRGPRB2-dogara da kuma hanyoyin zaman kansu don sakin histamine, wanda ke haifar da hypothermia ta hanyar histamine H 1 masu karɓa, kamar yadda pyrilamine mai zaɓaɓɓen antagonist ko ablation na masu karɓa na H 1 yana haɓaka wannan tasirin hypothermic.
Tasirin Melanotan-II
Matsayi a cikin Skin Pigmentation
Ɗayan sanannen tasirin MT-II shine haifar da ƙarar launin fata, watau samun tasirin fata. Sake mayar da martani daga masu amfani ya nuna cewa kusan duk mahalarta da suka yi ƙoƙarin yin fata ta MT-II sun nuna duhun fata. Wannan yana nuna cewa MT-II yana da wani mataki na cin gashin kansa wajen haifar da launin fata, ba cikakken dogara ga ultraviolet radiation don fara aikin melanogenesis ba. Wannan tasirin yana ba da zaɓi mai yuwuwa ga waɗanda ke neman launin tagulla yayin da suke damuwa game da lalacewar fata ta UV.
Tasiri kan Halayen Neuro
Dangane da tasirin neurobehavioral, MT-II yana nuna ayyuka masu yawa. A cikin nazarin yin amfani da zebrafish a matsayin abin ƙira, an gano cewa ko da abinci mai kitse na ɗan gajeren lokaci (HF) (wanda yake da kusan kusan 1% na rayuwar zebrafish, ko makonni uku) na iya haifar da ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, haɓaka matakan damuwa, da rage abubuwan bincike a cikin zebrafish. MT-II na iya juyar da waɗannan abubuwan rashin daidaituwa da abinci mai kitse ya jawo, yana maido da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar zebrafish, damuwa, da halayyar bincike zuwa matakan kama da na rukunin abinci na yau da kullun.
A cikin binciken da ke da alaƙa da Autism, ta yin amfani da samfurin linzamin kwamfuta na kunna rigakafi na uwa (MIA) don kwaikwayi Autism, mice maza na MIA suna nuna halaye masu kama da Autism, kamar ƙarancin halayen zamantakewa, rage yawan magana, da haɓaka halayen maimaitawa. Bayan kwanaki bakwai na jiyya na MT-II, alamun halayyar zamantakewar al'umma a cikin mice MIA maza sun inganta, yayin da alamun halayyar zamantakewa a cikin C57 mice tare da al'ada na al'ada ba su nuna wani canje-canje mai mahimmanci ba bayan jiyya na MT-II. Wannan yana nuna cewa MT-II yana da yuwuwar tasirin warkewa a cikin haɓaka ƙarancin ɗabi'a kamar autism, yana ba da sabbin kwatance don binciken jiyya na Autism.
Hoto 2 Balagaggen mice MIA na maza sun nuna karuwa a cikin maganganun mai karɓa na oxytocin a cikin cortex na cingulate na gaba.
Tasiri kan makamashi metabolism da thermoregulation
MT-II kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan metabolism na makamashi da thermoregulation. A cikin gwaje-gwajen linzamin kwamfuta, beraye tare da pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) rashi an gudanar da su MT-II ta hanyar allura na gefe kowace rana don makonni uku a jere yayin daidaitawar sanyi. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa MT-II na iya mayar da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfin thermogenesis na berayen. Ta hanyar auna ƙimar norepinephrine-induced na rayuwa, an gano cewa ƙarfin thermogenic na berayen da aka yi amfani da su tare da MT-II an dawo da wani bangare. Bugu da ƙari, jiyya na MT-II ya gyara lahani a cikin amfani da lipid a ƙarƙashin ƙarfafawar adrenergic, yana ba da shawarar cewa MT-II na iya rinjayar thermogenesis a cikin ƙwayar adipose mai launin ruwan kasa ta hanyar daidaita ayyukan jin dadin tausayi, don haka yana taka rawa wajen kiyaye ma'aunin makamashi na rayuwa.
MT-II na iya haifar da hypothermia a cikin mice ta kunna mast cells da sakin histamine. Wannan tsari yana bayyana rawar MT-II a cikin hanyoyin daidaita yanayin zafi.
Tasiri mai yuwuwa akan tsarin haihuwa
MT-II kuma yana da tasirin tasiri akan tsarin haihuwa. An yi nazarinsa don maganin tabarbarewar mazakuta, wanda ke da alaƙa da tasirin sa akan tsarin haihuwa.
Aikace-aikace na Melanotan-II
Aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antar kyakkyawa
A cikin masana'antar kyakkyawa, ana amfani da MT-II da farko azaman wakili na tanning. Tare da haɓaka sha'awar lafiya, launin tagulla da damuwa game da yuwuwar lalacewar fata ta haifar da faɗuwar rana ta al'ada (kamar kunar rana da kuma haɗarin cutar kansar fata), MT-II ya sami kulawa kamar yadda samfuran ke da'awar cimma tanning ba tare da dogaro da fallasa rana ba. Koyaya, tun da ba a yarda da shi daga hukumomi masu iko kamar FDA ba kuma ba shi da babban aminci da nazarin inganci, aikace-aikacen sa a cikin kasuwar kyakkyawa ya kasance a cikin yanki mai launin toka. A wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, tallace-tallacen kan layi na MT-II ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don dalilai na kwaskwarima yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci.
Aikace-aikace a cikin Binciken Likita
A fagen binciken likitanci, aikace-aikacen MT-II da farko yana mai da hankali kan bincika yuwuwar aikace-aikacen warkewarta na cututtuka daban-daban. A cikin mahallin rikice-rikice na neurobehavioral, MT-II ya nuna inganci wajen inganta halayen halayen halayen da ke haifar da abinci mai yawa a cikin zebrafish da autism-kamar ƙarancin hali a cikin mice MIA na maza, yana ba da sababbin hanyoyin bincike don maganin cututtukan cututtuka masu alaka.
A cikin nazarin metabolism na makamashi da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da thermoregulation, tasirin ceton MT-II akan thermogenesis a cikin ƙananan berayen PACAP yana nuna yuwuwar ƙimarsa a cikin maganin cututtukan rayuwa kamar kiba. Ƙarin bincike a cikin hanyoyin sarrafawa na MT-II akan hanyoyin siginar da ke da alaƙa da makamashi na iya haifar da haɓakar sabbin hanyoyin warkewa don rikice-rikice na rayuwa. Nazarin kan hanyoyin da ke haifar da hypothermia na MT-II na iya zurfafa fahimtarmu game da hanyoyin ilimin halittar jiki na thermoregulation, samar da tushe na ka'idar don kula da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa na thermoregulatory.
A fagen cututtuka na tsarin haihuwa, bincike kan amfani da MT-II don magance tabarbarewar mazakuta, duk da cewa har yanzu a matakin farko, yana ba da sabon zaɓi don magance tabarbarewar jima'i na maza.
Kammalawa
Melanotan-II, a matsayin analog na α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, yana da ayyuka na halitta da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da pigmentation na fata, hanyoyin halayen neurobehavioral, metabolism na makamashi, thermoregulation, da tsarin haihuwa. Dangane da launin fata, yana iya haifar da duhun fata, yana ba da hanya mai yuwuwar tanning. A cikin fannin binciken likita, MT-II yana nuna fa'idodin aikace-aikacen da yawa. Bincike a cikin rikice-rikice na neurobehavioral, makamashin makamashi da cututtukan da ke da alaka da thermoregulation, da kuma tsarin haihuwa suna ba da sababbin hanyoyi don magance waɗannan yanayi.
Sources
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Samfura akwai don amfani da bincike kawai:
