By Cocer Peptides 
1 ọnwa gara aga
Edemede na ozi ngwaahịa niile enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka mgbasa ozi na ebumnuche mmụta.
Ngwaahịa ndị enyere na webụsaịtị a bụ naanị maka nyocha in vitro. A na-eme nyocha in vitro (Latin: * na iko *, nke pụtara na ihe eji enyo) na mpụga ahụ mmadụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a abụghị ọgwụ, ndị US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akwadoghị ya, ha agaghịkwa eji ya gbochie, gwọọ, ma ọ bụ gwọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla, ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa. Iwu amachibidoro nke ọma iwebata ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ n'ụdị ọ bụla.
N'ihe gbasara sayensị ndụ, ịka nká bụ isi isiokwu nyocha. Ka nyocha n'ime usoro nke ịka nká na-aga n'ihu, ọrụ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) na usoro mgbochi ịka nká emewo ka nlebara anya na-abawanye ụba. Dị ka coenzyme na-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ usoro physiological isi n'ime sel, achọpụtara NAD + nwere njikọ chiri anya na usoro ịka nká.
Ọgụgụ 1 Ọrụ ndu nke NAD. NAD na-ahazi nguzozi ike, nzaghachi nrụgide, yana homeostasis cellular site na sirtuins, PARPs na enzymes redox dị iche iche.
Nchịkọta nke Ọrụ Ahụ Ike nke NAD +
NAD + bụ coenzyme dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na sel, na-ekere òkè na usoro usoro ọmụmụ dị iche iche. Ọ dị n'ụdị abụọ n'ime sel: ụdị oxidized (NAD+) na ụdị mbelata (NADH), nke nwere ike ịtụgharị. Nke a na nguzozi ike dị oké mkpa maka ịnọgide na-enwe nkịtị cellular metabolism na ọrụ.
1. Metabolism ume: NAD + na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na iku ume cellular. N'ime ụzọ metabolism ike dị ka glycolysis, okirikiri tricarboxylic acid, na phosphorylation oxidative, NAD + na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-anabata elektrọn, na-anata elektrọn nke ewepụtara n'oge oxidation nke mkpụrụ ndụ metabolic na-etolite NADH. Na-esote, NADH na-ebufe electrons na mitochondrial iku ume yinye, ebe oxidative phosphorylation na-emepụta adenosine triphosphate (ATP), na-enye ike maka cell. Usoro a na-achọpụta na mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike na-enweta ume zuru oke iji nọgide na-eme ihe omume anụ ahụ nkịtị, dị ka uto cell, nkewa, na nrụzi.
N'oge glycolysis, 3-phosphoglycerate na-ebufe hydrogen atom na NAD + n'okpuru ọrụ nke 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, na-emepụta NADH na 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. Na-esote, NADH na-ebufe electrons na oxygen site na agbụ iku ume na mitochondria, n'ikpeazụ na-emepụta mmiri na njikọ ATP. Nke a na-egosi na NAD + bụ ihe dị mkpa maka metabolism ike cell, yana mgbanwe na itinye uche ya na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke mmepụta ume.
2. Ndozi DNA: NAD + bụ mkpụrụ maka ezinụlọ poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Mgbe PARP chọpụtachara ma jikọta na saịtị DNA mebiri emebi, ọ na-eji NAD + dị ka mkpụrụ iji nyefee otu ADP-ribose n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ protein ndị ọzọ, na-akpụ agbụ poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Agbụ PAR ndị a nwere ike iweta ma mee ka usoro protein dị iche iche na-etinye aka na nrụzi DNA, dị ka DNA ligase na DNA polymerase, si otú ahụ malite usoro nrụzi DNA. Mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ekpughere mmebi DNA nke ihe ndị dị ka ultraviolet radieshon ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ kpatara, usoro PARP-NAD + na-anabata ngwa ngwa iji rụkwaa DNA mebiri emebi ma nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke genomic. Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa NAD + ezughi oke, a na-egbochi ọrụ PARP, na-eduga n'ịbelata ikike nrụzi DNA, ụbara enweghị nkwụsi ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, yana ịka nká cellular na mmalite ọrịa.
3. Mgbanwe ntụgharị post-translational nke protein: NAD + na-ekerekwa òkè na mmeghachi omume catalytic nke protein ezinụlọ sirtuin. Sirtuins bụ klaasị NAD + dabere deacetylases nke nwere ike wepu mgbanwe acetyl site na residus lysine na protein. Mgbanwe nke deacetylation a na-achịkwa ọrụ, nkwụsi ike, na mpaghara subcellular nke ọtụtụ protein, si otú ahụ na-emetụta metabolism cellular, nzaghachi nrụgide, ịka nká, na usoro ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, SIRT1 nwere ike ịhazi ọrụ nke ihe odide ederede dị ka p53 na FOXO site na ngbanwe deacetylation, si otú ahụ na-emetụta okirikiri cell, apoptosis, na usoro nrụgide antioxidant. Mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ nọ n'okpuru nrụgide, SIRT1 deacetylates p53 site na iri NAD +, si otú a na-egbochi ọrụ ntụgharị p53, na-ebelata ihe omume apoptosis, na ịkwalite ikike ịlanarị cellular.
Mgbanwe na ọkwa NAD + n'oge ịka nká
Nnyocha egosiwo na ka ọ na-etolite, ọkwa NAD + ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata n'ọtụtụ anụ ahụ na sel nke ahụ. A hụla ọdịda a n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere mammals, nematodes, na ijiji mkpụrụ osisi, na-atụ aro na mbelata ọkwa NAD + nwere ike bụrụ ihe echekwara na usoro ịka nká.
1. Mgbanwe dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ: Ogologo na usoro nke ọkwa NAD + dara na afọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ofe anụ ahụ dị iche iche. Na akwara skeletal, ịka nká na-esonyere mbelata ọrụ nke enzymes isi na ụzọ NAD + biosynthetic, na-eduga n'ịbelata njikọ NAD +. Okwu na ọrụ nke NAD + na-eri enzymes dị ka CD38 na-abawanye, na-eme ka mmebi NAD + dịkwuo elu ma na-ebute mbelata dị ukwuu na ọkwa NAD + na akwara skeletal. N'ime imeju, na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na njikọ na ụzọ mmebi, ịka nká nwekwara ike imetụta usoro njem NAD +, na-eduga na enweghị aha na nkesa NAD + intracellular ma na-ebelata ntinye ya dị irè.
2. Njikọ na ọrịa ndị metụtara afọ: Mbelata NAD + na-ejikọta ya na mmalite na ọganihu nke ọrịa dị iche iche metụtara afọ. N'ọrịa obi, mbelata nke cell myocardial NAD + ọkwa nke ịka nká na-eduga na nsogbu metabolism ike, mmụba oxidative, na apoptosis cell myocardial, si otú a na-eme ka arụ ọrụ obi dịkwuo njọ. N'ọrịa neurodegenerative dị ka ọrịa Alzheimer na ọrịa Parkinson, mbelata nke neuronal NAD + ọkwa na-emetụta nrụzi DNA na protein homeostasis, na-akwalite mkpokọta protein neurotoxic na ọnwụ neuronal. Ọrịa metabolic dị ka ọrịa shuga na-ejikọta ya na ọkwa NAD + mbelata, ebe ụkọ NAD + na-emebi insulin secretion na insulin uche, na-eduga n'usoro nchịkwa glucose ọbara na-adịghị mma.
Usoro nke iji belata ọkwa NAD+ na-akwalite ịka nká
1. ** Nsogbu metabolism ike ***: NAD+ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na metabolism ike cellular. Ka afọ na-abawanye, ọkwa NAD + belatara na-eduga n'okporo ụzọ metabolism ike na-emebi ma belata mmepụta ATP. Ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-emetụta ọrụ physiological cellular nkịtị kamakwa ọ na-akpalite usoro nzaghachi nkwụghachi ụgwọ, dị ka mmụba mitochondrial gabigara ókè na arụrụ arụ ọrụ. Mitochondria bụ ụlọ ọrụ ike cellular; Mgbe NAD + ezughi oke, ọrụ mitochondrial nke iku ume na-emebi emebi, na-ebute mmụba nke ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume (ROS) n'oge njem elektrọn. ROS karịrị akarị nwere ike ịwakpo DNA mitochondrial, protein, na lipids, na-akpaghasị usoro na ọrụ mitochondrial, na-emepụta usoro ọjọọ nke na-eme ka ịka nká dị elu.
Ọgụgụ 2 Atụmatụ echere etu ịka nká si emetụta metabolism NAD. Ịka nká na-akpaghasị nguzozi n'etiti njikọ NAD na mmebi, na-eduga n'ibelata ọkwa NAD na anụ ahụ dị iche iche.
2. Mkpokọta mmebi DNA: Dị ka mkpụrụ maka PARP, belata ọkwa NAD + na-ebelata ikike nrụzi DNA. Mgbe enweghị ike imezi mmebi DNA nke ọma n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ na-eduga n'ọgba aghara genomic, na-achịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmụgharị na chromosomal abnormalities. Mbibi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a na-egbochi ọrụ physiological cellular nkịtị, na-emetụta mmụba cell, ọdịiche, na apoptosis, si otú ahụ na-akwalite ịka nká cellular. Nbibi DNA na-emekwa ka ụzọ mgbaàmà ndị metụtara ịka nká na-arụ ọrụ n'ime sel, dị ka ụzọ p53-p21 na p16INK4a-Rb, na-ebute n'ihu n'omume ịka nká.
3. Dysregulation nke ụzọ mgbaàmà metụtara senescence: NAD + na-adabere na protein ezinụlọ sirtuin na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi ụzọ mgbaama metụtara senescence. Ka ọkwa NAD + na-agbada, a na-egbochi ọrụ sirtuin, na-eduga na mbelata mgbanwe deacetylation nke protein ndị e lekwasịrị anya n'okpuru. Mbelata ọrụ SIRT1 na-arụpụta p53 nọ na steeti acetylated nke ukwuu, na-eme ka ọrụ ntụgharị p53 dịkwuo elu, na-eduga na njide okirikiri cell na apoptosis; N'otu oge, deacetylation na-adịghị ike nke ihe odide ederede FOXO site na SIRT1 na-emetụta nguzogide nrụgide antioxidant nke cell na ụkpụrụ metabolic. Na mgbakwunye, mgbanwe na ọrụ nke ndị ezinaụlọ sirtuin ndị ọzọ dị ka SIRT3 na SIRT6 na-emetụtakwa ọrụ mitochondrial, nkwụsi ike genomic, na nzaghachi mkpali, na-agbakọta ọnụ na-eme ka ọganihu nke senescence cellular.
Atụmatụ mgbochi ịka nká iji bulie ọkwa NAD +
Nyere mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti belata ọkwa NAD + na ịka nká, atụmatụ iji gbuo oge ịka nká site na ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + aghọwo ebe nyocha.
1. Na-agbakwunye NAD + Precursors: Ịgbakwunye NAD + precursors bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị iji bulie ọkwa NAD +. Ihe mmalite NAD + na-emekarị gụnyere nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), na nicotinamide riboside (NR). Enwere ike ịtụgharị ihe mmalite ndị a na NAD + site na ụzọ metabolic akọwapụtara n'ime sel, si otú a na-abawanye ọkwa ya.
Nicotinamide (NAM): NAM bụ ụdị vitamin B3 nke nwere ike ịtụgharị ghọọ nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) site na omume nke nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), nke a na-eji emezi NAD +. Mgbakwunye NAM dị elu nwere ike nzaghachi gbochie ọrụ NAMPT, na-amachi ikike ya ịbawanye ọkwa NAD+. Ojiji ogologo oge dị elu nke NAM nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ndị dị ka nsị anụ ahụ, ma na usoro kwesịrị ekwesị, NAM nwere ike ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + intracellular nke ọma, meziwanye metabolism ike, ma kwalite ọrụ nrụzi DNA.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN): NMN bụ ihe izizi na ụzọ NAD + biosynthetic. Nnyocha egosiwo na NMN ọnụ na-abanye ngwa ngwa ma gbanwee na NAD +, na-abawanye ọkwa NAD + nke ọma na anụ ahụ dị iche iche. N'ime nnwale anụmanụ, mgbakwunye NMN egosila mmụba dị ukwuu na nsogbu metabolic metụtara afọ, arụrụ ọrụ akwara obi, na ọrịa neurodegenerative. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ụmụ oke ndị merela agadi, mgbakwunye NMN kwalitere ikike locomotor, mmụba insulin na-enwe mmetụta, belata mgbanwe ọrịa afọ na obi, yana nkwalite ọrụ ọgụgụ isi. Na mgbakwunye, egosiri NMN iji kwalite mitochondrial biogenesis, kwalite ọrụ mitochondrial, ma belata mmebi nke nrụgide oxidative.
Nicotinamide riboside (NR): NR bụ ihe ọzọ dị irè NAD + precursor nke nwere ike ịtụgharị n'ime NMN site na phosphorylation site nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK), nke a na-eji na-emepụta NAD +. Dị ka NMN, mgbakwunye na NR nwere ike ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + intracellular, melite ọrụ metabolic, na igbu oge ịka nká. N'ime oke oke, mgbakwunye NR nwere ike megharia ụzọ nzaghachi metabolic na nrụgide nrụgide, welie ikike chromatin na-ejikọta nke gene clock circadian BMAL1, weghachi usoro iku ume mitochondrial na ọrụ circadian, ma weghachi akụkụ ahụ ọnọdụ physiological nke ụmụ oke merela agadi na nke ụmụ oke.
Ọgụgụ 3 Model na-egosi ụzọ NAD + nzọpụta na ntughari nicotinamide riboside (NR) na NAD +.
2. Iwu nke NAD + metabolic enzymes:
Nkwalite nke NAD + synthase: NAMPT bụ enzyme na-ebelata ọnụego na ụzọ NAD + biosynthetic, yana ịba ụba ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite njikọ NAD +. Achọpụtala ụfọdụ ogige eke, dị ka resveratrol na apigenin na-arụ ọrụ NAMPT, si otú ahụ na-abawanye mmepụta NAD +. Resveratrol bụ ngwakọta polyphenolic dị na akpụkpọ mkpụrụ vaịn, mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara, na osisi ndị ọzọ. Ọ nwere ike kwalite okwu NAMPT na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ịgbalite ụzọ akara SIRT1-PGC-1α, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ọkwa NAD +. Ọgwụ resveratrol na-eme ka metabolism dị ike, na-ebelata nrụgide oxidative, ma na-agbatị ndụ ụmụ oke n'ime agadi.
Na-egbochi NAD + na-eri enzymes: CD38 bụ isi NAD + na-eri enzyme nke okwu ya na ọrụ ya na-abawanye na afọ, na-eme ka mmebi NAD + dịkwuo elu. Mgbochi ọrụ CD38 na-ebelata oriri NAD+ ma na-edobe ọkwa NAD + intracellular. Ụfọdụ ogige obere molecule, dị ka 78c na apigenin, ka akọọrọ na ha na-egbochi ọrụ CD38. Iji CD38 inhibitors nwere ike ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + ma melite arụmọrụ physiological metụtara afọ, dị ka ịkwalite ọrụ obi na imeziwanye nsogbu metabolic.
3. Ntinye aka n'ụdị ndụ: Ihe ndị metụtara ndụ na-emetụtakwa ọkwa NAD + nke ukwuu.
Mmega ahụ: Mmega ahụ mgbe niile na-akpali ụzọ NAD + biosynthetic ma na-abawanye ọkwa NAD +. Ma mgbatị ahụ aerobic na ọzụzụ ike nwere ike ime ka nkwupụta na ọrụ NAMPT dị na akwara skeletal, na-akwalite njikọ NAD +. Mmega ahụ nwekwara ike ịhazi okwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara NAD + metabolism, kwalite ọrụ mitochondrial, ma kwalite ikike antioxidant cell. N'ime ndị agadi, mmega ahụ na-agafeghị oke nwere ike ịbawanye ọdịnaya NAD + nke ọma na mọzụlụ, kwalite ike akwara na ọrụ moto, ma belata usoro ịka nká.
Mgbochi nri: mmachi nri, dị ka kalori restriction (CR) na ibu ọnụ na-adịte aka (Ọ BỤRỤRỤ), bụ ndị a ma ama dị ka atụmatụ dị irè maka ibelata ịka nká. Usoro nri ndị a na-egosipụta mmetụta mgbochi ịka nká site na ịhazi NAD + metabolism. CR na Ọ BỤRỤ na-arụ ọrụ protein ezinụlọ sirtuin dị ka SIRT1, na-akwalite njikọ NAD + na itinye n'ọrụ. Mgbochi iri nri nwekwara ike ibelata nrụgide oxidative, melite ọrụ metabolic, ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa ndị metụtara afọ. N'ime nnwale anụmanụ, mmachi kalori ogologo oge nwere ike ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + ma gbasaa ogologo ndụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị.
Mmetụta mgbochi ịka nká nke ịbawanye ọkwa NAD+
1. Mmetụta mgbochi ịka nká na nnwale anụmanụ: Ọtụtụ nnwale anụmanụ ekwenyela na ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + nwere ike belata usoro ịka nká nke ukwuu ma melite arụmọrụ physiological metụtara afọ.
Ọrụ Metabolic emelitere: N'ime ụmụ oke merela agadi, mgbakwunye na NMN ma ọ bụ NR nwere ike ime ka mmetụta insulin dịkwuo elu, mezie ọkwa glucose ọbara, ma melite nsogbu metabolism lipid. NAD + precursor supplementation nwere ike ịbawanye oxidation fatty acid na anụ ahụ adipose, belata mkpokọta abụba, ma belata ohere nke ọrịa ndị metụtara oke ibu. Ịbawanye ọkwa NAD + nwekwara ike imeziwanye ọrụ metabolic nke imeju, kwalite ikike imeju imeju maka ọgwụ na nsị, ma nọgide na-arụ ọrụ imeju nkịtị.
Nchekwa ọrụ obi obi: N'oge usoro ịka nká, usoro obi obi na-enwe mgbanwe nhazi na arụ ọrụ, dị ka hypertrophy myocardial na mbelata elasticity vaskụla. Ịgbakwunye ihe ndị na-ebu ụzọ NAD + nwere ike imeziwanye mkpụkọ obi na ọrụ ntụrụndụ, belata fibrosis myocardial, ma belata mmebi nrụgide oxidative. N'ụdị anụmanụ, mgbakwunye na NMN ma ọ bụ NR nwere ike belata ọbara mgbali elu, melite ọrụ endothelial vaskụla, ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi. N'ụdị infarction myocardial myocardial, ịba ụba ọkwa NAD + nwere ike ịkwalite ndụ cell myocardial na nrụzi, belata nha infarct, ma melite ọrụ obi.
Mmetụta Neuroprotective: N'ụdị nke ọrịa neurodegenerative, ịba ụba NAD + na-egosipụta mmetụta neuroprotective dị ịrịba ama. Nnyocha egosiwo na mgbakwunye na NMN ma ọ bụ NR nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, belata neuroinflammation, ma belata nchịkọta nke protein neurotoxic. N'ụdị òké ọrịa Alzheimer, mgbakwunye na NAD + precursors nwere ike ibelata mmepụta β-amyloid, gbochie oke phosphorylation nke protein tau, chebe neurons pụọ na mmebi, wee si otú a kwalite mmụta na ikike nchekwa.
Ogologo ndụ agbatịkwuru: N'ime ụdị ụdị dị iche iche, mmụba NAD + ka egosiri ogologo ndụ. Na nematodes na ijiji mkpụrụ osisi, ịba ụba ọkwa NAD + site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye na ihe mmalite NAD + nwere ike ịgbatị ndụ ha nke ukwuu. N'ime nnwale òké, mgbakwunye ogologo oge na NMN ma ọ bụ NR gosikwara omume maka ogologo ndụ ogologo oge, ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ofe ọmụmụ dị iche iche. N'ozuzu, nchọpụta ndị a na-egosi mmetụta dị mma nke ịba ụba NAD + na ndụ.
Mmechi
Dị ka coenzyme dị mkpa n'ime sel, NAD + na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro physiological isi dị ka metabolism ike, nrụzi DNA, na mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbanwe nke protein. Ka afọ na-abawanye, mbelata nke ọkwa NAD + na-ejikọta ya na usoro ịka nká na mmalite na ọganihu nke ọrịa dị iche iche metụtara afọ. Usoro iji mee ka ọkwa NAD + dịkwuo elu, dị ka ịgbakwunye NAD + precursors, na-achịkwa NAD + enzymes metabolic, na usoro ndụ ndụ, egosipụtawo mmetụta dị ukwuu na-egbochi ịka nká na nyocha anụmanụ, gụnyere ọrụ metabolic ka mma, nchebe nke usoro obi na ụjọ, na ogologo ndụ.
Isi mmalite
[1] Chubanava S, Trebak JT. Mmega ahụ mgbe niile na-echebe nke ọma megide mbelata nke metụtara ịka nká na ọdịnaya NAD skeletal muscle [J]. Nyocha Gerontology, 2023,173:112109.DOI:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112109.
[2] Soma M, Lalam S K. Ọrụ nke nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) na mgbochi ịka nká, ogologo ndụ, na ike ya maka ịgwọ ọnọdụ na-adịghị ala ala [J]. Akụkọ ihe omimi nke ihe omimi, 2022,49 (10): 9737-9748.DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07459-1.
[3] Curry A, White D, Cen Y. Ndị na-ahụ maka Molecule nta na-eche NAD(+) Enzymes biosynthetic[J]. Chemistry ọgwụ ugbu a, 2022,29(10):1718-1738.DOI:10.2174/0929867328666210531144629.
[4] Yuan Y, Liang B, Liu X, et al. Ezubere iche NAD +: ọ bụ atụmatụ a na-ahụkarị igbu oge ịka nká?[J]. Nchọpụta Ọnwụ Cell, 2022,8. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248393418
[5] Levine DC, Hong H, Weidemann BJ, et al. NAD(+) Na-achịkwa nhazigharị Circadian site na Ntugharị Nuklia PER2 gaa na Counter Aging[J]. Mkpụrụ ndụ molekụla, 2020,78(5):835-849.DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.010.
[6] Fang EF, Hou Y, Lautrup S, et al. NAD(+) augmentation weghachi mitophagy ma gbochie ịka nká ngwa ngwa na ọrịa Werner [J]. Nkwukọrịta okike, 2019,10 (1): 5284.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13172-8.
[7] Yaku K, Okabe K, Nakagawa T. NAD metabolism: Mmetụta na ịka nká na ogologo ndụ [J]. Nyocha nyocha ịka nká, 2018,47:1-17.DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.006.
[8] Chaturvedi P, Tyagi S C. NAD (+) : Nnukwu onye ọkpụkpọ na-emezigharị obi na ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na ịka nká [J]. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Cellular Physiology, 2018,233 (3): 1895-1896.DOI: 10.1002 / jcp.26014.
Ngwaahịa dị maka naanị nyocha:
