Bya Cocer Peptides 
omwezi gumu emabega
EBINTU BYONNNA N’AMAWULIRE GW’EBINTU EBIweereddwa KU MUTINDO GUNO BIKOZESEBWA KU KUSASANYA AMAWULIRE N’EBIKOLWA BY’OKUSOMESA.
Ebintu ebiweereddwa ku mukutu guno bigendereddwamu kunoonyereza mu kisenge (in vitro research) byokka. Okunoonyereza mu vitro (Olulattini: *mu ndabirwamu*, ekitegeeza mu bikozesebwa mu ndabirwamu) kukolebwa ebweru w’omubiri gw’omuntu. Ebintu bino si bya ddagala, tebikkiriziddwa kitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala (FDA), era tebirina kukozesebwa kuziyiza, kujjanjaba oba kuwonya mbeera yonna ya bujjanjabi, bulwadde oba bulwadde. Kikugirwa nnyo mu mateeka okuyingiza ebintu bino mu mubiri gw’omuntu oba ebisolo mu ngeri yonna.
Mu by’obulamu, okukaddiwa bulijjo kubadde mulamwa munene ogw’okunoonyereza. Nga okunoonyereza ku nkola z’okukaddiwa kweyongera, omulimu gwa nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) mu nkola y’okulwanyisa okukaddiwa gweyongedde okufaayo. Nga coenzyme eyenyigira mu nkola nnyingi enkulu ez’omubiri munda mu butoffaali, NAD+ ezuuliddwa nti ekwatagana nnyo n’enkola y’okukaddiwa.
Ekifaananyi 1 Emirimu gy’ebiramu egya NAD. NAD etereeza bbalansi y’amasoboza, okuddamu ku situleesi, n’obutafaali obuyitibwa cellular homeostasis okuyita mu sirtuins, PARPs, ne redox enzymes ez’enjawulo.
Okulambika kw’emirimu gy’omubiri gya NAD+
NAD+ ye coenzyme esangibwa nnyo mu butoffaali, eyeetaba mu nkola ez’enjawulo enkulu ez’omubiri. Okusinga kibeera mu ngeri bbiri munda mu butoffaali: ekifaananyi ekifuuse omukka (NAD+) n’ekifaananyi ekikendeezeddwa (NADH), ekiyinza okukyusakyusa. Enzikiriziganya eno ey’amaanyi nkulu nnyo mu kukuuma enkyukakyuka y’obutoffaali eya bulijjo n’enkola y’emirimu.
1. Enkyukakyuka y’amaanyi: NAD+ ekola kinene mu kussa kw’obutoffaali. Mu makubo g’okukyusakyusa amasoboza nga glycolysis, enzirukanya ya asidi tricarboxylic, ne oxidative phosphorylation, NAD+ ekola nga ekikkiriza obusannyalazo, nga efuna obusannyalazo obufulumizibwa mu kiseera ky’okukyusakyusa (oxidation) kw’ebintu ebikyusakyusa okukola NADH. Oluvannyuma, NADH ekyusa obusannyalazo mu lujegere lw’okussa olwa mitochondrial, nga eno oxidative phosphorylation ekola adenosine triphosphate (ATP), n’ewa amaanyi eri akatoffaali. Enkola eno ekakasa nti obutoffaali busobola obutasalako okufuna amaanyi agamala okukuuma emirimu gyabwo egy’omubiri egya bulijjo, gamba ng’okukula kw’obutoffaali, okwawukana, n’okuddaabiriza.
Mu kiseera kya glycolysis, 3-phosphoglycerate ekyusa atomu za haidrojeni okudda mu NAD+ wansi w’ekikolwa kya 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, n’ekola NADH ne 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. Oluvannyuma, NADH ekyusa obusannyalazo mu okisigyeni okuyita mu lujegere lw’okussa mu mitochondria, okukkakkana ng’ekola amazzi n’okuyunga okusengejja kwa ATP. Kino kiraga nti NAD+ kitundu ekiteetaagisa mu nkyukakyuka y’amasoboza g’obutoffaali, era enkyukakyuka mu bungi bwayo zikwata butereevu ku bulungibwansi bw’okukola amaanyi.
2. Okuddaabiriza DNA: NAD+ ye substrate eri famire ya poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Oluvannyuma lwa PARP okutegeera n’okusiba ebifo bya DNA ebyonooneddwa, ekozesa NAD+ nga substrate okukyusa ebibinja bya ADP-ribose okudda mu yo oba puloteyina endala, n’ekola enjegere za poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Enjegere zino eza PAR zisobola okuwandiika n’okukola omuddirirwa gwa puloteyina ezenyigira mu kuddaabiriza DNA, nga DNA ligase ne DNA polymerase, bwe kityo ne zitandika enkola y’okuddaabiriza DNA. Obutoffaali bwe bukwatibwa okwonooneka kwa DNA okuva ku bintu nga emisinde gya ultraviolet oba eddagala, enkola ya PARP-NAD+ eddamu mangu okuddaabiriza DNA eyonoonese n’okukuuma obutebenkevu bw’ensengekera y’obutonde. Singa emiwendo gya NAD+ tegimala, emirimu gya PARP giziyizibwa, ekivaako okukendeeza ku busobozi bw’okuddaabiriza DNA, okweyongera kw’obutabeera mu ntebenkevu mu genomic, n’okukaddiwa kw’obutoffaali okwanguya n’okutandika kw’endwadde.
3. Enkyukakyuka ya puloteyina oluvannyuma lw’okuvvuunula: NAD+ nayo yeetaba mu nkola z’okutabula (catalytic reactions) eza puloteyini z’ekika kya sirtuin. Sirtuins ye kiraasi ya deacetylases ezisinziira ku NAD+ ezisobola okuggya enkyukakyuka za acetyl okuva mu bisigalira bya lysine ku puloteyina. Enkyukakyuka eno eya deacetylation etereeza emirimu, okutebenkera, n’okubeera wansi w’obutoffaali bwa puloteyina nnyingi, bwe kityo ne kikwata ku nkyukakyuka y’obutoffaali, okuddamu kw’okunyigirizibwa, okukaddiwa, n’enkola endala ez’omubiri. Okugeza, SIRT1 esobola okulungamya emirimu gy’ensonga z’okuwandiika nga p53 ne FOXO okuyita mu kukyusa deacetylation, bwe kityo n’ekwata ku nsengekera y’obutoffaali, apoptosis, n’enkola z’okunyigirizibwa kw’obuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Obutoffaali bwe buba ku situleesi, SIRT1 eggyamu p53 deacetylates nga enywa NAD+, bwetyo n’eziyiza emirimu gya p53 egy’okuwandiika, n’ekendeeza ku kubeerawo kwa apoptosis, n’okutumbula obusobozi bw’obutoffaali okuwangaala.
Enkyukakyuka mu Mitendera gya NAD+ Mu kiseera ky’Okukaddiwa
Okunoonyereza kulaga nti ng’emyaka gigenda giyitawo, emiwendo gya NAD+ gikendeera mpolampola mu bitundu by’omubiri ebingi n’obutoffaali bw’omubiri. Okukendeera kuno kulabiddwa mu bika eby’enjawulo, omuli ebisolo ebiyonka, enkwaso, n’enseenene z’ebibala, ekiraga nti okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ kuyinza okuba ekintu ekikuumiddwa mu nkola y’okukaddiwa.
1. Enkyukakyuka ezikwata ku bitundu by’omubiri: Obunene n’enkola y’okukendeera kw’omutindo gwa NAD+ n’emyaka biyinza okwawukana mu bitundu eby’enjawulo. Mu binywa by’amagumba, okukaddiwa kuwerekerwako okukendeera kw’emirimu gy’enziyiza enkulu mu kkubo ly’ebiramu erya NAD+, ekivaamu okukendeeza ku kusengejja NAD+. Okwolesebwa n’emirimu gy’enziyiza ezikozesa NAD+ nga CD38 byeyongera, okwanguya okuvunda kwa NAD+ era okukkakkana nga kivuddemu okukendeera okw’amaanyi mu miwendo gya NAD+ mu binywa by’amagumba. Mu kibumba, ng’oggyeeko enkyukakyuka ezoogeddwako waggulu mu makubo g’okusengejja n’okuvunda, okukaddiwa era kuyinza okukosa enkola z’entambula ya NAD+, ekivaako obutakwatagana mu kusaasaanya NAD+ mu butoffaali n’okwongera okukendeeza ku bungi bwayo obulungi.
2. Okukwatagana n’endwadde ezeekuusa ku myaka: Okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ kukwatagana nnyo n’okutandika n’okukulaakulana kw’endwadde ez’enjawulo ezeekuusa ku myaka. Mu ndwadde z’emisuwa, okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ mu butoffaali bw’emisuwa gy’omutima okuva ku kukaddiwa kivaako obuzibu mu nkyukakyuka y’amaanyi, okweyongera kw’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya, n’okufa kw’obutoffaali bw’omutima, bwe kityo ne kyongera okutaataaganyizibwa kw’omutima. Mu ndwadde ezikendeeza ku busimu nga Alzheimer’s disease ne Parkinson’s disease, okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ mu busimu kukosa okuddaabiriza DNA n’okuzimba obutoffaali obukola obutoffaali, okutumbula okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kwa puloteyina ez’obutwa mu busimu n’okufa kw’obusimu. Endwadde z’enkyukakyuka mu mubiri nga ssukaali nazo zikwatagana n’okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+, kubanga obutaba na NAD+ kwonoona okufulumya insulini n’okuwulira insulini, ekivaako okutereeza glucose mu musaayi mu ngeri etaali ya bulijjo.
Enkola okukendeeza ku miwendo gya NAD+ mwe zitumbula okukaddiwa
1. **Obuzibu mu nkyukakyuka y’amaanyi**: NAD+ ekola kinene mu nkyukakyuka y’amaanyi g’obutoffaali. Nga emyaka gyeyongera, okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ kiviirako amakubo g’okukyusakyusa amaanyi okukosebwa n’okukendeeza ku kukola ATP. Kino tekikoma ku kukosa mirimu gya mubiri gya butoffaali egya bulijjo naye era kireeta omuddirirwa gw’okuddamu okuliyirira, gamba ng’okukula kwa mitochondria okuyitiridde n’obutabeera bulungi mu nkola. Mitochondria ze zikola amaanyi mu butoffaali; NAD+ bw’eba temala, enkola y’olujegere lw’okussa olw’emitochondrial ekonoonebwa, ekivaamu okweyongera kw’okukola ebika bya okisigyeni ebikola (ROS) mu kiseera ky’okutambuza obusannyalazo. ROS esukkiridde esobola okulumba DNA ya mitochondrial, puloteyina, n’amasavu, n’eyongera okutaataaganya ensengekera n’enkola ya mitochondria, ne kivaamu enzirukanya embi eyanguya okukaddiwa kw’obutoffaali.
Ekifaananyi 2 Enkola eziteeseddwa ku ngeri okukaddiwa gye kukosaamu enkyukakyuka ya NAD. Okukaddiwa kutaataaganya bbalansi wakati w’okusengejja NAD n’okuvunda, ekivaako okukendeeza ku miwendo gya NAD mu bitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo.
2. Okukung’aanya okwonooneka kwa DNA: Nga substrate ya PARP, okukendeeza ku miwendo gya NAD+ kunafuya obusobozi bw’okuddaabiriza DNA. Okwonooneka kwa DNA bwe kutasobola kuddaabirizibwa bulungi mu budde, kivaako obutabeera mu ntebenkevu mu nsengekera y’obutonde (genomic instability), okukuŋŋaanya enkyukakyuka nnyingi n’obutabeera bulungi mu nsengekera y’obutonde (chromosomal abnormalities). Okwonoonebwa kuno okw’obuzaale kutaataaganya emirimu gy’obutoffaali egya bulijjo, ne bukosa okukula kw’obutoffaali, okwawukana, n’okufa kw’obutoffaali, bwe kityo ne kitumbula okukaddiwa kw’obutoffaali. Okwonooneka kwa DNA era kukola amakubo g’obubonero agakwatagana n’okukaddiwa mu butoffaali, gamba ng’amakubo ga p53-p21 ne p16INK4a-Rb, ekyongera okuleeta okubeerawo kw’okukaddiwa kw’obutoffaali.
3. Dysregulation of senescence-related signaling pathways: NAD+-dependent sirtuin family proteins zikola kinene nnyo mu kulungamya amakubo g’obubonero agakwatagana n’okukaddiwa. Nga emiwendo gya NAD+ gikendeera, emirimu gya sirtuin giziyizibwa, ekivaako okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka za deacetylation eza puloteyina ezigendererwa wansi. Okukendeera kw’emirimu gya SIRT1 kivaamu p53 okubeera mu mbeera ya acetylated ennyo, okutumbula emirimu gya p53 egy’okuwandiika, ekivaako okukwatibwa kw’enzirukanya y’obutoffaali n’okufa; mu kiseera kye kimu, okunafuwa deacetylation of the FOXO transcription factor nga SIRT1 ekosa obutoffaali okuziyiza situleesi antioxidant n’okulungamya metabolic. Okugatta ku ekyo, enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy’abantu abalala ab’omu maka ga sirtuin nga SIRT3 ne SIRT6 nazo zikwata ku nkola ya mitochondria, okutebenkera kw’ensengekera y’obutonde (genomic stability), n’okuddamu kw’okuzimba, nga byonna awamu bivuga okukulaakulana kw’okukaddiwa kw’obutoffaali.
Enkola z’okulwanyisa okukaddiwa okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+
Okusinziira ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere wakati w’okukendeeza ku miwendo gya NAD+ n’okukaddiwa, obukodyo bw’okulwawo okukaddiwa nga twongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ bufuuse ekifo eky’okunoonyereza.
1. Okwongera ku NAD+ Precursors: Okwongera ku NAD+ precursors nkola ya bulijjo okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+. Ebisookerwako ebya NAD+ ebimanyiddwa mulimu nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), ne nicotinamide riboside (NR). Ebisookerwako bino bisobola okukyusibwa ne bifuuka NAD+ nga biyita mu makubo ag’enjawulo ag’okukyusakyusa ebiriisa mu butoffaali, bwe kityo ne byongera ku miwendo gyayo.
Nicotinamide (NAM): NAM ngeri ya vitamiini B3 esobola okukyusibwa okufuuka nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) okuyita mu kikolwa kya nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), oluvannyuma n’ekozesebwa okukola NAD+. Okwongera ku NAM mu ddoozi ennene kuyinza okuddamu okuziyiza emirimu gya NAMPT, okukomya obusobozi bwayo okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+. Okukozesa NAM mu ddoozi ennene okumala ebbanga eddene kiyinza okuleeta ebizibu ng’okufuukuuka kw’olususu, naye ku ddoozi ezisaanidde, NAM esobola bulungi okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ mu butoffaali, okulongoosa enkyukakyuka y’amaanyi, n’okutumbula emirimu gy’okuddaabiriza DNA.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN): NMN ye ntandikwa butereevu mu kkubo ly’ebiramu erya NAD+. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti NMN ey’omu kamwa eyingizibwa mangu n’ekyusibwa n’efuuka NAD+, mu ngeri ennungi n’eyongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ mu bitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo. Mu kugezesa ebisolo, okugatta NMN kulaga okulongoosa okw’amaanyi mu buzibu bw’okukyusakyusa emmere obuva ku myaka, obutakola bulungi misuwa, n’endwadde z’obusimu. Okugeza, mu mbeba ezikaddiye, okugatta NMN kwalongoosa obusobozi bw’okutambula, kwayongera ku kuwulira kwa insulini, kwakendeeza ku nkyukakyuka z’obulwadde ezikwatagana n’emyaka mu mutima, n’okutumbula enkola y’okutegeera. Okugatta ku ekyo, NMN eragiddwa okutumbula enkola ya mitochondrial biogenesis, okutumbula enkola ya mitochondrial, n’okukendeeza ku kwonooneka okuva mu oxidative stress.
Nicotinamide riboside (NR): NR ye NAD+ precursor endala ekola obulungi eyinza okukyusibwa okufuuka NMN okuyita mu phosphorylation nga ekolebwa nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK), oluvannyuma ekozesebwa okukola NAD+. Okufaananako ne NMN, okugatta ku NR kiyinza okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ mu butoffaali, okulongoosa enkola y’enkyukakyuka y’emmere, n’okulwawo okukaddiwa. Mu mbeba ezikaddiye, NR supplementation esobola okuddamu okukola amakubo g’enkyukakyuka y’emmere n’okuddamu ku situleesi, okutumbula obusobozi bw’okusiba chromatin mu circadian clock gene BMAL1, okuzzaawo ennyimba z’okussa mu mitochondrial n’emirimu gya circadian, n’okuzzaawo ekitundu embeera y’omubiri y’ebibe ebikadde okudda ku y’ebibe ebito.
Ekifaananyi 3 Omuze ogulaga ekkubo ly’okutaasa NAD+ n’okukyusa nicotinamide riboside (NR) okudda mu NAD+.
2. Okulungamya enziyiza z’enkyukakyuka mu mubiri eza NAD+:
Okukola kwa NAD+ synthase: NAMPT ye enzyme ekoma ku sipiidi mu kkubo ly’ebiramu erya NAD+, era okweyongera kw’emirimu kuyinza okutumbula okukola kwa NAD+. Ebirungo ebimu eby’obutonde, nga resveratrol ne apigenin, bizuuliddwa nti bikola NAMPT, bwe kityo ne byongera okukola NAD+. Resveratrol kirungo kya polyphenolic ekisangibwa mu malusu g’emizabbibu, wayini omumyufu n’ebimera ebirala. Kiyinza okulinnyisa okwolesebwa kwa NAMPT mu ngeri etali butereevu nga kikola ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa SIRT1-PGC-1α, bwe kityo ne kyongera ku miwendo gya NAD+. Obujjanjabi bwa Resveratrol bulongoosa enkyukakyuka y’amaanyi, bukendeeza ku kwonooneka kw’okunyigirizibwa okw’okwokya (oxidative stress damage), n’okwongezaayo obulamu mu mbeba ezikaddiye.
Enziyiza ezirya NAD+: CD38 ye enzyme enkulu enywa NAD+ nga okwolesebwa n’emirimu gyayo byeyongera n’emyaka, okwanguya okuvunda kwa NAD+. Okuziyiza emirimu gya CD38 kikendeeza ku nkozesa ya NAD+ era kikuuma emiwendo gya NAD+ mu butoffaali. Ebirungo ebimu ebya molekyu entono, nga 78c ne apigenin, bigambibwa nti biziyiza emirimu gya CD38. Okukozesa eddagala eriziyiza CD38 kiyinza okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ n’okulongoosa obuzibu bw’omubiri obuva ku myaka, gamba ng’okutumbula enkola y’omutima n’okulongoosa obuzibu mu nkyukakyuka y’emmere.
3. Ebiyingira mu bulamu: Ensonga z‟obulamu nazo zikwata nnyo ku mitendera gya NAD+.
Dduyiro: Dduyiro buli kiseera asitula ekkubo lya NAD+ biosynthetic era n’ayongera ku miwendo gya NAD+. Dduyiro w’omukka n’okutendekebwa kw’amaanyi byombi bisobola okwongera ku kwolesebwa n’emirimu gya NAMPT mu binywa by’amagumba, okutumbula okusengejja NAD+. Dduyiro era asobola okulungamya okwolesebwa kw’obuzaale obukwatagana n’enkyukakyuka ya NAD+, okulongoosa enkola ya mitochondria, n’okutumbula obusobozi bw’obutoffaali obuziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde. Mu bantu abakadde, dduyiro ow‟ekigero asobola bulungi okwongera ku NAD+ mu binywa, okulongoosa amaanyi g‟ebinywa n‟enkola y‟enkola y‟emirimu gy‟omubiri, n‟okukendeeza ku nkola y‟okukaddiwa.
Okuziyiza emmere: Okuziyiza emmere, gamba ng’okuziyiza kalori (CR) n’okusiiba okutambula obutasalako (IF), bimanyiddwa nnyo ng’obukodyo obulungi obw’okukendeeza ku kukaddiwa. Enkola zino ez’emmere zikola ebikolwa byabwe eby’okulwanyisa okukaddiwa nga zitereeza enkyukakyuka ya NAD+. CR ne IF zikola obutoffaali bw’amaka ga sirtuin nga SIRT1, ne zitumbula okusengejja n’okukozesa NAD+. Okuziyiza emmere nakyo kisobola okukendeeza ku situleesi y’okwokya, okulongoosa enkola y’enkyukakyuka y’emmere, n’okukendeeza ku bulabe bw’endwadde ezeekuusa ku myaka. Mu kugezesa ebisolo, okuziyiza kalori okumala ebbanga eddene kuyinza okwongera ennyo ku miwendo gya NAD+ n’okwongera ku bulamu bw’ebika ebingi.
Ebiva mu kulwanyisa okukaddiwa olw’okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+
1. Ebikolwa eby’okulwanyisa okukaddiwa mu kugezesa ebisolo: Okugezesa ku bisolo kungi kukakasizza nti okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ kiyinza okukendeeza ennyo ku nkola y’okukaddiwa n’okulongoosa obutakola bulungi bw’omubiri obuva ku myaka.
Okulongoosa mu nkola y’okukyusakyusa emmere: Mu mbeba ezikaddiye, okugatta ku NMN oba NR kiyinza okutumbula okuwulira kwa insulini, okutereeza emiwendo gya glucose mu musaayi, n’okulongoosa obuzibu mu nkyukakyuka y’amasavu. NAD+ precursor supplementation esobola okwongera ku fatty acid oxidation mu adipose tissue, okukendeeza amasavu okukuŋŋaanyizibwa, n’okukendeeza ku bulabe bw’endwadde ezeekuusa ku mugejjo. Okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ nakyo kisobola okulongoosa enkola y’ekibumba mu mubiri, okutumbula obusobozi bw’ekibumba okuggya obutwa mu ddagala n’obutwa, n’okukuuma enkola y’omubiri eya bulijjo ey’ekibumba.
Okukuuma emirimu gy’emisuwa gy’omutima: Mu kiseera ky’okukaddiwa, enkola y’emisuwa gy’omutima efuna enkyukakyuka mu nsengeka n’enkola, gamba ng’okukula kw’emisuwa gy’omutima n’okukendeeza ku bugumu bw’emisuwa. Okwongera ku NAD+ precursors kiyinza okulongoosa omutima okukonziba n’okuwummulamu omulimu, okukendeeza myocardial fibrosis, n’okukendeeza ku oxidative stress okwonooneka. Mu bikolwa by’ebisolo, okugatta ku NMN oba NR kiyinza okukendeeza puleesa, okulongoosa enkola y’emisuwa endothelial, n’okukendeeza ku bulabe bw’endwadde z’emisuwa. Mu bikolwa by’okusannyalala kw’omutima, okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ kiyinza okutumbula obulamu bw’obutoffaali bw’omutima n’okuddaabiriza, okukendeeza ku sayizi y’okusannyalala, n’okulongoosa enkola y’omutima.
Ebikolwa by’okukuuma obusimu: Mu bikolwa by’endwadde ezikendeeza ku busimu, okweyongera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ kulaga ebikolwa eby’amaanyi eby’okukuuma obusimu. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti okugatta ku NMN oba NR kiyinza okulongoosa enkola y’okutegeera, okukendeeza ku kuzimba kw’obusimu, n’okukendeeza ku kukuŋŋaanyizibwa kwa puloteyina ez’obutwa mu busimu. Mu bikolwa by’ebibe eby’obulwadde bwa Alzheimer, okugatta ku bikozesebwa ebisookerwako ebya NAD+ kiyinza okukendeeza ku kukola β-amyloid, okuziyiza phosphorylation esukkiridde eya puloteyina ya tau, okukuuma obusimu obutafuna kwonooneka, era bwe kityo okulongoosa obusobozi bw’okuyiga n’okujjukira.
Obulamu obw’enjawulo: Mu biramu eby’enjawulo eby’ekyokulabirako, okweyongera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ kiragiddwa okwongera ku bulamu. Mu nsiri n’enseenene z’ebibala, okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ nga tuyita mu kukyusakyusa obuzaale oba okugattako ebisookerwako ebya NAD+ kiyinza okwongera ennyo ku bulamu bwazo. Mu kugezesa kw’ebibe, okugatta NMN oba NR okumala ebbanga eddene nakyo kyalaga omuze ogw’okuwangaala, wadde ng’ekikolwa kino kiyinza okwawukana mu kunoonyereza okw’enjawulo. Okutwaliza awamu, bino ebizuuliddwa biraga enkosa ennungi ey’okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+ ku bulamu.
Mu bufunzi
Nga coenzyme enkulu munda mu butoffaali, NAD+ ekola kinene mu nkola enkulu ez’omubiri nga okukyusakyusa amaanyi, okuddaabiriza DNA, n’okukyusa obutoffaali oluvannyuma lw’okuvvuunula. Nga emyaka gyeyongera, okukendeera kw’emiwendo gya NAD+ kukwatagana nnyo n’enkola y’okukaddiwa n’okutandika n’okukulaakulana kw’endwadde ez’enjawulo ezeekuusa ku myaka. Enkola z’okwongera ku miwendo gya NAD+, gamba ng’okwongera ku bisookerwako ebya NAD+, okulungamya enziyiza z’okukyusakyusa emmere ya NAD+, n’okuyingira mu bulamu, biraga ebikolwa eby’amaanyi ebiziyiza okukaddiwa mu kugezesa ebisolo, omuli okulongoosa enkola y’enkyukakyuka y’emmere, okukuuma enkola z’emisuwa n’obusimu, n’okwongera ku bulamu.
Ensonda
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Ekintu ekiriwo okukozesebwa mu kunoonyereza kwokka:
