SS31 10mg we yu de yuz

▎ SS-31 Struktrɔ

Sos: PubChem

Sikyud: RXKF Mɔlikul Fɔmula: C 32H 49N 9O5 Molikul Weyt: 639.8g/mol CAS Nɔmba: 736992-21-5 PubChem CID: 11764719, ɛn di ɔda wan dɛn Di tin dɛn we gɛt di sem minin: Elamipretide

▎ SS-31 Risach

Wetin na di risach bakgrɔn fɔ SS-31?

SS-31 na wata-sכlubul, aromatכk kεtyכnik, maytochכndria-tכgεt tεtrapεptida (Sabbah HN, 2022). in yכnik kεmikכl strכkchכ de mek i izi fכ pεnεtrate εn transiεntli lokaliz to di insay maytochכndrial mεmbran. spεshal wan, i kin biεn to kadyolipin, we na wan mεjכr kכmכpכnt fכ di insay maytochכndrial mεmbran, we de sho in ifekt fכ impruv di maytochכndrial fכnshכn.

Dis difrɛn kεmikכl strכkchכ de gi fawndeshכn fכ in aplikεshכn fכ trit difrεn sik dεm. bכku sik dεm de sho se di maytochכndrial dεn nכ de wok fayn, lεk Barth sεndrכm, at fεil, nyurodijεnεraytiv sik dεm, εn כda tin dεm. we di maytochכndrial fכnshכn nכ de wok fayn, i kin mek prכblεm lεk we di sεl dεm nכ de wok fayn, di כksidεtiv strεs we de go כp, εn nyuroinflameshכn, we in tכn de mek difrεn sik dεm.

di risεch εn divεlכpmεnt fכ SS-31 aim fכ tכk bכt dεn sik dεm ya we de rilet to di maytochכndrial, fכ εliviet di sik simptom dεm bay we dεn de impruv di maytochכndrial fכnshכn εn εnhans di pasεnshכn in kwaliti כf layf εn rεt fכ liv. wit di kכntinyu fכ dip risεch pan maytochכndrial bayoloji, pipul dεn dכn no sכmtεm di imכpכtants fכ maytochכndria fכ di כkכrεshכn εn divεlכpmεnt fכ sik dεm.

rεsכch dεm dεn fכnshכn se di maytochכndrial disfכnkshכn de kכlכs fכ di pathophysiological prכsεs dεm fכ difrεn sik dεm. fכ egzampl, insay nyurodijεnεraytiv sik dεm, tin dεm de lεk nyuronal maytochכndrial disfכnkshכn, krεse nyuroinflameshכn, akyumyuleshכn fכ tכxik protin dεm, εn nyuronal apoptosis ^[1] . Bifo i enta klinik risach, SS-31 bin du bɔku prɛklinik stɔdi. Dis stכdi dεm inklud εkspεriεns dεm we dεn kכnεkt pan sεl mכdel εn animal mכdel fכ evaluate di sef, efficacy, εn fכmakokinetik prכpati dεm fכ di dכg. fכ egzampl, insay di stכdi fכ Barth sεndrכm, SS-31 dεn sho di abiliti fכ impruv maytochכndrial bayoεnεjεtiks εn mכfכlכji kwik kwik wan insay indyuz pluripotεnt stεm sεl mכdel dεm ^[2]..

insay di risεch pan nyurodijεnεraytiv sik dεm, SS-31 dכn sho nyuroprotεktiv ifekt dεm insay mכltipכl animal mכdel dεm, inklud fכ εnhans maytochכndrial rεspireshכn, inhεbit nyuroinflameshכn, εn fכ mek tכxik protin dεm nכ kכl ^[1] . SS-31 dɔn ɔlrɛdi involv insay sɔm klinik stɔdi dɛm we de kɔba difrɛn sik eria dɛm.

insay di tritmεnt fכ at fεil, wan randomized, plasεbo-kכntrol trial sho se wan singl infushכn fכ SS-31 na sef εn dεn tכlerεt fayn, εn wan hεy doz fכ SS-31 kin impruv di lεft vεntrikulכr vכlyum, sכpכt in pכtεnshal rol fכ trit hat fεil ^[3]..

Wetin na di spεsifi k mεkanism dεm fכ akshכn fכ SS-31 insay difrεn sik mכdel dεm?

1. mεkanism fכ akshכn na di mכdel fכ εmorajik shכk εn aorta balכn oklushכn

insay di mכdel fכ ischemia-rεpεrfyushכn injuri (IRI) we kכz fכ εmorajik shכk εn aorta balכn oklushכn (REBOA), di maytochכndrial dεmεj de ple wan sεntri rol. SS-31 kin ridyus di dimand fכ kristaloyd fכluid εn protεkt di kidni dεm εn at. spεshal wan, i kin lכs di kכnsantreshכn fכ di sεrum kriaytinin, troponin, εn intalyukin-6, bכt i nכ gεt nכ ifekt pan di fainal plasma laktat kכnsantreshכn. SS-31 kin mek IRI nɔ bɔku bay we i de protɛkt di maytochondria, we de opin nyu tritmɛnt we fɔ di wan dɛn we de sɔfa wit IRI afta dɛn dɔn blɔd ^[4]..

2. Mεkanism fכ akshכn na Barth sεndrכm

Barth syndrome na wan sik wae nɔr kin bɔrku wit X-linked wae de sho se yu gɛt kadiomayopathy, skel mɔsul wik, growth retardation, ɛn cyclic neutropenia. SS-31 na wata-sכlubul, aromatכk kεtyכnik, maytochכndria-tכgεt tεtrapεptida we kin pεnεtrate di כta maytochכndrial mεmbran εn biεn to kכdiolipin. i de protεkt sεl hεlth bay we i de impruv enεji prodakshכn εn inhεbit di fכmeshכn we pasmak fכ riaktiv כksijεn spεshal, we de ridyus כksidεtiv strεs. insay indyuz pluripotεnt stεm sεl dεm fכ Barth sεndrכm εn כda jεnεtik rilayt sik dεm we dεn kכl pikin kadyomayopathy, SS-31 kin impruv maytochכndrial bayoεnεjεtiks εn mכfכlכji kwik kwik wan. Di rizulyt fɔ bɔku stɔdi dɛn sɔpɔt di yus fɔ SS-31 as pɔtɛnɛshɛl tritmɛnt fɔ pasɛnt dɛn we gɛt Barth syndrome, mɔ pan kes dɛm we dɛn dɔn no se gɛt kadiomayopathy ^[2]..

3. mεkanism fכ akshכn in כtosom dכminant polycystic kidni sik (ADPKD) .

dεn kכnsidrεm se bεlε de mek di sist dεm we de go bifo pan כtosom dכminant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) bכku. כltu, tolvaptan, di כnli mכd we di FDA apruv fכ big pipul ADPKD, dεn nכ de rεkomεnd fכ bεlε ADPKD pasεnshכn biכs di pכtεnshal harm to di pikin. SS-31 na maytochכndria-protεktiv tεtrapεptida we dεn fכnshכn fכ impruv di prכgreshכn fכ di kidni sik insay bεlε Pkd1RC/RC mays dεm, we i de ridyus ERK1/2 fכsfכrayleshכn εn i de impruv di fכmeshכn fכ maytochכndrial supεrkompleks dεm. apat frכm dat, SS-31 kin kכros di plasεnta εn di brεst milk, we de impruv agresiv infantil polycystic kidni sik we nכ gεt εni obsכv teratogenic כ harmful ifekt. dis prεklinik stכdi dεm de sכpכt di pכtεnshal klinik trial dεm fכ SS-31 ^{[5] .}.

4. Mekanism fכ akshכn pan hat fεil

pan hat fεil (HF), dεn no se nεgεtiv chenj dεm na di maytochכndria dεm de apin. SS-31 gεt fayn impak pan di maytochכndrial εn supεrkompleks fכnshכn dεm fכ hכman at fεil. i kin sכmtεm inkrεs di כksijεn fכlכ, kכmpleks I εn kכmpleks IV aktiviti dεm, εn kכmpleks IV aktiviti we de aכsכsiayt wit supεr kכmpleks dεm na wikεd hכman at maytochכndria, we de bכku bכku wan impruv di hכman maytochכndrial fכnshכn fεil ^[6]..

pan pikin dεm we gεt singl vεntrikul kכnεnital hat sik (SV CHD), di klinik indikεshכn dεm fכ hat transplant de sho se di maytochכndrial disfכnkshכn de. SS-31 na pεntapεptida we de tכk bכt di kכdiolipin we kin impruv di intarakshכn bitwin di maytochכndrial supεrkompleks dεm (kכmpleks I, III, IV). insay di at fכ pikin dεm we gεt SV CHD, SS-31 kin impruv kכmpleks I aktiviti εn maksimal rεspireshכn (MR), we sho se i mεnli de εksyεrt in ifekt bay we i de impruv di maytochכndrial supεrkompleks dεm ^[7]..

5. Mεkanism fכ akshכn na dayabεtik nεfropati

insay di db/db maws mכdel fכ tayp 2 mεtabolism, dayabεtik nεfropati (DKD) de sho se di rεnal εn kadyak supεrכksayd lεvεl dεm de dכn. di mitochondria-protektiv ejen SS-31 (we dεn kכl bak MTP-131, SS-31, כ Bendavia) kin sכmtεm inhεbit di inkrεs pan protinuria, urinary H2O2, εn glomerular mesangial matris akyumyuleshכn insay db/db mays dεm, εn komplitli prεsεv di rεnal supεrכksayd prodakshכn lεvεl dεm insay dεn mays dεm ya. SS-31 kin ridyus di tכtal rεnal lysocardiolipin εn di men lysocardiolipin sכbklas dεm na db/db mays dεm, εn prεsεv di εksprεshכn fכ lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1. dεn rizulεt dεm ya sho se insay tayp 2 mεtabolism, DKD de sho se di rεnal εn kadyak supεrכksayd lεvεl dεm de dכn, εn SS-31 kin protεkt εgεst DKD εn prεsεv di fisiolכjik supεrכksayd lεvεl dεm bay we dεn de rεgεl di kכdiolipin rimכdelin ^{[8] .}.

di haypothεsis dayagram sכmariz di nyuroprotεktiv ifekt dεm we elamipretide gεt pan nyural maytochכndria kwaliti-kכntrכl.

Sos:PubMed ^{[1] we dɛn pul am.}

Wetin na di aplikeshɔn dɛn we gɛt fɔ du wit SS-31?

Cardiomyopathy in Barth syndrome: Barth syndrome na wan sik we nɔ kin apin so ɔltɛm ɛn we kin mek pɔsin in layf de pan denja we gɛt fɔ du wit kadiomayopathy, di skel mɔsul dɛn we wik, we i nɔ de gro fayn, ɛn saykli nyutropenia. di sik pipul dεm kin gεt hכy risk fכ day we dεn bεlε εn dεn kin gεt kכdכmayopathy we kin kam wit di imyun sistεm we kin wik bad bad wan. SS-31 de prɛzɛnt ɔl tu di chalenj ɛn chans fɔ di tritmɛnt fɔ di wan dɛn we gɛt di sik we dɛn kɔl Barth syndrome. Di rizulyt fɔ bɔku stɔdi dɛn sɔpɔt fɔ yuz am as pɔtɛnɛshɛl tritmɛnt fɔ pasɛnt dɛn we gɛt Barth syndrome, mɔ we dɛn no se gɛt kadiomayopathy. i kin gεt impεkt we go las pan di prכgreshכn fכ di kכdiכmayopati εn sכmtεm εn strכkchכral rivεs di rεmכdelin fכ di fεil lεft vεntrikl na di gכlכbal, sεlyul, εn mכlikul lεvεl dεm ^[2]..

Single ventricle congenital hat sik we dɛn kin bɔn wit: 

di at sik we dεn kin bכn pikin na di mכst kכmכn we dεn bכn pikin, εn di siriכs singl vεntrikl kכnεkshכn at sik na di men indikεshכn fכ bεlε at transplant, wit bכku mεdikal tritmεnt opshכn dεm we de naw. dεn fכnshכn se di maytochכndrial dεm de wok fayn na di at fכ pikin dεm we gεt singl vεntrikul kכnεnital hat sik, εn di maytochכndria-tכgεt pεptida SS-31 kin impruv di maytochכndrial fכnshכn fכ di at. fכ du risach pan di abiliti fכ dis dכg fכ impruv di mayokardial fכnshכn εn delay di prכgreshכn fכ transplant nid fכ de ^{[7] .}.

Leber in hεridita optik nyuropathy: 

Wan stכdi bin evaluate di sef, tolerabiliti, εn pכtεnshal efikכs כf tכpikכl yus כf SS-31 in di tritmεnt כf pasεnshכn wit Leber in hεridita כptik nyuropathy. di risalts sho se SS-31 bin tכlerεt fayn fayn wan, bכt i nכ rich di praymar vishכnal efikכs εndpכynt. כltu, di evalueshכn fכ di vishכnal fכnshכn di tεm we di opin-lεbul εkstenshכn pεriכd εn di post-hכk analisis sho inkכreshכn improvεmεnt in di min dεvyeshכn fכ di sεntri vishכnal fil, we nid fכ εksplכr mכr ^[9]..

Traumatik optik nyuropati: 

i fכnshכn se SS-31 (MTP-131), we na maytochכndria-tכgεt sכm mכlikul tεtrapεptida, we dεn yuz am in kכmbaynshכn wit di tכmכro nεkrכsis fכktכ inhibito etanercept, kin sav as nyuroprotektan fכ rεtina ganglion sεl dεm afta optik nεv trauma insay mays. sכbkutan etanercept כ MTP-131 nכmכ εn dεn kכmbaynshכn כl kin inkrεs di sכvayv rεt fכ di rεtina ganglion sεl dεm, bכt nכ sinagεstik ifekt nכ bin si we dεn yuz dεm in kכmbaynshכn ^[10]..

spεnal kכd injuri: SS-31 (SS-31) na nכvel aromatic cationic peptide we kin fri fכ kכros di bכdi-bren barεri. stכdi dεn sho se SS-31 de promuot fכnshכnal rεkכvεshכn afta spεnal kכd injuri bay we i de inhεbit cPLA2-mεdiet כtofajik dεmεj, i de prεvεnt inkrεs pan laysosomal mεmbran pεrmiabiliti, εn inhεbit payroptosis, εn i gεt pכtεnshal klinik aplikεshכn valyu ^[11]..

Nyuroinflameshn ɛn kɔgnitiv impεryans: 

insay ol rat, lipopolysaccharide kin indyuz sistεmik inflameshn εn nyuroinflameshכn, εn dεn kin yuz SS-31 fכ tritmεnt. stכdi dεn sho se fכ inhεbit di hipokamp nyuroinflameshכn nכ kin כnli ridyus di inflammatory rεspכns na di hipokamp bכt i kin impruv di fכnshכnal kכnektiviti fכ di bren insay di hipokamp-rεlatεd rijyכn dεm. di εli anti-inflammatory tritmεnt wit SS-31 gεt las ifekt fכ ridyus di impak we lipopolysaccharide-induced nyuroinflammashכn de gi ^[12]..

Ɔtosɔmal dominant polisistik kidni sik: 

dεn kin kכnsidr bεlε fכ mek di sist dεm we de go bifo pan כtosom dכminant polycystic kidni sik. i fכnshכn se di maytochכndria-protεktiv tεtrapεptida SS-31 kin impruv di prכgreshכn fכ kidni sik insay bεlε Pkd1^{RC/RC} mays dεm, we i de ridyus ERK1/2 fכsfכrayleshכn εn impruv di fכmeshכn fכ maytochכndrial supεrkompleks dεm. SS-31 kin kכros di plasεnta εn di brεst milk, we de impruv di siriכs infantil polycystic kidni sik we dεn nכ si εni teratogenic כ harmful ifekt dεm ^[5]..

Nyurodijɛnɛraytiv sik dɛn: 

SS-31 na wan maytochכndria-tכgεt sכm mכlikul tεtrapεptida we dεn sho tεrapi ifekt εn sef insay difrεn sik dεm we de rilet to maytochכndria. insay nyurodijεnεraytiv sik dεm, SS-31 kin εnhans di maytochכndrial rεspireshכn, aktibכt nyuronal maytochכndrial bayojεnεsis tru maytochכndrial bayojεnεsis rεgεlεtכ dεm εn translכkεt fכktכ dεm, εnhans maytochכndrial fכshכn, inhεbit maytochכndrial fכshכn, inkrεs maytofagi, ridyus nyuronal כksidεtiv strεs, nyuroinflameshכn, εn di akyumyuleshכn fכ tכxik protin dεm, prεvεnt nyuronal apoptosis, εn de εnhans di nyuronal sכvayv path dεm. fכ dat, SS-31 kin mek di nyurodijεnεraytiv sik dεm nכ go bifo bay we i de εnhans di maytochכndrial rεspireshכn, bayojεnεsis, fכs, εn nyuronal sכvayv path dεm, εn i kin inhεbit di maytochכndrial fishכn, כksidεtiv strεs, nyuroinflameshכn, di akyumyuleshכn fכ tכxik protin dεm, εn nyuronal apoptosis ^[1]..

Sarkopenia: dεn fכnshכn se 8 wik tritmεnt wit SS-31 kin patli rivεs di εj-rεlatεd chenj dεm na di protin fכsfכrayleshכn insay di skel mכsul dεm fכ ol uman mays dεm, we kכnsist wit di impruvmεnt fכ di skel mכsul fכnshכn εn di rεstכreshכn fכ chenj dεm na di protin S-glutathionylation ^[13]..

as di dכg we dεn tכk bכt di maytochכndria, SS-31 de gi wan nyu stratεji fכ di tritmεnt fכ di maytochכndria sik dεm. bay we i de protεkt di strכkchכ εn fכnshכn fכ di maytochכndria, i dכn sho klinik valyu insay sik dεm lεk LHON εn Barth sεndrכm, spεshal wan we i sho sכm sכm efεktiv in akyu optik nyuropati. I gɛt tritmɛnt ifɛkt pan difrɛn sik dɛm we gɛt fɔ du wit di maytochondrial dysfunction, lɛk at pwɛl ɛn nyurodijɛnɛraytiv sik dɛm, ɛn i kin pul di simptom dɛm ɛn delay di sik fɔ go bifo.

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Di tin dɛn we wi dɔn tɔk bɔt, na ɔl di tin dɛn we Cocer Peptides dɔn du risach, ɛdit ɛn kɔmpilayt.

Sayɛns Jɔnal Author

Daneshgar N na wan masta sabi bukman we gɛt pawa na di akademik kɔmyuniti, ɛn in akademik wok gɛt fɔ du wit di Yunivasiti ɔf Ayowa ɛn Ɔrigon Stet Yunivasiti. In risach fil dɛm na bɔku ɛn dip, i kɔba bɔku disiplin dɛm lɛk geriatrics ɛn jerontology, kadiovaskular sistɛm ɛn kadyolɔji, bayɔkemistri ɛn mɔlikul bayoloji, sɛl bayoloji, ɛn ɔnkɔlɔji. Insay di fild fɔ geriatrics ɛn gerontology, Daneshgar N dɔn mekɔp in maynd fɔ fɛn di bayolojikal mɛkanism dɛm fɔ ol pipul dɛm ɛn di ifektiv intavɛnshɔn dɛm fɔ sik dɛm we gɛt fɔ du wit ol pipul dɛm, i op fɔ impɔtant di kwaliti fɔ layf ɛn wɛlbɔdi lɛvɛl fɔ di ol pipul dɛm tru risach.

Insay di aspek fɔ di kadiovaskular sistɛm ɛn di kadyo, i de du dip risach bɔt di pathogenesis, di we aw dɛn de no di sik, ɛn di tritmɛnt strateji fɔ di sik dɛn we de ambɔg di at ɛn di blɔd, we de ɛp fɔ mek dɛn nɔ gɛt ɛn trit di sik dɛn we de ambɔg di at ɛn di blɔd. Insay di fild fɔ bayɔkemistri ɛn mɔlikul bayoloji, i de pe atɛnshɔn pan di strɔkchɔ, wok, ɛn intarakshɔn we bayɔmɔlikul dɛn gɛt, i de sho di mistɛri dɛm fɔ layf aktiviti dɛm na di mɔlikul lɛvɛl ɛn gi wan tiori bies fɔ ɔndastand ɛn trit sik dɛm. insay di fild fכ sεl bayoloji, Daneshgar N de fכkus pan di strכkchכ, fכnshכn, εn lכ dεm fכ layf aktiviti dεm fכ sεl dεm, i de stכdi di kכl prכsεs dεm lεk sεl signal transdyushכn εn sεl saykl rεguleshכn, we de gi imכtant klyu fכ di stכdi fכ di sεl mεkanism dεm fכ sik dεm. Insay di fild fɔ ɔnkɔlɔji, i dɔn mekɔp in maynd fɔ du risach bɔt aw di tumbu dɛn kin apin ɛn divɛlɔp, ɛn bak fɔ no ɛn trit di tumbu dɛn, fɔ fɛn mak dɛn we dɛn kin no kwik kwik wan ɛn nyu tritmɛnt target fɔ di tumbu dɛn, we kin briŋ nyu op to di wan dɛn we gɛt tumor. Daneshgar N de list in di rεfrεns כf saytεshכn [5].

▎ Saytayshɔn dɛn we gɛt fɔ du wit dis

[1] Nhu N. T., Xiao S., Liu Y, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Nyuroprotεktiv Efεkt dεm fכ wan Sכm Maytochכndrial-Tכgεt Tεtrapεptida Elamipretide in Nyurodijεnεreshכn[J]. Frontiers in Integretiv Nyurosayns, 2022,15.DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.747901.

[2] Sabbah H N. Elamipretide fכ Barth sεndrכm kadyomyopathy: sכmtεm sכmtεm ribildin fכ wan fayl pawa grid[J]. Hat Fεil Rivyu, 2022,27(5):1911-1923.DOI:10.1007/s10741-021-10177-8.

[3] Daubert M. A., Yow E., Dunn G, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Novel Mitochondria-Target Pεptid in Hat Fεil Tritmεnt Wan Randomized, Plesεbo-Kכntrold Trayal fכ Elamipretide[J]. Sirkulεshכn-Hat Fεil, 2017,10(12).DOI: 10.1161/SIRCHεARTFεIL.117.004389.

[4] Patel N, Jɔnsin M. A., Vapniarsky N, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. elamipretide de mitigate ischemia-riperfyushכn injuri in wan swin mכdel fכ εmorajik shכk[J]. Sayntis Ripɔt, 2023,13(1).DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31374-5.

[5] Daneshgar N, Liang P, Lan R. S., ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. εlamipretide tritmεnt we uman bεlε de ameliכret di prכgreshכn fכ polycystic kidni sik insay mεntenal εn nyu bכbi mays wit PKD1 mכtεshכn[J]. Kidni Int ɛ rnash ɔ nal, 2022,101(5):906-911.DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2021.12.006.

[6] Chatfild KC, Sparagna G. C., Chau S, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Elamipretide de impruv di maytochכndrial fכnshכn na di fεil mכtalman at[J]. Jacc-Bɛsik to Transleshɔnal Sayns, 2019,4(2):147-157.DOI:10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.12.005.

[7] Garsia A, Jɔnshɛr R, Sparagna G, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Elamipretide de impruv di kadyak maytochכndrial fכnshכn pan pikin dεm wit singl vεntrikul at sik[J]. J ɔ rnal ov Kadyak F ɛyl, 2023,29(4):661.

[8] Miyamoto S, Zhang G, Hall D, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. fכ rεstכr di maytochכndrial supεrכksayd lεvεl wit elamipretide (MTP-131) de protεkt db/db mays dεm εgεst di prכgreshכn fכ dayabεtik kidni sik.[J]. Di J ɔ rnal ɔ f Bayolojikal K ɛ mistri, 2020,295(21):7249-7260.DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.011110.

[9] Karanjia R, Kɔpland S. G., Garsia M, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Elamipretide (MTP-131) Tכpik כftalmik Sכlushכn fכ di Tritmεnt fכ Leber in Hεriditary Optik Nyuropati[J]. Investigativ Ɔftalmɔlɔji & Visual Sayns, 2019,60(9).

[10] Tse B. C., Dvoriantchikova G, Tao W, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Mitochondrial targeted tεrapi wit elamipretide (MTP-131) as adjunkt to tumor nεkrכsis fכktכ inhibishכn fכ traumatik optik nyuropathy in di akyu sεtin[J]. Ekspirimɛnt Ay Risach, 2020,199.DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108178.

[11] Zhang H, Chen Y, Li F, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. elamipretide de aliviet payroptosis in traumatikli injured spεnal kכd bay we i de inhεbit cPLA2-indyus laysosomal mεmbran pεrmiabilizεshכn[J]. J ɔ rnal ov Nyuroinflameshn, 2023,20(1).DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02690-4.

[12] Liu Y, Fu H, Wu Y, ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. Elamipretide (SS-31) Impruv Fכnshכnal Kכnektiviti in Hippocampus εn כda Rilat Rijכn dεm we de Fכlכ Prolכng Nyuroinflameshכn we Lipopolysaccharide indyuz insay Ej Rat dεm[J]. Frontiers in Aging Nyurosayns, 2021,13.DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.600484.

[13] Kampɔl M. D., Martin-Pɛriz M., Ɛgɛtsɔn J. D., ɛn ɔda pipul dɛn. di elamipretide ifekt dεm pan di skel mכsul fכsfoproteכm insay ol uman mays dεm[J]. Gɛrosayns, 2022,44 (6): 2913-2924.DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00679-0.

ƆL DI ATIKUL ƐN PRODƆKT INFƆMƐSHƆN WE DƐN GI NA DIS WƐBSAYT NA FƆ ƆL FƆ DI INFƆMƐSHƆN ƐN FƆ EDYUKESHƆN.  

Di prɔdak dɛn we dɛn gi na dis wɛbsayt na fɔ in vitro risach nɔmɔ. in vitro risach (Latin: *in glas*, we min insay glas) dεn de du am ausayd mכtalman bכdi. Dɛn prɔdak ya nɔto famasitik, dɛn nɔ gɛt di aprɔval frɔm di US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ɛn dɛn nɔ fɔ yuz dɛn fɔ protɛkt, trit, ɔ mɛn ɛni mɛrɛsin, sik, ɔ sik. Di lɔ nɔ gri fɔ mek dɛn put dɛn tin ya insay mɔtalman ɔ animal bɔdi ɛni we.