Bya Cocer Peptides 
omwezi gumu emabega
EBINTU BYONNNA N’AMAWULIRE GW’EBINTU EBIweereddwa KU MUTINDO GUNO BIKOZESEBWA KU KUSASANYA AMAWULIRE N’EBIKOLWA BY’OKUSOMESA.
Ebintu ebiweereddwa ku mukutu guno bigendereddwamu kunoonyereza mu kisenge (in vitro research) byokka. Okunoonyereza mu vitro (Olulattini: *mu ndabirwamu*, ekitegeeza mu bikozesebwa mu ndabirwamu) kukolebwa ebweru w’omubiri gw’omuntu. Ebintu bino si bya ddagala, tebikkiriziddwa kitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala (FDA), era tebirina kukozesebwa kuziyiza, kujjanjaba oba kuwonya mbeera yonna ya bujjanjabi, bulwadde oba bulwadde. Kikugirwa nnyo mu mateeka okuyingiza ebintu bino mu mubiri gw’omuntu oba ebisolo mu ngeri yonna.
Okutwalira awamu
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) ye peptide erimu emirimu emikulu egy’okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri. Yasooka kwawulwa okuva mu bitundu bya thymus era nga kirimu amino acids 28, nga zirina N-terminal acetylation. Tα1 ekola kinene nnyo mu kukuuma bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri n’okuddamu embeera z’obulwadde mu mubiri. Ng’ekirungo ekinyweza abaserikale b’omubiri, kiraga obusobozi bungi okukozesebwa mu kujjanjaba n’okuziyiza endwadde ez’enjawulo.
Ekifaananyi 1 Thymosin alpha 1 erina emirimu mingi egy’ebiramu. IL: Ekirungo kya Interleukin; IFN: Ekirungo kya Interferon; TLR: Ebikwata ebiringa eby’omusolo.
Mu mbeera z’omubiri, Tα1 yeetaba mu nkula eya bulijjo n’okulabirira enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri, ng’ekola kinene ku njawulo, okukula, n’okukola kw’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri. Mu mbeera z’obulwadde, gamba ng’okukwatibwa akawuka, okutondebwa kw’ebizimba, n’obutaba na baserikale b’omubiri, Tα1 esobola okuyamba omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde nga etereeza enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Mu nsonga z’endwadde ezisiigibwa akawuka, Tα1 etera okukozesebwa okujjanjaba endwadde z’akawuka ka hepatitis B (HBV) ne Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Kisobola okutereeza enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri, okuyamba omubiri okugogola akawuka, n’okulongoosa embeera z’abalwadde.
Enkola z’okukyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde
(1) Enkolagana n’ebikwata ebiringa Toll (TLRs) .
Ekkubo erimu ery’omugaso Tα1 mw’ayita okukozesa ebikolwa byayo eby’okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri kwe kukwatagana ne Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs kibiina kya bikozesebwa ebitegeera enkola ebitegeera enkola za molekyu ezikwatagana n’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde (PAMPs) n’enkola za molekyu ezikwatagana n’okwonooneka (DAMPs), bwe kityo ne zikola obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri n’okutandika okuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Tα1 esobola okwesiba ku TLR eziwera, nga TLR3, TLR4, ne TLR9. Nga yeesibye ku bikwata bino, Tα1 ekola amakubo g’obubonero aga wansi, omuli amakubo agalaga obubonero aga interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) ne nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Nga tutwala TLR3 ng’ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lwa Tα1 okwesiba ku TLR3, etumbula phosphorylation ya IRF3, oluvannyuma n’ekyuka okudda mu cell nucleus, ne kireeta okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obuziyiza akawuka n’obusimu obuziyiza endwadde nga type I interferon (IFN-I). IFN-I erina emirimu emigazi egy’okulwanyisa akawuka n’okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri, okutumbula obusobozi bw’omubiri okuziyiza yinfekisoni z’akawuka.
Ku TLR4, okusiba Tα1 mu ngeri y’emu kukola ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa NF-κB, okulinnyisa okwolesebwa kwa cytokines ezizimba nga tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ne interleukin-6 (IL-6). Cytokines zino zikola kinene nnyo mu mitendera egy’olubereberye egy’okuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri, okuwandiika obutoffaali bw’abaserikale mu kifo awakwatibwa obulwadde n’okutumbula obusobozi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri obw’okwekuuma.
Okugatta ku ekyo, TLR2 ne TLR7 nazo zikwatagana ne Tα1. Tα1 esobola okukola amakubo g’obubonero bwa TLR2/NF-κB, TLR2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), oba TLR7/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), n’etumbula okukola kwa cytokines ez’enjawulo nga IL-1 ne IL-12, bwe kityo n’eyongera okutumbula eby’okuddamu by’abaserikale b’omubiri eby’obuzaale n’okukyusakyusa.
(2) Ebikosa okulungamya ku butoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri
Obutoffaali bwa T
Tα1 ekwata ku nkula, okwawukana, n’okukola kw’obutoffaali bwa T. Mu thymus, Tα1 eyanguya okujjuza n’okukula kwa thymocytes. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti oluvannyuma lw’okuziyiza okukola obuziyiza obuyitibwa T cell-mediated antibody production mu mbeba nga tukozesa 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), Tα1 ekoleddwa mu kemiko esobola okuzzaawo obusobozi buno obw’okukola antibody, era eraga emirimu ne ku ddoozi entono eya 30 μg/kg.
Okwekenenya obutoffaali obutambula (flow cytometry analysis) kwalaga nti ddoozi eno eya Tα1 eyanguya okujjuza n’okukula kw’obutoffaali obuyitibwa thymocytes; wabula, tekikosa kwolesebwa kwa Smoothened (Smo), ekikulu ekifuga ekibi eky’ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa Hedgehog (Hh) mu CD4−CD8− thymocytes. Kino kiraga nti Tα1 eyinza okutumbula okukula kw’obutoffaali bwa T okuyita mu makubo ag’obubonero ag’enjawulo agayita oba agatali gatali ga makubo agafugibwa Smo.
Mu nsonga z’obutoffaali bwa T obukulu, Tα1 esobola okulungamya bbalansi y’obutoffaali bwa T obutonotono. Mu mbeera y’ekizimba, Tα1 esobola okukyusa omugerageranyo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD8+ T n’obutoffaali bwa T obulung’amya (Tregs) ng’etereeza enjawulo y’obutoffaali bwa dendritic cell (DC) n’ebifaananyi by’okwolesebwa kwa chemokine, bwe kityo n’eyongera ku kuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri abalwanyisa ebizimba.
Ekifaananyi 2 Thymosin α1 (Tα1) eziyiza okwonooneka kw’ebitundu by’omubiri mu DSS nga kwogasse n’obulwadde bw’olubuto obuva ku anti–CTLA-4.
Obutoffaali bwa B
Wadde ng’okunoonyereza obutereevu ku bikolwa bya Tα1 ku butoffaali bwa B kutono nnyo, okunoonyereza okuliwo kulaga nti kiyinza okukwata ku nkola y’obutoffaali bwa B mu ngeri etali butereevu nga kifuga obutoffaali bwa T. Okuva obutoffaali bwa T bwe bukola omulimu omukulu ogw’obuyambi mu kukola obutoffaali bwa B, okukyusakyusa kiraasi y’obuziyiza, n’okukula kw’enkolagana, okulungamya kwa Tα1 ku nkola y’obutoffaali bwa T kuyinza okukwata mu ngeri etali ya butereevu okukola obuziyiza bw’obutoffaali bwa B, bwe kityo ne kyongera ku kuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri mu humoral.
Macrophages eziyitibwa Macrophages
Tα1 era erina ebikulu ebifuga ku nkola ya macrophage. Nga tukozesa okukebera kwa MTT, kyazuulibwa nti Tα1 eraga ebikolwa eby’obutwa mu bitundu by’omubiri (cytotoxic effects) ku macrophages za RAW 264.7, nga kitundu kya maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ya 368.105 μg/ml. Nga Tα1 concentration yeeyongera, cytotoxic effects ku RAW 264.7 cells zeeyongera, ekivaako okukendeera mu cell density.
Tα1 era eraga ebikolwa ebiziyiza okuzimba, ebyakeberebwa nga byekenneenya okukola kwa nitric oxide (NO) mu butoffaali bwa RAW 264.7. Ebivuddemu biraga nti mu bbanga ly’obungi bwa 7.813–31.25 μg/ml, okukola NO mu kibinja ekyajjanjabwa Tα1 kwakendeera mu ngeri eyeesigama ku ddoozi bw’ogeraageranya n’ekibinja ekifuga, ekiraga nti Tα1 eyinza okukola ebikolwa byayo eby’okulwanyisa okuzimba ng’eziyiza okukola NO mu macrophages, bwe kityo ne kitereeza eby’okuddamu by’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Obutoffaali obutta obutonde (NK cells) .
Tα1 etumbula okukula n’okukola kw’obutoffaali bwa NK, n’eyongera ku mirimu gyabyo egy’obutwa mu butoffaali. Obutoffaali bwa NK kitundu kikulu nnyo mu nkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri egy’obuzaale, nga busobola okutta mu ngeri etali ya njawulo obutoffaali obulina akawuka n’obutoffaali bw’ekizimba. Tα1 eyongera ku busobozi bwazo okutegeera n’okutta obutoffaali obugendererwa nga etereeza okwolesebwa kw’ebikwata ebikola ku ngulu w’obutoffaali bwa NK, bwe kityo n’ekola kinene nnyo mu kukwatibwa akawuka n’obutafaali obuziyiza ebizimba.
(3) Okulungamya omukutu gwa cytokine
Tα1 ekola emirimu gyayo egy’obusimu obuziyiza endwadde nga etereeza omukutu gwa cytokine. Cytokines kibiina kya puloteyina entonotono eza molekyu ezifulumizibwa obutoffaali obuziyiza endwadde n’obutoffaali obumu obutali bwa baserikale, obutambuza amawulire wakati w’obutoffaali era ne bulung’amya enkola y’obutoffaali obuziyiza endwadde wamu n’amaanyi n’ekika ky’okuddamu kw’abaserikale.
Tα1 esobola okutumbula okukola kwa cytokines ez’enjawulo, nga interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), ne interferon-γ (IFN-γ). IL-2 nsonga nkulu enkulu ey’okukula kw’obutoffaali bwa T etumbula okukula n’okukola kw’obutoffaali bwa T, eyongera ku mirimu gy’obutoffaali bwa NK ne cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), bwe kityo n’elongoosa obusobozi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri obw’okwekuuma. IL-3 etumbula okukula n’okwawukana kw’obutoffaali obw’enjawulo obukola omusaayi n’obutoffaali obuzaala, okuyamba okukuuma obutonde bw’obutoffaali n’enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri. IFN-γ erina emirimu mingi, omuli antiviral, antitumor, ne immune regulatory effects, okutumbula obusobozi bwa phagocytic ne cytotoxic bwa macrophages, okutumbula okwawukana kw’obutoffaali bwa Th1, n’okulungamya enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri eri obulagirizi bw’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Okugatta ku ekyo, Tα1 esobola okulungamya bbalansi wakati wa pro-inflammatory ne anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mu kiseera ky’okuddamu kw’okuzimba, Tα1 esobola okuziyiza okukola ennyo kwa cytokines eziyamba okuzimba nga TNF-α ne IL-1, ate nga etumbula okukola cytokines eziziyiza okuzimba nga interleukin-10 (IL-10), bwe kityo n’ekendeeza ku kwonooneka okuva mu kuddamu kw’okuzimba eri omubiri n’okukuuma bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Ebikosa okutumbula abaserikale b’omubiri
(1) Obulwadde bw’eddagala eritta akawuka
Obulwadde bw’ekibumba B ne Hepatitis C
Tα1 ekola kinene mu kujjanjaba hepatitis B ne hepatitis C. Ku bulwadde bwa chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), Tα1 esobola okulungamya enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri n’okutumbula obusobozi bwagwo okulongoosa HBV. Tα1 ekola obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri nga T cells ne NK cells, ekibasobozesa okutegeera obulungi n’okumalawo obutoffaali bw’ekibumba obulina HBV. Tα1 esobola okulungamya omukutu gwa cytokine, okutumbula okukola cytokines ezitta akawuka nga IFN-γ n’okuziyiza okukoppa kwa HBV.
Mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bwa hepatitis C virus (HCV), Tα1 era eraga ebirungi. Kiyinza okutumbula abaserikale b’omubiri, okuyamba mu kugogola HCV, n’okwolesa ebikolwa ebikwatagana nga kikozesebwa wamu n’eddagala eddala eriweweeza ku kawuka, bwe kityo ne kilongoosa obuwanguzi bw’obujjanjabi.
Endwadde endala ezikwatibwa akawuka
Ng’oggyeeko HBV ne HCV, Tα1 eyinza n’okukola kinene mu ndwadde endala ezisiigibwa akawuka. Tα1 eyinza okuyamba okulongoosa enteebereza y’abalwadde abalwadde ennyo abalina COVID-19. Nga eddaabiriza okwonooneka okuva ku lymphocyte immune overactivation n’okuziyiza T-cell okukola ennyo, Tα1 eyinza okukendeeza ku bubonero bw’omulwadde n’okulongoosa emiwendo gy’okuwangaala.
(2) Okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri n’okulwanyisa okuzimba
Okulungamya Bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri
Tα1 ekola kinene nnyo mu kukuuma bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri mu mubiri. Mu mbeera ezibulamu abaserikale b’omubiri, Tα1 esobola okutumbula okukula n’okwawukana kw’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri, okuzzaawo enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri. Okugeza, mu ndwadde ezimu ezizaalibwa nga tezirina bulwadde bwa mubiri oba embeera ezinyigirizibwa abaserikale b’omubiri ezireetebwa eddagala oba obujjanjabi obw’amasannyalaze, Tα1 esobola okuyamba omubiri okuddamu okuteekawo bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri ng’etereeza enkula n’enkola y’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Mu ndwadde z’abaserikale b’omubiri, Tα1 eyinza okunyigiriza okuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri okuyitiridde n’okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’abaserikale b’omubiri nga etereeza emirimu gy’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri n’omukutu gwa cytokine.
Ebikolwa Ebiziyiza okuzimba
Tα1 erina ebikolwa ebiziyiza okuzimba. Mu kiseera ky’okuddamu kw’okuzimba, Tα1 esobola okulungamya okwolesebwa kwa cytokines ezikwatagana n’okuzimba n’okuziyiza enkola y’okuzimba esukkiridde. Nga bwe kyayogeddwako emabegako, Tα1 esobola okuziyiza okukola NO mu macrophages, okukendeeza ku kwolesebwa kwa pro-inflammatory cytokines nga TNF-α ne IL-1, ate mu kiseera kye kimu n’okutumbula okukola anti-inflammatory cytokines nga IL-10.
Ekifaananyi 3 Okufuluma kwa nitric oxide oluvannyuma lw’okujjanjabwa ne LPS n’ebirungo eby’enjawulo ebya Tα-1 mu butoffaali bwa RAW 264.7.
Mu model y’obulumi bw’okuzimba, Tα1 ekendeeza ku mechanical allodynia ne hyperalgesia ezireetebwa complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), era ekendeeza ku upregulation y’abatabaganya okuzimba nga IFN-γ, TNF-α, ne brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induced by CFA. Okugatta ku ekyo, Tα1 esobola okulungamya ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa Wnt3a/β-catenin mu mugongo, erikolebwa mu nkola y’obulumi bw’okuzimba, era Tα1 esobola okuzzaawo embeera yaayo ey’okukola, bwe kityo n’ekendeeza ku bulumi bw’okuzimba.
Okukozesebwa mu Bujjanjabi
(1) Obujjanjabi bw’obulwadde bw’ekibumba obuyitibwa Viral Hepatitis
Mu bujjanjabi bw’obulwadde bw’ekibumba obuva ku kawuka, Tα1 ebadde ekozesebwa nnyo. Ku balwadde abalina obulwadde bwa hepatitis B obutawona, okunoonyereza okungi mu bujjanjabi kulaga nti Tα1 nga egattibwa wamu ne nucleoside (acid) analogues oba interferon therapy etuuka ku miwendo egy’oku ntikko egy’okukyusa DNA seroconversion ya HBV DNA, seroconversion ya HBeAg, n’okuzza ALT normalization bw’ogeraageranya n’obujjanjabi obw’enjawulo. Mu kugezesebwa okumu okw’obujjanjabi, okugatta Tα1 ne entecavir okujjanjaba abalwadde b’obulwadde bwa hepatitis B obutawona kyavaamu omuwendo omunene ennyo ogw’okukyusa DNA ya HBV oluvannyuma lwa wiiki 48 ez’obujjanjabi bw’ogeraageranya n’ekibinja ekyajjanjabwa ne entecavir yokka, era omuwendo gw’okukyusa omusaayi gwa HBeAg nagwo gwalongooka.
Mu kujjanjaba obulwadde bw’ekibumba C, Tα1 ng’ogasseeko n’ebirungo ebiziyiza akawuka ebikola obutereevu (DAAs) bisobola okutumbula obulungi bw’eddagala eritta akawuka naddala eri abalwadde abamu abagumira obujjanjabi, ekiyinza okulongoosa emiwendo gy’obuwanguzi bw’obujjanjabi.
(2) Obujjanjabi bw’obuzibu bw’obusimu obuziyiza endwadde
Ku ndwadde ezimu ezisookerwako ezikendeeza ku busimu obuziyiza endwadde, gamba nga congenital thymic hypoplasia, Tα1 esobola okukozesebwa ng’ekitundu ku bujjanjabi obulala. Wadde nga Tα1 tesobola kuwonya ddala ndwadde zino, esobola okulung’amya enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri, okutumbula abaserikale b’omubiri, okukendeeza ku mirundi n’obuzibu bw’obulwadde, n’okutumbula omutindo gw’obulamu bw’abalwadde.
Mu ndwadde z’obutabeera na busimu obuziyiza endwadde ezifunibwa, nga siriimu, Tα1 ng’ogasseeko eddagala eriziyiza akawuka ka siriimu (ART) esobola okutumbula okuddamu okukola kw’abaserikale b’omubiri, okwongera ku muwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T, okulongoosa enkola y’abaserikale b’omubiri, n’okukendeeza ku bulwadde bw’okukwatibwa emikisa.
(3) Okusaba Okulala
Obujjanjabi obuyamba ku ndwadde ezisiigibwa
Mu kujjanjaba yinfekisoni ez’amaanyi nga sepsis, Tα1 esobola okukozesebwa ng’eddagala eriyamba. Abalwadde ba sepsis batera okuba n’abaserikale b’omubiri obutakola bulungi. Tα1 etereeza enkola y’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri n’emikutu gya cytokine, eyamba okuzzaawo bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri, okukendeeza ku kuddamu kw’okuzimba, n’okulongoosa emiwendo gy’abalwadde abawangaala.
Mu kujjanjaba endwadde ezisiigibwa ezitawona ng’akafuba, Tα1 ng’ogasseeko eddagala eriweweeza ku kafuba eyinza okutumbula obusobozi bw’omubiri okugogola obulwadde bwa Mycobacterium tuberculosis n’okulongoosa obulungi bw’obujjanjabi.
Endwadde ezeekuusa ku kuzimba
Mu kujjanjaba endwadde ezikwatagana n’okuzimba nga endwadde z’enkizi n’obulwadde bw’ekyenda obuzimba, ebikolwa bya Tα1 ebiziyiza okuzimba n’okukyusa abaserikale b’omubiri biyinza okuba n’omugaso oguyinza okukozesebwa. Wadde ng’okukozesebwa mu bujjanjabi mu kiseera kino kutono, okunoonyereza okumu okusookerwako n’okugezesebwa okutono mu bujjanjabi kulaga nti Tα1 eyinza okukendeeza ku kuddamu kw’okuzimba n’okulongoosa embeera z’omulwadde ng’etereeza obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri ne cytokines.
Mu bufunzi
Thymosin α1 (Tα1), nga peptide erimu eby’obugagga ebiyamba abaserikale b’omubiri, eraga ebikolwa ebinene era eby’amaanyi mu kitundu ky’okulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri. Okuva ku nkola yaayo ey’okukola, Tα1 ekwatagana n’ebikwata ebiringa Toll okukola amakubo agawera agalaga obubonero wansi, bwe kityo n’etereeza enkola y’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri n’emikutu gya cytokine, n’okutuuka ku kufuga okutuufu okw’okuddamu kw’abaserikale b’omubiri.
Mu nsonga z’ebikolwa eby’okutumbula abaserikale b’omubiri, Tα1 ekola kinene mu kuziyiza akawuka, okukola emirimu gy’okulwanyisa ebizimba, okulungamya bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri, n’okuziyiza okuzimba. Mu mulimu gw’okulwanyisa akawuka, Tα1 eraga essuubi ery’okukozesebwa mu ngeri engazi, ka kibeere ku yinfekisoni z’akawuka eza bulijjo nga hepatitis B ne C, oba ku yinfekisoni z’akawuka ezigenda okuvaayo nga COVID-19. Omulimu gwa Tα1 mu ndwadde ezibulwa abaserikale b’omubiri n’endwadde ezeekuusa ku kuzimba kiraga nti esobola okuyamba okuzzaawo bbalansi y’abaserikale b’omubiri n’okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okuzimba. Okutwaliza awamu, Tα1 ekola kinene ng’ekirungo ekinyweza abaserikale b’omubiri.
Ensonda
[1] Tao N, Xu X, Ying Y, n’abalala. Thymosin α1 n’omulimu gwayo mu ndwadde ezisiigibwa akawuka: Enkola n’okukozesebwa mu bujjanjabi[J]. Molekyulu, 2023,28 (8).DOI: 10.3390 / molekyu28083539.
[2] Bala I, Gupta N, Prabhakar P K. Ebikolwa bya Thymosin Alpha-1 ku Macrophages: Okunoonyereza ku Cytological n’okulwanyisa okuzimba[J]. Ekitabo ky’eby’ensolo eby’omulembe, 2023. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264985939
[3] Binder U, Skerra A. PASylated Thymosin α1: Peptide eyamba obusimu obuziyiza endwadde ekola ebbanga eddene okukozesebwa mu Oncology ne Virology[J]. Ekitabo ky'ensi yonna ekya Sayansi wa Molekyulu, 2020,22 (1).DOI:10.3390/ijms22010124.
[4] Renga G, Bellet M. M., Pariano M., n’abalala. Thymosin α1 ekuuma okuva ku CTLA-4 obulwadde bw’obusimu bw’omubiri obw’ekyenda[J]. Omukago gwa Sayansi w’Obulamu, 2020,3 (10).DOI:10.26508/lsa.202000662.
[5] Dominari A, Hathaway I. D., Pandav K., n’abalala. Thymosin alpha 1: Okwekenenya ebiwandiiko mu bujjuvu[J]. Ensi J Virol, 2020, 9 (5): 67-78.DOI: 10.5501 / wjv.v9.i5.67.
[6] Li C. L., Zhang T., Saibara T., n’abalala. Thymosin alpha1 eyanguya okuzzaawo T cell-mediated neutralizing antibody response mu bakyaza abalina obusimu obuziyiza endwadde[J]. Ensi yonna ey’obusimu obuziyiza endwadde, 2002, 2 (1): 39-46.DOI: 10.1016 / s1567-5769 (01) 00136-9.
Ekintu ekiriwo okukozesebwa mu kunoonyereza kwokka:
