Bya Cocer Peptides 
omwezi gumu emabega
EBINTU BYONNNA N’AMAWULIRE GW’EBINTU EBIweereddwa KU MUTINDO GUNO BIKOZESEBWA KU KUSASANYA AMAWULIRE N’EBIKOLWA BY’OKUSOMESA.
Ebintu ebiweereddwa ku mukutu guno bigendereddwamu kunoonyereza mu kisenge (in vitro research) byokka. Okunoonyereza mu vitro (Olulattini: *mu ndabirwamu*, ekitegeeza mu bikozesebwa mu ndabirwamu) kukolebwa ebweru w’omubiri gw’omuntu. Ebintu bino si bya ddagala, tebikkiriziddwa kitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala (FDA), era tebirina kukozesebwa kuziyiza, kujjanjaba oba kuwonya mbeera yonna ya bujjanjabi, bulwadde oba bulwadde. Kikugirwa nnyo mu mateeka okuyingiza ebintu bino mu mubiri gw
1. Okulambika okutwaliza awamu
Obulwadde bwa Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) kibinja ky’obuzibu bw’enkula y’obusimu obumanyiddwa olw’obuzibu mu mpuliziganya n’enkolagana n’abantu, awamu n’enneeyisa n’ebintu ebiddiŋŋana n’ebiziyiza. Oxytocin, neuropeptide ekola kinene mu kulungamya enneeyisa y’abantu, evuddeyo ng’eddagala eriyinza okukozesebwa okujjanjaba autism. Ekiwandiiko kino kijja kwetegereza omulimu n’enkozesa ya oxytocin mu bujjanjabi bwa autism.
Ekifaananyi 1. Okulungamya oxytocin ne serotonin ku bubonero obukulu obw’obuzibu bwa autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
2. Omusingi gw’ebiramu ogwa Oxytocin
2.1 Enzimba n’okusengejja
Oxytocin (OXT) ye cyclic nonapeptide nga mu yo cysteine amino acids bbiri zikola intramolecular disulfide bond. Kikolebwa hypothalamus ne kifulumizibwa mu musaayi okuva mu posterior pituitary gland. Mu nkola y’obusimu obw’omu makkati, obusimu obukola oxytocin okusinga bubeera mu paraventricular nucleus ne supraoptic nucleus ya hypothalamus. Obusimu buno bulaga obusimu obuyitibwa axons mu nseke y’emabega n’ebitundu ebirala eby’obwongo, gamba nga amygdala, hippocampus, ne prefrontal cortex, bwe kityo ne kifuga emirimu egy’enjawulo egy’omubiri n’enneeyisa.
2.2 Enkola y’Ekikolwa
Oxytocin ekola ebikolwa byayo nga yesiba ku bikwata ku oxytocin ebitongole (OXTR). OXTR eri mu famire ya G protein-coupled receptor era esaasaanidde nnyo mu nkola yonna ey’obusimu obw’omu makkati n’ebitundu ebiriraanyewo. Mu bwongo, okukola kwa OXTR kuyinza okulung’amya okufulumya kw’obusimu obutambuza obusimu nga dopamine ne serotonin, bwe kityo ne kikwata ku kusikirizibwa kw’obusimu n’obuveera bw’obusimu. Mu amygdala, oxytocin esobola okulungamya okuddamu kw’obusimu obuyitibwa amygdala neurons eri ebizimba mu mbeera z’abantu, ne kikosa enkola y’omuntu ssekinnoomu ey’amawulire ag’enneewulira n’obusobozi bw’okutegeera mu mbeera z’abantu.
3. Omulimu gwa Oxytocin mu bujjanjabi bwa Autism
3.1 Ebikosa Enkola y’Ensi
3.1.1 Enkolagana y’abantu mu bantu eyongezeddwayo
Okunoonyereza okungi kulaga nti oxytocin eyinza okuyamba okulongoosa enkolagana y’abantu mu bantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism. Mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa ebibe ebikulu mwe byaweebwa eddagala lya oxytocin (0.8 IU/kg) mu nnyindo buli lunaku, ebisolo ebyajjanjabwa byamala emirundi ebiri nga bikolagana n’abakolagana nabo oluvannyuma lwa wiiki bbiri zokka. Mu kunoonyereza ku bantu, wadde ng’ebivudde mu kugezesebwa okumu kwawukana, okunoonyereza okumu kulaga ebirungi. Okugeza, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa nga bakozesa oxytocin (24 IU buli luvannyuma lwa nnaku bbiri okumala wiiki mukaaga) mu baana abalina autism kwazuula enkulaakulana ey’amaanyi mu bibalo mu bubonero ku Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), ekiraga nti enkola y’embeera z’abantu eyongezeddwa.
3.1.2 Okulongoosa mu kutegeera kw’embeera z’abantu
Oxytocin eyinza okukwata ku ngeri abantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism gye bategeera n‟okutegeera ebiraga embeera z‟abantu. Mu kunoonyereza ku functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), abasajja abakulu abeetabye mu kugezesebwa abalina autism baalaga okweyongera okwesigika mu mirimu gy’obwongo mu posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTS) nga bakola ku point-light biological motion okuzuula embeera z’enneewulira oluvannyuma lwa ddoozi emu eya intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT). Kino kiraga nti oxytocin eyinza okutumbula okutegeera n’okukola ku bifaananyi by’embeera z’abantu mu bantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism.
3.2 Ebikosa Enkola y’Enneewulira
3.2.1 Okulungamya emirimu gya Amygdala
Amygdala ekola kinene nnyo mu kukola ku nneewulira n’enneeyisa mu bantu. Dozi eziwera ez’obujjanjabi bwa oxytocin mu nnyindo (wiiki 4, IU 24 buli lunaku) zaavaamu okukendeera okw’olubeerera mu mirimu gy’obwongo mu amygdala ey’enjuyi zombi, ekyasigalawo ne bwe kyamala ekiseera kyennyini eky’obujjanjabi, ekyamala wiiki 4 n’omwaka 1 oluvannyuma lw’okujjanjabwa. Okugatta ku ekyo, abeetabye mu kugezesebwa n‟okukendeera okw‟amaanyi mu mirimu gya amygdala baalaga okulongoosa okusingawo mu nneeyisa, naddala mu kwetwala nti okwewala okwegatta n‟enkola y‟embeera z‟abantu. Kino kiraga nti oxytocin eyinza okulongoosa enkola y‟enneewulira n‟enneeyisa y‟embeera z‟abantu mu bantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism nga etereeza emirimu gya amygdala.
3.2.2 Obusobozi bw’okutegeera enneewulira obwongezeddwa
Okunoonyereza okumu kulaga nti oxytocin eyinza okuyamba abantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism okutegeera obulungi enneewulira. Okugezesa enneeyisa okwali kuzingiramu emirimu ng’okutegeera entunula mu maaso kwazuula nti okugaba oxytocin kwalongoosa obutuufu bw’okutegeera enneewulira mu beetabye mu kugezesebwa.
3.3 Ebikosa Enneeyisa eziddiŋŋana n’ezitali za bulijjo
Okunoonyereza okumu kulaga nti oxytocin eyinza okuba n’akakwate ak’omugaso ku nneeyisa eziddiŋŋana n’ezitali za bulijjo mu bantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism. Mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku mbeba enkuze, oluvannyuma lwa wiiki nnya nga zijjanjabwa oxytocin, enneeyisa eziddiŋŋana zakendeera ebitundu 30%, era ekikolwa kino kyasigala okumala wiiki nnya oluvannyuma lw’okukomya obujjanjabi. Mu kunoonyereza ku bantu, okukozesa oxytocin (24 IU buli luvannyuma lwa nnaku bbiri okumala wiiki mukaaga) mu baana abalina autism kyavaamu okulongoosa okw’amaanyi mu bibalo mu bubonero bwa Repetitive Behavior Scale – Revised (RBS), ekiraga okukendeera mu nneeyisa eziddiŋŋana n’ezitali za bulijjo.
4. Okukozesa Oxytocin mu Bujjanjabi bwa Autism
Enkulaakulana mu kunoonyereza ku bujjanjabi
Okunoonyereza ku ddoozi emu
Okugezesebwa kungi okufugibwa mu ngeri ey’ekifuulannenge (RCTs) kunoonyereza ku bikolwa bya oxytocin eya ddoozi emu. Okunoonyereza kungi okuzingiramu abantu bombi ab’obusimu n’abalina autism kulaga nti okuweebwa oxytocin mu ddoozi emu kivaamu emigaso mingi bw’ogeraageranya ne placebo. Mu kunoonyereza okumu, oxytocin ya ddoozi emu ey’omu nnyindo yalongoosa omulimu mu mirimu egy’enjawulo egy’embeera z’abantu mu balwadde abalina autism, gamba ng’okwongera okutunula mu maaso n’okufaayo ennyo ku bisikirizibwa mu mbeera z’abantu.
Okunoonyereza okw’ekiseera ekiwanvu okwa dose eziwera
Ebyavudde mu kunoonyereza ku nkozesa ya oxytocin okumala ebbanga eddene ku ddoozi eziwera birina engeri gye bitakwataganamu. Okunoonyereza okumu kulaga nti ebirungi bivaamu. Mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku baana abalina autism, wiiki nnya ez’okuweebwa oxytocin okumala ebbanga eddene (12 IU emirundi ebiri buli lunaku) kyasitula enkola ya endogenous oxytocin, nga bwe kiragibwa mu kweyongera okw’amaanyi mu miwendo gya oxytocin mu malusu oluvannyuma lw’essaawa 24 oluvannyuma lw’okufuuyira mu nnyindo okwasembayo. Okugatta ku ekyo, okukendeera kwa DNA methylation y’obuzaale obukwata oxytocin (OXTR) kwalabiddwa, ekiraga okweyongera kw’okwolesebwa kw’ebikwata, era nga kukwatagana n’okulongoosa mu kuwulira obukuumi. Mu kugezesebwa kwa wiiki 24 okwa Phase 2 okwafugibwa placebo, abaana n’abavubuka abalina autism ab’emyaka 3–17 baaweebwa yuniti 48 ez’ensi yonna eza intranasal oxytocin buli lunaku. Ebivuddemu tebiraze njawulo nnene wakati w’ekibinja kya oxytocin n’ekibinja kya placebo mu kipimo ekisookerwako eky’ebivaamu, obubonero bwa Abnormal Behavior Checklist Modified Social Withdrawal Subscale (ABC-mSW).
5. Mu bufunzi
Obusimu obuyitibwa oxytocin bulaze omulimu ogutali gumu mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bwa autism, obuyinza okukola ebirungi ku nkola y’embeera z’abantu, okukola ku nneewulira, n’enneeyisa eziddiŋŋana ezitali zimu mu bantu ssekinnoomu abalina autism.
Ensonda
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