By Cocer Peptides 
1 ọnwa gara aga
Edemede na ozi ngwaahịa niile enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.
Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadobeghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ, ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.
Nchịkọta Melanotan-II
Melanotan-II (MT-II) bụ ihe analọgụ α-melanocyte na-akpali akpali (α-MSH) nke sitere na klas nke melanocortin agonists. MT-II abụghị naanị maka ebumnuche metụtara tanning; N'ihe gbasara nyocha ahụike, a na-enyocha ya maka ngwa ndị nwere ike ịgwọ ọnọdụ dịka nkwụsị nke erectile.
Ọgụgụ 1 Ọdịdị nke Melanotan-II.
Mechanism nke Melanotan-II
MT-II na-egosipụta mmetụta ya site na iso ndị na-anabata melanocortin (MCRs). Ezinụlọ nnabata melanocortin gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, na MC5R. MT-II bụ onye na-anabataghị melanocortin agonist nke nwere ike ijikọ ma rụọ ọrụ ọtụtụ MCR.
N'ime akpụkpọ ahụ, MT-II na-ejikọta MC1R n'elu melanocytes, na-eme ka adenylate cyclase rụọ ọrụ, nke na-eme ka ọkwa AMP (cAMP) cyclic cyclic, si otú ahụ na-eme ka protein kinase A (PKA). PKA na-arụ ọrụ microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) site na phosphorylation. MITF bụ isi ihe ederede ederede na njikọ melanin, Ọ na-emezi nkwupụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị ka tyrosinase, protein metụtara tyrosinase-1 (TRP-1), na protein metụtara tyrosinase-2 (TRP-2), nke bụ enzymes na-etinye aka na njikọ nke melanin, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga n'ịba ụba akpụkpọ anụ na inwe mmetụta tanning.
Na usoro ụjọ ahụ, MT-II na-emetụtakwa ụfọdụ usoro neuroendocrine. Ọ nwere ike kpalie usoro oxytocin nke etiti. Nnyocha egosiwo na ntụtụ intravenous nke MT-II na-eme ka nkwupụta nke Fos dị na nnukwu neurons nke suprachiasmatic nucleus (SON) na paraventricular nucleus (PVN) nke hypothalamus, nzaghachi nke nwere ike ibelata site na intracerebroventricular injection nke melanocortin antagonist SHU-9119. Ihe ndekọ eletrọnijioloji na-egosi na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nke MT-II na-abawanye ugboro ugboro nke neurons oxytocin na SON mana ọ naghị akpalite ntọhapụ oxytocin dendritic n'ime SON. N'ihi ọmụmụ ndị gara aga na-egosi na ngwa ngwa nke melanocortin agonists na-egbochi supraoptic nucleus (SON) oxytocin neurons, mmetụta nke MT-II intravenous nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala na-emegharị ya n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, nwere ike site na ntinye ntinye site na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ caudal, ebe MT-II na-amụbakwa nkwupụta Fos.
Na mgbakwunye, MT-II nwere ụfọdụ usoro eji arụ ọrụ na metabolism ike na thermoregulation. N'ime nnwale òké, ntụtụ intraperitoneal nke MT-II na-ebute hypometabolism/hypothermia dị mkpa na nke na-agafe agafe. Ihe omume hypothermic a na-apụ n'anya na Kit W-sh/W-sh ụmụ oke enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ mast, na-egosi na mkpụrụ ndụ mast dị mkpa maka hypothermia na-ebute MT-II. MT-II nwere ike kpalite mkpụrụ ndụ mast site na usoro MRGPRB2 na-adabere na usoro nnwere onwe iji hapụ histamine, nke na-emepụta hypothermia site na histamine H 1 ndị na-anabata ya, dị ka pyrilamine na-ahọrọ antagonist ma ọ bụ ablation nke ndị na-anabata H 1 na-ebelata mmetụta hypothermic a.
Mmetụta Melanotan-II
Ọrụ na Skin pigmentation
Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke MT-II na-ebute mmụba akpụkpọ anụ, ya bụ, nweta mmetụta tanning. Nzaghachi sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ na-egosi na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile sonyere iji MT-II mee tanning gosipụtara na-agba ọchịchịrị. Nke a na-egosi na MT-II nwere ụfọdụ n'ókè nke nnwere onwe na ịkpalite akpụkpọ pigmentation, ọ bụghị kpamkpam dabere na ultraviolet radieshon na-malite melanogenesis machinery.N'ime ụfọdụ nnyocha, chọpụtara si anụmanụ ụdị na in vitro cell nnwale egosiwo na MT-II kpọmkwem na-akpali melanocytes, upregulating okwu nke enzymes metụtara melanin mmepụta na agba melanin, si otú ahụ na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ na-emepụta melanin. Mmetụta a na-enye ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime maka ndị na-achọ ọdịdị ọla ka ha na-eche banyere mmebi akpụkpọ anụ UV kpatara.
Mmetụta na Neuro omume
N'ihe gbasara mmetụta neurobehavioral, MT-II na-egosipụta omume dị iche iche. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe na-eji zebrafish dị ka ihe atụ, a chọpụtara na ọbụna nri dị oke abụba (HF) dị mkpirikpi (na-adịru nanị 1% nke ndụ zebrafish, ma ọ bụ izu atọ) nwere ike iduga n'icheta ihe nhụsianya, ọkwa nchegbu dị elu, na ibelata ọchịchọ nyocha na zebrafish. MT-II nwere ike iweghachite ihe na-adịghị mma ndị a na-ebute site na nri nwere oke abụba, na-eweghachi ebe nchekwa nke zebrafish, nchekasị, na omume nyocha gaa n'ọkwa yiri nke otu nri nkịtị.
N'ime nyocha metụtara autism, iji ụdị òké ịgbalite ọrịa nke nne (MIA) iji mee ka autism, ụmụ oke nwoke MIA na-egosipụta àgwà autism, dị ka ndị na-egosi omume ọha mmadụ na-adịghị mma, nkwurịta okwu olu na-ebelata, na mmụba ugboro ugboro. Mgbe ụbọchị asaa nke ọgwụgwọ MT-II gasịrị, ndị na-egosi omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụmụ oke MIA ka mma, ebe ndị na-egosi omume ọha na eze na ụmụ oke C57 nwere ọdịdị nkịtị egosighi mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama mgbe ọgwụgwọ MT-II gasịrị. Nke a na-egosi na MT-II nwere ike ọgwụgwọ mmetụta na-emeziwanye autism-dị ka àgwà deficits, na-enye ọhụrụ ntụziaka maka autism ọgwụgwọ nnyocha.
Ọgụgụ 2 Oke nwoke MIA nwoke toro eto gosipụtara mmụba nke okwu nnabata oxytocin na cortex cingulate ihu.
Mmetụta na metabolism ike na thermoregulation
MT-II nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na metabolism ike na thermoregulation. N'ime nnwale òké, ụmụ oke nwere pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) erughi erughi MT-II site na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi kwa ụbọchị maka izu atọ n'usoro n'oge mgbanwe oyi. Nsonaazụ gosiri na MT-II nwere ike iweghachi akụkụ ahụ ike thermogenesis nke ụmụ oke. Site n'ịtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ metabolic kpatara norepinephrine, achọpụtara na ike thermogenic nke ụmụ oke ejiri MT-II nwetaghachi obere akụkụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọgwụgwọ MT-II na-agbazi ntụpọ na itinye n'ọrụ lipid n'okpuru mkpali adrenergic, na-atụ aro na MT-II nwere ike imetụta thermogenesis na anụ ahụ adipose agba aja aja site na ịhazi ọrụ ọmịiko ọmịiko, si otú ahụ na-ekere òkè n'ịkwado nguzozi ike nke metabolic.
MT-II nwere ike bute hypothermia na ụmụ oke site na ịgbalite mkpụrụ ndụ mast na ịhapụ histamine. Usoro a na-ekpughe ọrụ MT-II na usoro nhazi okpomọkụ.
Mmetụta nwere ike ime na usoro ọmụmụ
MT-II nwekwara mmetụta nwere ike na usoro ọmụmụ. A mụọla ya maka ọgwụgwọ nke nrụrụ erectile, nke metụtara mmetụta ya na-akpali akpali na usoro ọmụmụ.
Ngwa nke Melanotan-II
Ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ mma
Na ụlọ ọrụ ịma mma, a na-eji MT-II eme ihe n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka tanning. Site n'ọchịchọ na-eto eto maka ahụike, ọdịdị ọla na nchegbu banyere mmebi anụ ahụ nwere ike ịkpata site na ikpughe anyanwụ nke ọdịnala (dị ka ntachu na ụbara ọrịa cancer anụ ahụ), MT-II enwetala nlebara anya dị ka ngwaahịa na-ekwu na ọ ga-enweta tanning na-adabereghị na ikpughe anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ikike dị ka FDA akwadoghị ya ma ghara inwe nnukwu nchekwa nchekwa na arụmọrụ, ngwa ya na ahịa mma na-anọgide na mpaghara isi awọ. N'ụfọdụ obodo na mpaghara, ire MT-II n'ịntanetị n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ.
Ngwa na nyocha ahụike
N'ihe gbasara nyocha ahụike, ngwa nke MT-II na-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta ngwa ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa dị iche iche. N'ihe gbasara ọrịa neurobehavioral, MT-II egosila ịdị irè n'ịkwalite ọrịa neurobehavioral nke na-akpata site na nri dị oke abụba na zebrafish na autism-dị ka adịghị ike omume na ụmụ oke MIA nwoke, na-enye ntụziaka nyocha ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke nsogbu akwara ozi metụtara.
N'ime ọmụmụ nke metabolism ume na ọrịa metụtara thermoregulation, MT-II's salvage effect on thermogenesis na ụmụ oke enweghị PACAP na-egosi uru ọ bara n'ịgwọ ọrịa metabolic dị ka oke ibu. Nnyocha ọzọ n'ime usoro nhazi nke MT-II na ụzọ mgbaama metụtara metabolism ike nwere ike iduga mmepe nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ maka nsogbu metabolic. Nnyocha na usoro ndị dị n'okpuru MT-II na-akpata hypothermia nwekwara ike ime ka nghọta anyị banyere usoro physiological nke thermoregulation, na-enye ntọala usoro ọgwụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ndị metụtara na-adịghị mma nke thermoregulatory.
N'ihe gbasara ọrịa nke usoro ọmụmụ, nchọpụta banyere iji MT-II maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa erectile, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka nọ na mmalite ya, na-enye nhọrọ ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke nwoke na nwanyị.
Mmechi
Melanotan-II, dị ka analọg homonụ na-akpali akpali nke α-melanocyte, nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndụ metụtara pigmenti anụ ahụ, usoro omume neurobehavioral, metabolism ike, thermoregulation, na usoro ọmụmụ. N'ihe gbasara pigmentation akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ nwere ike ime ka akpụkpọ ahụ na-agba ọchịchịrị, na-enye ụzọ nwere ike isi mee tanning. Na ngalaba nyocha ahụike, MT-II na-egosipụta atụmanya ngwa ngwa sara mbara. Nnyocha banyere ọrịa neurobehavioral, ike metabolism na ọrịa metụtara thermoregulation, na usoro ọmụmụ na-enye ntụziaka ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọnọdụ ndị a.
Isi mmalite
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