Thymulin 10mg

▎ ya Thymulin Enzimba

▎ ku Thymulin Okunoonyereza

Kiki ekiva mu kunoonyereza ku Thymulin?  

Okunoonyereza ku Thymulin kwatandika ne bannassaayansi okunoonyereza ku bitundu ebiziyiza obusimu obuziyiza endwadde mu biva mu thymic. Mu myaka gya 1970, polypeptide eno entono eyakolebwa amino acids 43 yayawulwa okuva mu thymus y’ente, era yazuulibwa nti ekola kinene mu kwawula obutoffaali bw’abaserikale naddala mu kulungamya enkula y’obutoffaali bwa T, bwe kityo ne kitandika okunoonyereza okw’obwegendereza ku Thymulin.  

Olw’okunoonyereza okugenda mu maaso, emirimu gya Thymulin gigaziyiziddwa mpolampola. Tekoma ku kwolesa kitiibwa mu kulungamya abaserikale b’omubiri wabula era eraga obusobozi obw’amaanyi mu kuddaabiriza ebitundu by’omubiri, okulwanyisa okuzimba, n’okulwanyisa fibrosis. Ebizuuliddwa bino bireetedde okunoonyereza ku Thymulin okukwata ku bintu ebitali bimu, nga bannassaayansi banoonyereza ku mirimu gyayo egy’obujjanjabi mu ndwadde ezizimba nga asima ne multiple sclerosis, wamu n’embeera ng’obuvune bw’emisuwa gy’omutima n’ebizibu ebiva mu COVID-19, ne bateekawo omusingi gw’enzikiriziganya ku nkozesa yaayo mu bujjanjabi.  

Enkola ya Thymulin y’eruwa?  

Enkola y’okulwanyisa okuzimba  

Okuziyiza okufuluma kw’abatabaganya abazimba: Thymulin esobola okukendeeza ku kufulumya ebirungo ebizimba nga cytokines ne chemokines. Mu kiseera ky’okuddamu kw’okuzimba, abatabaganya bano bafulumizibwa nnyo, ne kivaako obubonero bw’okuzimba. Okugeza, mu nkola y’envunza ey’okuzimba okuleetebwa ekirungo ekiyamba Freund ekijjuvu (CFA), obujjanjabi bwa Thymulin bwakendeeza ku kukola ebirungo ebiyamba okuzimba omugongo nga tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) ne interleukin-6 (IL-6), bwe kityo ne kikendeeza ku kuddamu kw’okuzimba ^[1]..  

Upregulation of Anti-Inflammatory Factors: Era esobola okutumbula ensonga eziziyiza okuzimba nga interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10 ye cytokine enkulu ennyo eziyiza okuzimba okukola kw’obutoffaali obuzimba n’okukendeeza ku kuzimba. Nga etereeza IL-10, Thymulin eyamba okukuuma bbalansi y’okuzimba mu mubiri n’okuziyiza okwonooneka kw’ebitundu by’omubiri okuva mu kuzimba okuyitiridde ^[2]..  

Okulungamya ensonga z’okuwandiika n’abatabaganya: Thymulin etuuka ku kufuga molekyu y’okuzimba ng’eyita mu kulungamya ensonga z’okuwandiika n’abatabaganya. Ensonga z’okuwandiika zifuga okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obukwatagana n’okuzimba, era Thymulin esobola okukwata ku nkola y’ensonga zino, bwe kityo n’ekendeeza ku kusengejja obutoffaali obukwatagana n’okuzimba n’okutuuka ku bikolwa eby’okulwanyisa okuzimba ^[2]..  

Enkola y’okuziyiza obulumi obw’amaanyi  

Ebikosa Microglia y’omugongo: Mu bikolwa by’obulumi obuzimba, Thymulin eziyiza okukola kwa microglia y’omugongo. Microglia zifuuka ezikozesebwa ebizimba, ne zisumulula abatabaganya okuzimba abawera abasajjula okutegeera obulumi. Thymulin ekendeeza ku kufulumizibwa kw’abatabaganya bano nga ekendeeza ku microglial activation, bwe kityo n’ekendeeza ku hyperalgesia. Mu nkola ya CFA-induced inflammatory rat model, obujjanjabi bwa Thymulin bwakendeeza nnyo thermal hyperalgesia ne paw edema ate nga bukendeeza CFA-induced microglial activation ^[1]. .

Omulimu mu kkubo ly’obubonero bwa p38 MAPK: Thymulin ekendeeza ku phosphorylation ya p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa p38 MAPK ddene nnyo mu bubonero bw’okuzimba n’obulumi; phosphorylation yaayo ekola omuddirirwa gwa molekyu eziraga obubonero wansi, ekivaako okukola abatabaganya okuzimba n’okulumwa ennyo. Thymulin ekendeeza ku bulumi bw’okuzimba ng’eziyiza p38 MAPK phosphorylation n’okuziyiza ekkubo lino ery’obubonero ^[1]..  

Enkola y’okukyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde  

T Lymphocyte Differentiation: Thymulin ye hormone eyeetaagisa mu T lymphocyte differentiation, enkulu mu nkula eya bulijjo n’okulabirira emirimu gya T lymphocytes. Yetaba mu kulungamya omugerageranyo gw’obutoffaali obuyamba T n’obutoffaali obuziyiza, ne kiyamba ku bbalansi n’okutebenkera kw’abaserikale b’omubiri. Omuwendo gwa Thymulin ogutali gwa bulijjo guyinza okuvaako obutoffaali bwa T obutakola bulungi n’endwadde ezeekuusa ku baserikale b’omubiri.  

Okulungamya enkola y’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri: Mu nkola ya mouse granuloma model eyaleetebwa bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 5CH dilution ya Thymulin yalung’amya okwawula phagocytes ez’omu kitundu n’ez’enkola, kwatumbula okwawukana kw’obutoffaali obusibuka mu lubuto bwa B1 mu phagocytes, era ne kwongera ku muwendo gwa CD4+ ne CD8+ T lymphocytes mu lymphocytes ez’omu kitundu nodes, okulongoosa enkola y’okuzimba granulomatous. Kino kiraga nti Thymulin etereeza enkola y’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale b’omubiri ^[2]. .  

Enkola y’Ekikolwa ku Nkola y’Obusimu (Neuroendocrine System).  

Okulungamya mu ngeri bbiri: Okukola n’okufulumya Thymulin kukwatibwako nnyo enkola y’obusimu, era esobola n’okukola nga hypophysiotropic peptide ku nkola y’obusimu. Enkolagana eno ey’okulungamya ey’enjuyi bbiri eraga nti Thymulin akola kinene mu nkolagana wakati w’obusimu n’abaserikale b’omubiri, okuyamba okukuuma bbalansi y’omubiri okutwalira awamu mu mubiri ^[3]..  

Biki ebikozesebwa mu kukola Thymulin?  

Ebikolwa Ebiziyiza Okuzimba  

Okuwummuza obulumi bw’okuzimba: Mu bikolwa by’okuzimba kw’envunza (nga enkola y’okuzimba okuleetebwa CFA), empiso ya Thymulin mu lubuto yakendeeza nnyo ku CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema. Okunoonyereza ku nkola ya molekyu kwalaga nti Thymulin yakendeeza ku CFA-induced microglial activation, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, n’okukola cytokine pro-inflammatory cytokine (okugeza, TNF-α, IL-6) mu mugongo, bwe kityo n’akendeeza ku kuzimba n’okumalawo obubonero bw’obulumi ^[1]..  

Okulongoosa mu kuzimba kw’emikutu gy’empewo: Mu nkola y’okugezesa ey’ebibe ey’obulwadde bwa asima obuva ku alergy, obujjanjabi bw’obuzaale bwa Thymulin obutabaganyizibwa obutundutundu bwa DNA bwaziyiza okuzimba kw’amawuggwe. Dozi emu ey’obutundutundu bwa DNA obutambuza Thymulin plasmid yaziyiza okuddamu kw’okuzimba mu mawuggwe g’ebibe ebisomooza ovalbumin ebya alergy, omuli okukendeeza ku kuyingira kw’obutoffaali obuzimba n’okulongoosa makanika w’amawuggwe ^[4] (Da SA, 2014). Okugatta ku ekyo, obujjanjabi obw’omu nnyindo obwa asima eyateekebwawo mu bujjuvu ne Thymulin-expressing plasmid ewereddwa okuyita mu nanoparticles normalized key pathological features of chronic inflammation in chronic lungs oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 20, nga kitabaganyizibwa obujjanjabi obw’okugatta ebikolwa eby’okulwanyisa okuzimba n’okulwanyisa fibrotic ^[4]..  

Ekifaananyi 1 Okugera obungi bw’abatabaganya abeekuusa ku asima mu BALF. Emiwendo gya pro-inflammatory TH2 cytokines, omuli (A) IL-4 ne (B) IL-13, (C) an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, ne profibrotic cytokines, omuli (D) VEGF ne (E) TGF-β, gyapimibwa mu bungi mu ELISA (n = 6 mice per group).  

Ensibuko: PubMed ^{[4] .}

Ebiva mu kukyusa obusimu obuziyiza endwadde  

Okulungamya enkola z’okuzimba kwa Granulomatous: Mu nkola ya BCG-induced mouse granuloma model, homeopathic 5CH-diluted Thymulin yalung’amya enjawulo ya local ne systemic phagocytes n’okusenguka kw’obutoffaali bwa T okudda mu lymph nodes ez’omu kitundu, bwe kityo ne kilongoosa enkola y’okuzimba granulomatous. Okusingira ddala, oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 21 nga zifunye obulwadde, ebibe ebyajjanjabwa Thymulin byalaga entikko esingako mu kwawula obutoffaali obusibuka mu lubuto bwa B1 mu phagocytes, okukendeeza ku muwendo gw’obutoffaali obusiigiddwa mu biwundu (ekiraga nti obulwadde bukendedde), n’okweyongera kw’omuwendo gw’obutoffaali obusibuka mu B1, CD4+, ne CD8+ T lymphocytes mu ennywanto z’omu kitundu ^{[4] .}.

Okuwummuzibwa kw’obubonero bw’obulwadde bw’obusimu obuziyiza endwadde obw’okugezesa: Mu nkola y’ebibe ey’obulwadde bw’obwongo obuyitibwa autoimmune encephalomyelitis obw’okugezesa obuddamu okuddirira (rEAE), Thymulin eyasibirwa ku polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles yakendeeza nnyo ku bubonero bwa rEAE, yakendeeza ku miwendo gya plasma cytokine, n’okukendeeza ku NF-κB ne SAPK/JNK cascade okukola. Thymulin etereeza emirimu gy’ekkubo lya NF-κB okuyita mu site-specific phosphorylation ya RelA/p65 protein (ku bifo Ser276 ne Ser536), era nanoparticle-bound Thymulin yali nnungi nnyo okusinga Thymulin ey’obwereere, nga ekwata ekisuubizo ng’obujjanjabi obusuubirwa ku bulwadde buno ^[5]..  

Anti-Fibrotic Effects: Mu bikolwa by’obulwadde bwa asima obulina allergy, Thymulin teyakoma ku kukendeeza ku buzimba wabula era yaziyiza fibrosis y’amawuggwe. Okugeza, DNA nanoparticle-mediated Thymulin gene therapy yaziyiza okuteekebwa kwa kolagini n’okukula kw’ebinywa ebiseeneekerevu mu mawuggwe g’ebibe, era okujjanjaba asima eyateekebwawo ne Thymulin-expressing plasmid eyaweebwa okuyita mu nanoparticles normalized pulmonary fibrosis, ekiraga nti Thymulin eziyiza tissue fibrosis era eyamba okulongoosa ensengeka y’ebitundu by’omubiri n’enkola y’emirimu ^{[4, 6]}.

Okusobola okukozesebwa mu bujjanjabi bwa COVID-19: Mu kiseera kino ekya COVID-19, okunoonyereza kwaleeta ekiteeso nti Thymulin yandiba eddagala erijjanjaba abalwadde ba COVID-19 ab’amaanyi. Cytokine storm syndrome olw’abaserikale b’omubiri okutaataaganyizibwa y’emu ku nkola ezisinga obukulu eziviirako okufa mu balwadde ba COVID-19 ab’amaanyi, era okulung’amya abaserikale b’omubiri kuyinza okukendeeza ku kufa. Nga thymic peptide, Thymulin esuubiza okujjanjaba abalwadde ba COVID-19 ab’amaanyi nga efuga omuyaga gwa cytokine ^[7]..  

Mu bufunzi

Thymulin eraga ebikolwa ebiziyiza okuzimba, okukyusa obusimu, n’okuziyiza fibrotic, esobola okukendeeza ku bulumi bw’okuzimba, okulongoosa okuzimba kw’emikutu gy’empewo n’okuzimba amawuggwe, okukendeeza ku bubonero bwa rEAE, n’okulungamya enjawulo y’obutoffaali bw’abaserikale mu granulomas. Ekozesebwa ng’eyita mu kugaba obutundutundu obuyitibwa nanoparticle delivery n’enkola endala, eraga nti ekola bulungi mu ndwadde nga asima eya allergy era erina obusobozi okujjanjaba omuyaga gwa COVID-19 cytokine.

Ebikwata ku Muwandiisi

Ebintu ebyogeddwako waggulu byonna binoonyerezeddwako, birongooseddwa era ne bikung’aanyizibwa kkampuni ya Cocer Peptides.

Omuwandiisi wa Scientific Journal

Adriana Lopes da Silva mukenkufu alina obuyinza bungi mu by’obusawo n’okunoonyereza. Alina akakwate n’amatendekero ag’ekitiibwa agawerako, omuli Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Yunivasite y’e Queensland, Yunivasite y’e Toronto, ne Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Ono era awagirwa kkampuni ya FAPERJ. Okunoonyereza kwe kukwata ku General & Internal Medicine, Enkola y’okussa, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, ne Physiology. Ebitundu bino eby’okunoonyereza bikulu nnyo mu kutumbula ebyobulamu by’abantu n’okumanya ku by’obujjanjabi.Adriana Lopes da Silva awandiikiddwa mu kiwandiiko ekijuliziddwa [6].

▎ Ebiwandiiko Ebikwatagana

[1] Nasseri B, Zaringhalam J, Daniali S, n’abalala. Obujjanjabi bwa thymulin bukendeeza obulumi bw’okuzimba nga bukyusa amakubo g’obubonero bw’obutoffaali bw’omugongo ne molekyu[J]. Enkola y’ensi yonna ey’obusimu obuziyiza endwadde, 2019,70:225-234.DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.042.

[2] Haddad JJE, ENES, Garabedian B S. Thymulin: Molekyulu egenda okuvaayo eziyiza okuzimba[J]. Current Eddagala Chemistry - Anti-okuzimba & Anti-Allergy Agents, 2005,4:333-338. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55757311. Enkola y’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi.

[3] Bonamin L, Sato C, Santana F, n’abalala. Okwawukana n’okukyusakyusa emirimu gya phagocyte mu murine granuloma oluvannyuma lw’okujjanjabwa ne thymulin 5cH[J]. Ekitabo ky’ensi yonna eky’okunoonyereza ku kusengejja amazzi amangi - ISSN 1982-6206, 2021,11:148.DOI:10.51910/ijhdr.v11i40.580.

[4] Da S. A., Martini S. V., Abreu S. C., n’abalala. DNA nanoparticle-mediated thymulin gene therapy eremesa okuddamu okukola emikutu gy’empewo mu kugezesa allergic asthma[J]. Journal of Okufulumya okufugibwa, 2014,180:125-133.DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.010.

[5] Lunin S. M., Khrenov M. O., Glushkova O. V., n’abalala. Obukuumi Effect ya PBCA Nanoparticles Loaded ne Thymulin Against Relapsing-Remitting engeri y'okugezesa Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis mu mbeba[J]. Ekitabo ky'ensi yonna ekya Sayansi wa Molekyulu, 2019,20 (21).DOI:10.3390/ijms20215374.

[6] Da S. A., de Oliveira G. P., Kim N., n’abalala. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy mu bujjanjabi ezzaawo obulwadde obukulu obw’okugezesa allergic asthma[J]. Enkulaakulana ya Sayansi, 2020,6 (24): eaay7973.DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aay7973.

[7] Vishal C, Ajay K, Tech KR M. Thymulin—essuubi okuva mu kibokisi mu katyabaga ka COVID-19, 2020[C]. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231646690. Enkola y’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi

EBINTU BYONNNA N’AMAWULIRE GW’EBINTU EBIweereddwa KU MUTINDO GUNO BIKOZESEBWA KU KUSASANYA AMAWULIRE N’EBIKOLWA BY’OKUSOMESA.  

Ebintu ebiweereddwa ku mukutu guno bigendereddwamu kunoonyereza mu kisenge (in vitro research) byokka. Okunoonyereza mu vitro (Olulattini: *mu ndabirwamu*, ekitegeeza mu bikozesebwa mu ndabirwamu) kukolebwa ebweru w’omubiri gw’omuntu. Ebintu bino si bya ddagala, tebikkiriziddwa kitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala (FDA), era tebirina kukozesebwa kuziyiza, kujjanjaba oba kuwonya mbeera yonna ya bujjanjabi, bulwadde oba bulwadde. Kikugirwa nnyo mu mateeka okuyingiza ebintu bino mu mubiri gw’omuntu oba ebisolo mu ngeri yonna.